论博格达俯冲撕裂型裂谷的形成与演化

博格达裂谷带位于准噶尔与吐－哈两个前寒武纪地块之间,呈东－西走向,东端与克拉麦里－哈尔里克泥盆－石炭纪火山弧呈大角度相交。该 裂谷于早－中石炭世启动和沉降,在盆地中堆积了巨厚的陆源碎屑岩夹双峰式火山岩。裂谷的闭合发生于中石炭世末至晚石炭世。在裂谷闭合后区域构造由挤压向拉张的转折时期,发生了以辉绿岩为主的侵入活动,并伴有少量中－酸性分异产物。博格达裂谷东、西两段的演化特征有着显著差异。东段早石炭世就已开始裂离,裂离过程的火山岩以玄武岩为主,仅有少量流纹岩,裂谷盆地强烈沉降,形成深海－半深海环境,裂谷在中石炭世末至晚石炭世初即已闭合,裂谷岩系因强烈褶皱,与上覆二叠系呈明显角度不整合,显示了“突变”式闭合特征。与此不同的是,西段至中石炭世才开始明显裂离,裂离过程的火山岩以英安岩和流纹岩为主,玄武岩量较少,火山－沉积岩系均形成于浅海环境,裂谷至晚石炭世末才发生闭合,裂谷岩系因未发生强烈褶皱,故与上覆二叠系为平行不整合接触,显示了“渐变”式闭合特征。该裂谷的形成是古亚洲洋壳向先存的准－吐－哈陆块斜向俯冲,将其东南端撕裂的产物,因而可称为俯冲撕裂型裂谷。演化过程沿走向的明显不均一性是这类裂谷的重要特点。     

Deep structure of the Metan-Guachipas region: tectonic inversion in Northwestern Argentina

New deep seismic-reflection data obtained by reprocessing an industrial line from the eastern sector of the Salta rift system, Northwestern Argentina, are examined. An oil well located along the line provides stratigraphic control for the seismic interpretation. The corresponding synthetic seismogram extends this interpretation through the Metán trough. The data show the deep structure of the rift, consisting of a series of half-grabens, filled with Cretaceous red beds of the Pirgua Subgroup. The sag phase deposits consist of limestones, marls, shales and evaporites of the Balbuena and Santa Bárbara Subgroups, deposited in a transitional marine to lacustrine environment.Several oblique east-dipping reflectors at 10 to 20–24 km depth, are interpreted as master shears that control the extensional mechanics of the rift system, partially reactivated during Andean compression. The structure of this eastern sector of the rift is integrated through a regional cross-section through the entire rift system. The section clearly shows that troughs and highs may be related to flats and ramps of a regional master shear dipping to the east.     

汾渭裂谷系与造山带耦合关系及其形成机制研究

试图运用盆山耦合等地学理论,对汾渭裂谷系进行初步的定量半定量研究。认为在区域拉张应力场作用下,汾渭裂谷系为盆山耦合形成,其形成模型为“伸展造山,断陷沉盆,后推成台”;运用盆内沉积与造山带剥蚀量互补法、地震剖面拟合法、裂变径迹法等计算方法对其进行计算的结果表明,铲式断裂一侧造山带隆升与盆地下沉呈完全镜像对称关系。同时对大同一带新生代玄武岩特征进行了分析,认为软流圈上涌是该带玄武岩喷发的根源,并通过对该区地震层析和大地电磁测深的剖析,推断汾渭裂谷系主体形成机制应为被动机制,而其北部的桑干河断陷形成机制则为主动机制。此外,对汾渭裂谷系的地热资源及地震震中分布规律等进行了探讨。     

Volcanic highlands in the South Atlantic rift zone

The morphostructure of the segment between the Cardno and St. Helen transform fracture zones is studied in the rift zone of the South Atlantic slow-spreading mid-oceanic ridge (SAMOR). It was found that it is atypical of similar ridges because of the absence of an evolved rift valley. The rift zone in the transverse section is a cupola with flat slopes, whose surface is divided by volcanic massifs, plateau-like valleys, and unclear ridges and valleys. The entire morphostructure (a cupola-like regional pedestal and the listed relief forms of the second order) indicates its volcanic origin, and the rift zone in this segment is a volcanic high-land. This conclusion is supported by seismic and magnetic data. Because other (not all) SAMOR segments contain the rift valley, the results of this study indicate alternation of the tectonic and magmatic morphostructures along the entire rift zone and identification of its scales is the most important task of the morphostructural study of the SAMOR rift zone. Determination of geodynamic regimes on the basis of the results of morphostructural studies of the rift zone will arise from the solution of this task.     

Ultrapotassic Magmas along the Flanks of the Oligo-Miocene Rio Grande Rift, USA: Monitors of the Zone of Lithospheric Mantle Extension and Thinning Beneath a Continental Rift

Recent theoretical studies of rift tectonics have concludedthat their observed geophysical features, require that (1) extensionaffects a much wider zone of the underlying lithospheric mantlethan the crust; (2) early extension involves a comparativelywide zone that narrows with time. The Neogene evolution of thesegment of the Rio Grande rift between the Great Plains andColorado Plateau shows this theoretical pattern clearly. Thewidth of the crustal extension zone narrowed from {small tilde}170km in the Oligo-Miocene to {small tilde}50 km in the Pliocene.In contrast, both gravity and teleseismic studies indicate thatthe current width of the zone of thinned lithospheric mantle(ß = 2–3) beneath the rift is {small tilde}750km. To assess the contributions of lithosphere- and asthenosphere-derivedmelts to the magmatismassociated with the early phase of developmentof the Rio Grande rift, we have undertaken a 670-km geochemicaltraverse of Oligo-Miocene volcanism between latitudes 36 and38N. Our section is centered on the present-day axis of therift in the Espanola Basin. It extends from the Navajo volcanicfield, Arizona, to Two Buttes, SE Colorado, and intersects hypabyssalintrusions on the rift shoulders at Dulce, west of the rift,and Spanish Peaks to the east. We have sampled a diverse rangeof magma types that vary in composition from ultrapotassic toHy- and Ne-normative basalts. A geochemical profile along thistraverse shows a spatially symmetrical variation in elementand oxide ratios, such as Na₂O/K₂O and Ba/Nb, and also in Srand Nd isotope ratios. On the rift flanks and shoulders Oligo-Miocenevolcanism was dominated by K-rich mafic magmatism, whereas atthe rift axis tholeiitic and alkalic basalts with whole-rockcompositions similar to those of ocean-island basalts (OIB)were erupted. This symmetrical geochemical variation broadlyparallels the corresponding teleseismic lithosphere thicknessprofile and is a mirror image of the gravity profile. We interpret the OIB-type magmas at the rift axis as predominantlyasthenosphere-derived melts. These suggest that mantle upwelling,and melting by decompression, were occurring during the earlydevelopment of the Rio Grande rift The symmetrical variationof incompatible elements and isotope ratios in rocks about therift axis suggests that the sources of the K-rich mafic magmason the stable flanks and shoulders of the rift are not directlyrelated to the subduction of the Farallon plate: an asymmetricprocess. Instead, we propose that the K-rich mafic magmas onthe flanks and shoulders of the Rio Grande rift are derivedfrom the melting of a metasomatized layer in the lithosphericmantle during extension. *Present address: British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK     

被动裂陷盆地油气分布规律及主控因素分析——以塔木察格盆地塔南坳陷为例

塔南凹陷为典型的被动裂陷盆地,构造演化历经了4个阶段:即被动裂陷阶段、主动裂陷阶段、断一坳转化阶段和坳陷阶段,形成两套含油气系统:即被动裂陷含油气系统和主动裂陷含油气系统,油气主要富集在被动裂陷含油气系统中.油气分布的主控因素概括为3个方面:1)是区域性盖层和长期发育的断层控制油气聚集的层位,盆地发育南一段上部和大一段...     

泥盆纪右江盆地演化与层序充填响应

早泥盆世时东特提斯洋沿金沙江—哀牢山缝合带逐渐向东打开 ,广南—靖西等基底断裂与板块边界断裂——金沙江—哀牢山断裂带平行展布和同步演化 ,边界断裂的向东开裂扩张 ,广南—靖西等基底断裂活动亦逐渐加剧 ,导致右江盆地由陆内裂陷盆地向被动陆缘裂谷盆地演化。据构造活动的强弱和盆地充填物的特征 ,将右江盆地的演化分为洛赫科夫期至布拉格期的陆内裂陷盆地阶段、埃姆斯期—艾费尔期的拉张发展阶段、吉维期至弗拉斯期的强烈拉张阶段、法门期的充填补齐阶段 ,后三者组成被动陆缘裂谷盆地阶段。不同次级盆地的不同阶段 ,其构造沉降和海平面升降幅度不一样 ,层序发育样式各异 ,其中孤立碳酸盐岩台地层序发育主要受控于相对海平面变化和碳酸盐生产率 ,而台盆层序发育则受构造活动、海平面变化、台缘重力流和沉积物供应的综合影响。据此 ,将该区泥盆系划分为两个 级层序 ,18个 级层序 ,并建立了各演化阶段的层序充填模型。这种层序充填的差异性正是对盆地构造演化和全球海平面变化的响应。     

穿越东非大裂谷工程地质与线路比选分析——以内罗毕—马拉巴铁路为例

内罗毕-马拉巴铁路工程是东非"北方走廊"的重要组成部分,是非洲内陆国家发展经济的主干线。铁路线路工程穿越的东非大裂谷,地质复杂、火山地貌、断裂带和拉张裂缝等不良地质极为发育,而东非大裂谷铁路工程建设的研究资料十分匮乏。为了研究穿越东非大裂谷的铁路线路,本文首先介绍了东非大裂谷地形、地貌、裂谷的发育机理、区域断裂分布,然后以铁路沿线经济控制点为主轴,制定了穿越东非大裂谷铁路线路3大通道。分别对线路3大通道穿越的地形、地貌比选,穿越的地层、断裂和地裂缝比选,穿越地震、火山发育比选以及穿越的不良地质灾害比选,最后比选各线路通道的投资以及优、缺点,最终推荐南线通道方案。该线路方案得到肯尼亚政府的肯定和采纳。目前内马铁路正试运营,实践表明内马铁路裂谷段选线是较为成功的,可为同类工程提供借鉴。     

济阳拗陷新生代构造演化及其动力学背景分析

应用平衡剖面法计算了济阳拗陷新生代不同时期的第一主张应力方向：Ek-Es₄时期,盆地主应力方向为NNE向;Es₃₊₂时期为NNW向;Es1-Ed时期为NWW向;新近纪和第四纪为近N-S向.区域第一主应力方向与盆地断裂活动性、构造变革面、盆地沉降史均具有较好的吻合性.济阳拗陷是以断陷为主,叠加走滑的复合型盆地,经历了裂陷+走滑-走滑-裂陷-拗陷4个阶段.     

中-晚二叠世上扬子地块(四川盆地区)裂解的沉积响应

中-晚二叠世,上扬子(四川盆地区)碳酸盐岩台地内发育三条北西-南东走向的裂谷,它们是重要的油气储集区带,如普光和元坝气田就产于开江-梁平裂谷两侧.但是对这些裂谷的开始时代和构造成因等关键地质问题,还缺乏详细的沉积学研究,且存在较大争议.本文通过大比例露头剖面和钻井岩芯测量以及详细的沉积相分析对比,对开江-梁平裂谷的构造...     

肯尼亚裂谷区地裂缝特征及成因分析

肯尼亚裂谷位于东非大裂谷东支中段,现代构造运动以及火山活动强烈,是当今地学研究的热点地区。裂谷区因其独特的地质构造背景、岩土体特性以及气象水文条件,使得地裂缝灾害较为发育。文章以肯尼亚裂谷地裂缝为研究对象,利用资料收集、野外调查、槽探、钻探和室内土工试验等研究手段,对研究区的地质环境背景、地裂缝平剖面结构特征进行研究。裂谷拉张和火山活动等内动力地质作用是该区域地裂缝形成的控制因素,浅表部松散易潜蚀的土体是地裂缝形成的物质基础,强降雨为地裂缝的形成提供了水力条件,“软硬软”的地层结构为水力侵蚀物质提供了有利的堆积场所。将肯尼亚裂谷区地裂缝的形成演化过程分为3个阶段:孕育阶段、扩展阶段和成灾阶段。     

新元古代—早古生代华南裂谷系的格局及其演化

本文运用地层、构造与地质事件的综合研究方法,对新元古代—早古生代华南裂谷系的格局及其演化进行了研究。该裂谷系发生于晋宁期造山(约820Ma)后不久的青白口纪晚期(约815Ma),有皖浙赣堑垒带、湘桂台阶式斜坡带和南华裂谷海盆3个部分。皖浙赣堑垒带由"两谷两隆"组成,火山活动强烈,消亡于"青白口纪"末(约780Ma)。湘桂斜坡带拥有武陵(红板溪)、雪峰(灰板溪)和钦杭西段(黑板溪)3个台阶式斜坡。南华裂谷海盆以南岭中央海盆为核心,外侧有武夷、岭南两个水下裂陷块体和闽中裂谷等。海盆于志留纪时由东向西逐渐闭合造山,以"北贴西拼"为主要运动方式,形成了复杂的复合构造格局。由于南岭与岭南块体不同步的向西推移并南北贴合形成了河池-定南挤压转换式拼接带,出现了南岭东西向构造带的雏形。钦杭裂谷是华南裂谷系的主干和主要海水通道,其南端的钦州残留裂谷海槽于中二叠世末才宣告封闭。华南裂谷系的形成发展是华南地史上的一个重大事件,对后期地质构造以及岩浆成矿活动都具有重要的约束作用。     

The Cenozoic evolution of the Roer Valley Rift System integrated at a European scale

The Roer Valley Rift System (RVRS) is located between the West European rift and the North Sea rift system. During the Cenozoic, the RVRS was characterized by several periods of subsidence and inversion, which are linked to the evolution of the adjacent rift systems. Combination of subsidence analysis and results from the analysis of thickness distributions and fault systems allows the determination of the Cenozoic evolution and quantification of the subsidence. During the Early Paleocene, the RVRS was inverted (Laramide phase). The backstripping method shows that the RVRS was subsequently mainly affected by two periods of subsidence, during the Late Paleocene and the Oligocene–Quaternary time intervals, separated by an inversion phase during the Late Eocene. During the Oligocene and Miocene periods, the thickness of the sediments and the distribution of the active faults reveal a radical rotation of the direction of extension by about 70–80° (counter clockwise). Integration of these results at a European scale indicates that the Late Paleocene subsidence was related to the evolution of the North Sea basins, whereas the Oligocene–Quaternary subsidence is connected to the West European rift evolution. The distribution of the inverted provinces also shows that the Early Paleocene inversion (Laramide phase) has affected the whole European crust, whereas the Late Eocene inversion was restricted to the southern North Sea basins and the Channel area. Finally, comparison of these deformations in the European crust with the evolution of the Alpine chain suggests that the formation of the Alps has controlled the evolution of the European crust since the beginning of the Cenozoic.     

乌石凹陷古近系层序地层特征及充填演化

依据层序地层学、沉积学理论方法,综合地震剖面、钻测井、岩心、古生物、地球化学等资料研究认为;乌石凹陷古近系可识别3种级别不整合面,划分为7个三级地震(测井)层序,是一个进积(加积)—退积—加积序列。构造沉降是控制层序几何形态,充填叠置方式、演化及沉积体系分布的最重要因素:凹陷由多个半地堑在不同层序发育时期以不同方式叠置联结而成;受断层控制,层序外部形态有箱状-楔形、楔形-席状披覆型,边界终止方式有双断终止型、单断终止超覆型;不同构造演化阶段层序内部充填的沉积体系各具特征,初始断陷阶段的SQ1沉积冲积层序,强烈断陷阶段的SQ2—SQ4充填湖相层序,晚期断陷阶段SQ5—SQ7内部充填浅湖和河流三角洲沉积;同沉积断层陡坡带沉降迅速、可容纳空间快速增长,是凹陷的沉积和沉降中心,断陷期主控断裂活动时间和空间的变化导致了凹陷沉积和沉降中心的迁移。     

渤海湾盆地西部保定凹陷构造-地层层序与盆地演化

保定凹陷位于渤海湾盆地内冀中坳陷的西部, 西侧以太行山山前断层为界与太行山隆起相隔.凹陷内构造-地层层序的划分, 对研究其构造演化和油气勘探有着重要的意义, 对探讨太行山山前断层的发育特征也有一定的帮助.按照井、震结合的思路, 利用最新的钻井和地震资料, 并结合周缘的地质填图成果, 建立了保定凹陷的地层系统; 根据区域性不整合面的发育特征, 对保定凹陷构造-地层层序进行了划分; 利用平衡剖面技术, 分析了保定凹陷的构造演化.研究发现, 保定凹陷内发育了古近系孔店组底部和新近系馆陶组底部两个区域性角度不整合面, 据此将保定凹陷在纵向上划分为3个构造层: 基底构造层、断陷期构造层和拗陷期构造层.保定凹陷的形成演化经历了基底形成、古近纪断陷、渐新世末反转和新近纪-第四纪拗陷4个阶段, 其中, 古近纪断陷期又可以分为强烈断陷期、持续断陷期和断陷末期.     

北祁连西段早古生代构造演化史

北祁连西段与北祁连中段构造带之间被一条平行于阿尔金断裂带的宗宾大坂古转换断裂所隔，东西两段在早古生代构造演化史上有明显差异。北祁连西段早古生代构造是在前震旦系陆壳基底上，在震旦纪再一次开裂演变为裂陷槽，寒武—奥陶纪为裂谷—海沟—火山弧多元构造的格局     

Slavin Yar: a new Upper Cenozoic reference section in the Tunka rift valley (Southwestern Baikal region)

The biostratigraphic study of a new Upper Cenozoic reference section in the Tunka rift valley (southwestern Baikal region) accompanied by radiocarbon measurements made it possible to date its lithological units. It is established that the section is largely composed of Upper Pleistocene fluvial sediments resting with distinct angular unconformity uapon Pliocene conglomerates. The revealed structural features of the section confirm the views that the directed development of the Tunka depressions was complicated by local inversions, when the sedimentation area became reduced. The main sedimentation features during the Late Cenozoic and its stages are reconstructed for the studied area.     

Syn‐rift sequence development in a fault‐controlled embayment (Early Permian Irwin River Coal Measures,Northern Perth Basin,Western Australia)

Stratigraphic patterns and sequence development in tectonically active extensional basins remain poorly documented in comparison with passive‐margin settings. Rift basin fills are generally characterized by coarsening‐upward trends in response to the rapid creation of accommodation by extensional faulting, and the progressive filling of graben during more quiescent periods. The Early Permian Irwin River Coal Measures in the Northern Perth Basin (Western Australia) record a complex stratigraphic arrangement of conglomerate, sandstone, mudstone and coal, and have been attributed to delta plain depositional environments that developed in a cool–temperate climatic setting during syn‐rift activity. Sedimentary analysis of outcrop and core data from the fault‐bounded Irwin Terrace is used to distinguish nine facies associations reflecting deposition in braided rivers, fixed‐anastomosed channel belts, tide‐influenced coastal environments and storm‐affected distal bays. The broader depositional system is interpreted as a morphologically asymmetrical tide‐dominated embayment with a fluvial and wave influence. The stratigraphic architecture of the Irwin River Coal Measures was strongly influenced by the evolving rift basin margin. Fault reactivation of the major basin‐bounding Darling Fault in the early syn‐rift phase caused footwall uplift and the inception of transverse palaeo‐valleys occupied by braided fluvial systems. Fault block subsidence during the subsequent balanced, backstepping and drowning phases resulted in a dominantly retrogradational stacking pattern indicating progressive flooding of marginal‐marine areas and culminating in deposition of distal marine elements. In the active rift basin, it is proposed that preservation of a shallow‐marine syn‐rift sequence was promoted by the geomorphological confinement of the embayed system increasing tidal current acceleration and hampering transgressive ravinement. The proposed sequence model demonstrates that transgressive successions can develop in the early syn‐rift phase in response to footwall uplift and tectonic subsidence. The syn‐rift sequence recording the filling of an embayment on a rift basin margin may be applied in similar tectonic and/or depositional contexts worldwide.     

裂谷作用对层序地层充填样式的控制——以西非裂谷系Termit盆地下白垩统为例

Termit盆地位于尼日尔东南部,属于西非裂谷系的北延部分,是发育于前寒武系—侏罗系基底之上的中、新生代裂谷盆地。该盆地早白垩世—古近纪经历了"裂谷—坳陷—裂谷"的构造演化过程及"陆相—海相—陆相"的沉积演化过程,表现为晚白垩世大规模海侵、早白垩世和古近纪两期裂谷叠置的特点。基于构造作用影响裂谷盆地层序发育的观点,分析了Termit盆地下白垩统裂谷阶段内的层序地层充填样式。根据裂谷作用的强弱,将早白垩世裂谷阶段划分为裂谷初始期、裂谷深陷期及裂谷萎缩期3个阶段。裂谷初始期层序断裂活动弱,构造沉降小,长轴物源体系较为发育,陡坡带为加积至退积型河流或三角洲沉积,缓坡带发育加积型河流或三角洲体系。裂谷深陷期层序断裂活动强烈,构造沉降大,陡坡带形成退积型水下扇或滑塌扇沉积,缓坡带发育退积型三角洲体系,盆地中心为泥岩充填。裂谷萎缩期层序断裂活动减弱并趋于停止,陡坡带为进积型扇三角洲沉积,缓坡带发育进积型三角洲体系。研究表明:裂谷作用对层序地层充填样式具有明显的控制作用,以构造作用为主线的裂谷盆地层序地层分析方法,能有效预测沉积体系和储层分布。     

Late Carboniferous to early Permian sedimentaryetectonic evolution of the north of Alxa,Inner Mongolia,China: Evidence from the Amushan Formation

The late Paleozoic evolution of the Wulijishanhen(WSH)-Shangdan(SD) area near to the Chaganchulu Ophiolite belt is reinterpreted. Analysis of the upper Carboniferous to lower Permian sedimentary sequence, biological associations, detrital materials, sandstone geochemistry and volcanic rocks indicates that the SD area was an epicontinental sea and rift during the late Paleozoic rather than a large-scale ocean undergoing spreading and closure. This study reveals that the actual evolution of the study area is from the late Carboniferous to the early Permian. The fusulinids Triticites sp. and Pseudoschwagerina sp.in the limestones demonstrate that the Amushan Formation develops during the late Carboniferous to the early Permian. The limestones at the base of the SD section indicate that it is a stable carbonate platform environment, the volcanic rocks in the middle of the sequence support a rift tectonic background, and the overlying conglomerates and sandstones are characteristic of an epicontinental sea or marine molasse setting. The rift volcanism made the differences in the fossil content of the SD and WSH sections and led to two sections expose different levels within the Amushan Formation and different process of tectonic evolution. Moreover, the geochemical characteristics and detrital materials of the sandstones show that the provenance and formation of the sandstones were related to the setting of active continental margin. The quartz-feldspar-lithic fragments distribution diagram indicates that the material source for the sandstones was a recycled orogenic belt. Thus, the source area of the sandstones may have been an active continental margin before the late Carboniferouseearly Permian. The characteristics of the regional tectonic evolution of the area indicate that the region may form a small part of the Gobie Tianshan rift of southern Mongolia.