逆断层控制构造裂缝发育的力学机制模拟

在探讨逆断层对构造裂缝控制作用的基础上, 应用Comsol有限元软件, 模拟不同水平作用力、不同岩性、不同断层倾角和距断层面远近等因素影响下断层及其周边区域的应力、应变情况, 并分析了不同控制因素下构造裂缝发育的规律。模拟结果表明, 构造裂缝的发育程度随施加的水平应力作用增大而线性增大; 岩石破裂前产生的应变量可用来描述岩石的脆性, 抗压强度对岩石破裂起主导作用, 而岩石的抗剪强度与岩石破裂发育有一定的相关性; 逆断层倾角存在一个临界角度, 使构造裂缝发育最为强烈; 逆断层控制裂缝发育, 距离断裂面越远裂缝发育程度越低, 并存在一个发育程度骤减的范围, 称为"断裂控制带", 该断裂控制带的形成和分布应该与断裂的性质、规模、断距及岩石力学参数等有关。      

考虑三向地应力差时不同钻井条件下井底应力场研究

井底压差和三向地应力是钻井过程中影响井底岩石应力分布的主要因素,从而影响钻井机械钻速。主要针对欠平衡、平衡、过平衡和气体钻井4种钻井条件下三向地应力对井底应力分布进行定量研究。在井底岩石力学分析的基础上,建立了考虑正断层模型下的三向地应力、液柱压力和孔隙压力因素时的井底岩石流-固耦合模型,采用数值计算方法进行求解。结果表明,三向地应力差相同时,井底面岩石最大主应力与井底压差无关,井底面岩石最小主应力随井底压差增大而增大;不同钻井条件下井底面最小主应力与水平最小地应力无关,且随水平最大地应力增大而减小;不同钻井条件下井底面最大主应力与水平最大地应力无关,当井底压差存在时,其随水平最小主应力增加而减小后逐渐趋于稳定;当气体钻井时,其与水平最小主应力也无关。针对走滑断层和逆断层模型时的井底应力场尚需进一步研究。不同井底压差和三向地应力时井底岩石应力分布的定量化研究为实际钻井条件下钻头破岩机制研究和快速高效破岩提供理论基础。     

鄂西地区燕山期古构造应力场初步定量研究

鄂西地区主要的构造变形为一系列NNE向褶皱,该区域主要构造形迹已经得到比较系统的研究,但对于发生褶皱时期的古构造应力场则至今尚无较深入的研究,前人仅根据褶皱构造形态特征和断层滑动方向进行过一些古构造应力场的定向研究,导致对齐岳山、利川等燕山期构造演化有了一些不同的观点。本文对燕山期古构造应力场的应力作用方向和作用力大小进行了比较系统的研究。根据研究区地层接触关系,侏罗系与三叠系为同一构造层,而白垩系与该构造层的角度不整合接触关系指示发生构造事件的时间为侏罗纪之后、早白垩世之前;根据野外测量的共轭剪切节理的产状、褶皱两翼地层产状等数据,结合区域整体构造形变特征来判断压缩区,确定了当时最大主压应力轴方向,总体上均为NW SE向;依据野外采集侏罗系、三叠系的石英砂岩标本进行实验测试,在透射电子显微镜下对采集标本进行晶内位错构造的观测统计,使用晶体内自由位错密度与差应力值的经验关系公式,计算出古差应力值的大小,为定量研究该区古构造应力场打下了扎实的基础。     

塔里木盆地大北气田构造应力场解析与数值模拟

构造应力场研究对于塔里木盆地大北气田的开发具有重要理论与现实意义。通过区域断裂与背斜长轴走向、钻井诱导缝走向与井壁坍塌方位分别确定了古、今构造应力场的方向,采用测井资料计算了古、今构造应力场的大小。在此基础上,利用ANSYS有限元分析软件建立了大北气田主体气藏区大北102区块和大北201区块的地质模型,并通过测井资料计算及动静态转换确定岩石力学参数,利用构造应力场解析结果确定边界条件,进行了大北气田古今构造应力场的数值模拟,分析了构造应力场的分布规律以及构造应力场与构造裂缝和产能的关系。结果表明:大北气田古、今水平最大主应力方向分别约NNW336°和NWW305°,应力大小分别具有σHσhσv和σHσvσh的特征,分别属于Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类地应力;主应力和主差应力在平面上表现为背斜高部位为低值、翼部为高值,纵向上随深度增加而增大;构造裂缝的走向受控于水平最大古构造应力方向,与现今水平最大主应力方向近似平行或呈小角度相交,构造裂缝可沿走向继续延伸,开度也不会因构造挤压作用大幅降低,有效性可得到很好的保存,气藏区构造裂缝发育程度与主差应力的大小呈正相关关系;背斜高点是构造应力的低值区,油气在应力势差和浮力的共同驱动下聚集成藏,其中主差应力较大的井点构造裂缝较发育,无阻流量较高,因此在背斜高点主差应力较大的区域部署井位,有较大概率获得天然气的高产。     

石英位错的TEM衍衬象及其在地学中的应用

研究了冀东马兰峪地区石英的TEM位错衍衬象。位错的形态及组态直接反映了地质样品的古应力及形成温度 ,可作为地质压力计使用 ,是将构造地质学的研究向定量化方向发展的重要手段之一。     

5.12汶川地震断层的同震位移构造意义与运动学模型

5.12汶川8.0级地震断层的同震位移方式、大小和空间变化为检验断层几何学、运动学与动力学分析理论与方法提供了一个现实范例。本文通过对汶川8.0级地震断层同震位移的几何学、运动学特征和可能的深部过程分析,并考虑到地震动力作用的影响,探讨了断层同震位移的地质意义和断层运动学模型问题,继而讨论了汶川8.0级地震过程中所呈现出的断层构造变形的现象对断裂构造分析的有关理论和方法的启示。提出了如下初步认识:(1)根据地震破裂面两侧地表高程差确定的断层垂直同震位移,并不完全是深部震源破裂的构造位移扩展到地表所致,而是包含了地震动力作用对断层破裂面两侧深部岩体的结构损伤破坏(膨胀)强烈程度差异所形成的非构造位移;(2)汶川地震的发震断层走滑-逆冲位移大小和方式的空间变化,可以用区域稳态构造应力和地震动力的联合作用给予合理解释,即断层的逆冲位移成分可以归因于为垂直断层的南东向的区域构造挤压应力作用之结果,而水平走滑位移则与震源体破坏过程形成的地震动力作用方向与不同区段断层的交角变化所致,即震源体上方映秀-北川断层南段和彭灌-江油断层,无论是区域构造应力,还是地震动力,都与断层走向近于直交,因此,断层以逆冲为主;而映秀-北川断...     

滇西羊拉铜矿床、鲁春铜铅锌矿床构造控矿特征

羊拉铜矿床、鲁春铜铅锌矿床位于金沙江成矿带的中部.羊拉铜矿床铜是三江地区典型的大型铜矿床,其赋矿围岩为不同岩性的岩石组成的混杂堆积,容矿构造为缓倾的逆断层和陡倾的正断层;鲁春铜铅锌矿床受到逆断层的控制.通过对4个测点共轭剪节理的研究,表明里农矿段KT2、KT5矿体的古构造应力场最大主应力方向为东西向和北东-南西向,里农...     

芙蓉矿区古构造应力场及其对煤与瓦斯突出控制的定量化研究

古构造应力场对芙蓉矿区煤与瓦斯突出起主控作用。本文采用煤镜质体有限应变分析、Etchecopar电算、共轭剪节理解析以及有限元模拟等方法对其作了定量化研究。结果表明:矿区现存构造是在最大主压应力方向分别为194°∠23°和145°∠29°的两期应力场作用下产生的,对应构造差应力分别为21MPa和23MPa,使全区各级构造呈北东向和东西向为主的复合叠加规律。这些不同构造型式对矿区煤层气赋存及煤与瓦斯突出具有不同的控制方式。     

加载速率与断层倾角对断层矿震失稳影响的试验研究

研究断层黏滑过程力学特征及规律,对预测断层矿震的发生具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。试验以粗晶正长花岗岩为例,采用双轴加载的方式进行直剪摩擦滑动试验,研究了不同断层倾角黏滑失稳特征,分析了不同侧压下加载速率为0.5、1.0、5.0μm/s时对断层错动黏滑失稳的影响。研究结果表明：断层黏滑失稳时临界剪应力随着加载速率的增大是先减小再增大,而应力降随着加载速率的增大呈下降趋势,低速加载、高侧压时,断层发生黏滑所需的临界剪应力最大,断层发生黏滑时产生的应力降最大。侧压增大时,临界剪应力增大,平均应力降增大,平均黏滑周期增大。加载速率越低,平均应力降越大,同一侧压下平均黏滑周期越大,侧压变化对平均黏滑周期的影响越显著。黏滑周期与加载速度之间满足负对数线性关系,且不受侧压影响。断层倾角由56°变为45°时,在相同的侧压下临界剪应力增大,平均应力降减少,平均黏滑周期增大。断层倾角为34°试样达到峰值应力时,断层发生瞬间失稳现象,随着围压的增大,发生失稳时能量的释放也越大。大倾角断层易发生断层矿震,但释放能量小、震级低,而小倾角断层不易发生断层矿震,一旦发生失稳,释放的能量大震级高。开采速度对断层矿震...     

断层附近地应力扰动带宽度及其影响因素

在建立正断层模型的基础上,利用三维有限元数值模拟方法研究了断层附近地层中的地应力变化规律。其结果表明,由于断层活动,在断层附近普遍发育应力扰动带;在应力扰动带范围内,地应力方向和大小发生明显的变化,断层中部附近应力值普遍较低,而断层端部的应力值通常异常增大。应力扰动带的分布范围主要受断层规模的控制,与断裂带的岩石力学性质、断层走向、断层面形态和边界应力条件等因素也密切相关。随断层长度和断距逐步增大,应力扰动带的宽度相应增加。断裂带的岩石越破碎,其岩石弹性模量越低,断层对地应力的影响宽度越大。断层走向与区域最大水平主应力方向越接近垂直、断距与断层长度的比值越大,区域内的差应力越大,则扰动带宽度与断层规模的比值也越大。选择渤海湾盆地BZ-X油田进行验证,在建立油田实际三维地质模型基础上,根据边界应力条件,利用三维有限元方法对沙河街组二段的地应力分布进行了数值模拟计算。根据断层周围的地应力变化,确定了应力扰动带的分布范围,断层附近应力扰动带宽度的分布规律与正断层模型分析结果相一致。      

桃子垭深埋特长隧道地应力预测及复核

深埋特长隧道工程的高地应力问题越来越受到重视,如何准确高效地确定工程区地应力状态,是目前关注的重点和难点。针对深埋特长隧道地应力状态的确定问题,我们提出了基于多源数据的初始原地应力方向综合确定和应力量值预测及复核的综合解决方案。通过勘察阶段有限钻孔的地应力测试,并结合区域多源地应力资料,可以综合确定地应力方向并利用修正的Sheorey模型预测隧道轴线地应力;针对预测结果,在隧道开挖施工过程中,进一步利用有限钻孔的水压致裂地应力测试检验预测结果并复核隧道应力状况。结果表明,桃子垭隧道水平最大主应力方向为N15°W～N40°W,实测三向应力关系为S_H≥S_v>S_h;钻孔附近的应力预测值在区域实测应力量值变化范围内,隧道埋深最大处的水平最大、最小应力值分别达24 MPa和16 MPa;隧道施工过程中的4个钻孔应力量值复核结果显示,除了局部受到岩性变化、断裂破碎带等影响出现偏差,本文预测结果与实测应力量值基本一致。笔者发展的原地应力综合预测及复核方法,一方面可以快速有效地预测深埋特长隧道等线状工程的原地应力状态,有效降低初始...     

Delimitation of ground failure zones due to land subsidence using gravity data and finite element modeling in the Querétaro valley, México

Sedimentary basins of arid and semiarid zones are often subject to regimes of intense ground-water withdrawal as it is normally the only source of water for development of communities. An associated phenomenon is land subsidence, which can develop to ground failures, and consequently, damage to infrastructure. Aquifer deformation can be analyzed using a stress–strain or a flux–force approach depending on the aquifer material (compact or loose) and on whether the water withdrawal forms a predominant flow direction toward a cone of depression. Geometry of the aquifer system also plays an important role as uneven thickness induces differential compaction and hence, tensional and shear stresses on the ground mass. In this work we present a stress–strain approach to analyze subsidence for an unconfined aquifer of varying thickness; this is done in two steps, namely when the aquifer is in equilibrium, and when it is totally depleted. Using this scheme in a region where ground failure is evident, a portion of the aquifer system of the Querétaro valley is analyzed. The geometry of the hydrologic basement is first modeled using gravity measurements properly correlated with wells and field data. Then a stress analysis is implemented using the finite element method in order to identify probable zones of ground weakness, which are calibrated with known ground failures. The results indicate that both, tensional and shear stress are present, which induce ground failure in the form of surface faults.     

温度与差应力对岩石熔融程度的等效关系——以角闪变粒岩为例

为了探讨差应力和温度与岩石熔融程度的关系,利用角闪变粒岩进行高温高压条件下的岩石变形实验。包括差应力条件下的动态实验,围压100 MPa,温度700℃,施加相当于差应力为0~25 MPa,且以每5 MPa为间隔进行天然块状岩石样品的动态熔融;在相同的围压条件下,温度由700 ℃到900 ℃每50 ℃为间隔,进行无差应力条件下天然块状岩石的静态熔融实验,并进行对比研究。结果表明,在相同温度条件下,岩石的熔融程度随着差应力的增加明显增高。通过对斜率的对比分析表明:以700 ℃为基准,差应力每增加5 MPa,其带来的影响与温度升高40 ℃的效果相当,也说明中性岩石的熔融对差应力的敏感程度比酸性岩要高。     

Dynamic Analysis of Deformational Structures of the Xiannüshan Fault Zone in the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River

Field investigation and laboratory work reveal that inhomogeneity of the deformation of the Xiannüshan fault is mainly characterized by lateral zonation, longitudinal segmentation and downward stratification. Based on these results, a 3-D deformational structure model of the fault was established and its geometrical and kinematic characteristics in two main deformational stages i.e. the main Yanshanian and Himalayan were discussed. The directions of principal and the differential stresses in these two stages were determined by using conjugate joints, striations of fault planes and microstructures of the fault zone. The direction of (1 is N-S in direction with differential stresses of 150(250 MPa in the Yanshanian, and N70E with a differential stress ranging from 80-120 MPa in the Himalayan.     

差应力对闪长岩部分熔融熔体分布和成分的影响

探讨差应力对熔体分布和成分演化的关系,利用细粒闪长岩进行高温高压条件下的岩石变形,主要包括静态熔融实验和有差应力参与的动态熔融2种类型。实验首先统计了熔体含量、确定了实验重要参数,然后分别描述了动、静态熔融实验后闪长岩的显微特征;并且通过对动、静态熔融实验结果熔体分布情况的对比,结合熔体成分电子探针数据进行分析。结果表明:在细粒闪长岩的部分熔融中,熔体在差应力的作用下沿一定的方向展布,并从差应力大的地方向差应力小的地方运移,差应力的作用使得高含水矿物(角闪石)先于熔点低的斜长石发生熔融,说明差应力促进了岩石的熔融,使得熔体成分向Si、Al等方向转化,即从基性向酸性转化。     

Stress state of the Earth’s crust of the Kuril Islands and Kamchatka before the Simushir earthquake

The field of modern tectonic stresses was reconstructed for the Earth’s crust of the northwestern segment of the Pacific subduction zones. For this purpose, we used the method of cataclastic analysis and data on the magnitude of the stresses released at the source of the Simushir earthquake of 2006, which allowed us to determine both the orientation of the principal stress axes and the magnitude of the stresses and to estimate the effective strength of rock masses. The effective cohesion was estimated for this region of the Earth’s crust as 12 bar, and the maximum shear stresses are no higher than 300 bar. The analysis of the reconstructed stress field in the zone of the preparation of the Simushir earthquake showed that this region was almost free of domains with high stresses where brittle failure requires considerable energy inputs. The medium level of effective pressure indicates that this region is most favorable for the development of a large-scale brittle failure.     

Non-linear analysis for calculating the support of a rock block with dilatant joint faces

In jointed rock masses the instability of individuals, discrete blocks is a concern. In underground excavations it is necessary to know how much support is required for “key blocks” in the roof. As these blocks fall, dilatancy of the block's bounding joints tends to keep the block in contact with the surrounding rock mass. Shear stresses devloped along the joints as a result of this contact and help to support the block. By knowing the initial stress field and the shear properties of the joint, as a function of stress and displacement, a non-linear analysis can determine the normal and shear stresses on the bounding joints as a function of the displacement path. The amont of support required to keep the block in the roof can then be determined as a function of displacement.     

Inference of in situ stress from thermoporoelastic borehole breakouts based on artificial neural network

The determination of in situ stresses is very important in petroleum engineering. Hydraulic fracturing is a widely accepted technique for the determination of in situ stresses nowadays. Unfortunately, the hydraulic fracturing test is time-consuming and expensive. Taking advantage of the shape of borehole breakouts measured from widely available caliper and image logs to determine in situ stress in petroleum engineering is highly attractive. By finite element modeling of borehole breakouts considering thermoporoelasticity, the authors simulate the process of borehole breakouts in terms of initiation, development, and stabilization under Mogi-Coulomb criterion and end up with the shape of borehole breakouts. Artificial neural network provides such a tool to establish the relationship between in situ stress and shape of borehole breakouts, which can be used to determine in situ stress based on different shape of borehole breakouts by inverse analysis. In this paper, two steps are taken to determine in situ stress by inverse analysis. First, sets of finite element modeling provide sets of data on in situ stress and borehole breakout measures considering the influence of drilling fluid temperature and pore pressure, which will be used to train an artificial neural network that can eventually represent the relationship between the in situ stress and borehole breakout measures. Second, for a given measure of borehole breakouts in a certain drilling fluid temperature, the trained artificial neural network will be used to predict the corresponding in situ stress. Results of numerical experiments show that the inverse analysis based on finite element modeling of borehole breakouts and artificial neural network is a promising method to determine in situ stress.     

Dynamic Analysis of Deformational Structures of the Xiannüshan Fault Zone in the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River

Field investigation and laboratory work reveal that inhomogeneity of the deformation of the Xiannüshan fault is mainly characterized by lateral zonation, longitudinal segmentation and downward stratification. Based on these results, a 3-D deformational structure model of the fault was established and its geometrical and kinematic characteristics in two main deformational stages i.e. the main Yanshanian and Himalayan were discussed. The directions of principal and the differential stresses in these two stages were determined by using conjugate joints, striations of fault planes and microstructures of the fault zone. The direction of (1 is N-S in direction with differential stresses of 150(250 MPa in the Yanshanian, and N70E with a differential stress ranging from 80-120 MPa in the Himalayan.     

Three-dimensional FEM Analysis and Back Analysis for Deformation Monitoring of Ertan Hydropower Station Chambers

Three-dimensional continuous field of initial stresses in Ertan site is determined with stress function approaching the date of a number of measurement points. Then a 3-d FEM analysis of a set of powerhouses with three large chambers is made, and the distribution of failure region, low and high stress areas in rock masses are obtained, which is compared with the results of 2-d FEM analysis. The results from 2-d analysis are not always more conservative than that from 3-d analysis, because the tension failure region from 3-d analysis is larger than that from 2-d analysis. A method to determine approximately failure area of jointed rock masses is also proposed in this paper. In addition, deformation monitoring of a testing chamber in site and its back analysis are presented. This back analysis demonstrates well the measurement results of mechanics parameters and initial stresses.