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Principles of Probabilistic Regional Mineral Resource Estimation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Agterberg Frits 《地球科学》2011,36(2):189-200
Five principal sources of uncertainty in quantitative mineral resource estimation are listed and illustrated by means of a simple example (mosaic model) and a case history study for large copper deposits in the Abitibi area of the Canadian Shield. Abitibi copper potential originally was estimated on the basis of 1968 estimates of production and reserves totalling 3.12 Mt Cu. This prognostication now could be evaluated on the basis of 2008 copper production and reserves totalling 9.50 Mt Cu. An earlier hindsight study performed on the basis of 1977 data (totalling 5.23 Mt Cu) showed seven new discoveries occurring either in the immediate vicinities of known deposits or on broad regional copper anomalies predicted from the 1968 inputs. By 1977, the global geographic distribution pattern of large copper deposits in the Abitibi area had stabilized. During the next 30 years, new copper was essentially found close to existing deposits, much of it deeper down in the Earth's crust. In this paper, uncertainties associated with copper ore tonnage are analyzed by comparison of 2008 data with 1968 data using (a) log-log plots of size versus rank, and (b) lognormal QQ-plots. Straight lines fitted by least squares on these plots show that 1968 slopes provide good estimates of 2008 slopes but 1968 intercepts are much less than 2008 intercepts. In each linear log-weight versus log-rank plot, the slope is related to fractal dimension of a Pareto frequency distribution, and in a lognormal QQ-plot it is determined by logarithmic variance. The difference between 2008 and 1968 intercepts represents the increase in copper ore production and reserves from 1968 to 2008. The Pareto model fits actual copper and massive sulphides increase over the past 40 years better than the lognormal frequency distribution model for 10 km×10 km cells on favorable environments in the Abitibi area. 相似文献
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一批地质标准物质通过部级鉴定1994年5月20日~21日全国地质矿产标准化技术委员会岩矿测试标准样品及方法分技术委员会在北京举行会议,组织评审了一批地质标准物质,通过了“黄铁矿、黄铜矿、方铅矿和闪锌矿4种矿物标准物质的研制”、“铅锌、铅锌铜、镍钴、钨... 相似文献
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在西藏八宿怒江桥—邦达一带嘉玉桥群中发现较丰富的化石,其中腕足类有:Neospirifer,Syringothyris?Asyrinxia,Spirifer;牙形石:Palmatodeladelicutula,Palmatolepisgracilissig moidalis,Spathognathoduscf.Stabilis,Polygnathuspurus;孢子:Leigatosporitisvulgaris,Crasisporatrychera,Sulcatisporitesovatus,Limitisporites,Leiotriletes等。据此对嘉玉桥群的划分和时代进行了重新厘定。 相似文献
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河南禹州与山西太原石炭—二叠纪多重地层划分与对比 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
河南禹州的本溪组、太原组与山西太原的岩性相似,唯厚度较小;禹州的石盒子组与太原的岩性和厚度差异大,而且太原的煤层厚、层位低,禹州的煤层薄、层位高。由本溪组至山西组呈向南穿时,石盒子组为向北穿时,显示海水先向南侵后又向北回泛的变化趋势。沉积环境由下而上由陆表海经三角洲向大陆体系演化,并向南迁移,反映了该区总体上北部是陆地,南部是海洋的古地理格局。 相似文献
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Huan-huan Yang Qin Wang Yan-bo Li Bin Lin Yang Song Yi-yun Wang Wen He Hong-wei Li She Li Jian-li Li Chang-cheng Liu Shi-bin Feng Tang Xin Xue-lian Fu Xin-juan Liang Qi Zhang Bei-qi Wang Yang Li 《China Geology》2022,5(1):136-159
The Tiegelongnan Cu(Au,Ag)deposit in central Tibet contains more than 10 Mt of copper ranking 29 th in the world.It is characterized by typical porphyry-epithermal alteration and mineralization.In order to improve the understanding of porphyry-epithermal copper deposit in Tibet,new zircon U-Pb age and sulfur isotope data along with published data in the Tiegelongnan are presented to investigate the formation and preservation mechanism.Ore-related intrusive rocks in the Tiegelongnan including Early Cretaceous(about 120 Ma)granodiorite porphyry and diorite porphyry are closely related to the northward subduction of Bangongco-Nujiang ocean.Sulfur mainly comes from deep magma,and ore-forming fluid is affected by both magmatic and meteoric water.The metallogenic setting of Tiegelongnan is consistent with those of Andean porphyry copper deposits in South America.The cover of the Meiriqiecuo Formation volcanic rocks,Lhasa-Qiangtang collision and India-Eurasian collision have significance in the preservation and uplift of the deposit.The formation,preservation and discovery of Tiegelongnan play an important role in exploration of ancient porphyry-epithermal deposits in Tibet. 相似文献
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Early Eocene hyperthermals are geologically short-lived global warming events and represent fundamental perturbations to the global carbon cycle and the Earth’s ecosystem due to massive additions of isotopically light carbon to the ocean-atmosphere system.They serve as ancient analogs for understanding how the oceanic carbonate system and surface-ocean ecosystem would respond to ongoing and future climate change.Here,we present a continuous carbonate record across the Eocene Thermal Maximum 2(ETM2 or H1,ca.54.1 Ma)and H2(ca.54 Ma)events from an expanded section at Ocean Drilling Program Site 1258 in tropical Atlantic.The abundant calcareous nannofossils and moderate carbonate content throughout the studied interval suggest this record was deposited above the calcite compensation depth(CCD),but below the lysocline and under the influence of terrestrial dilution.An Earth system model cGENIE is used to simulate the carbon cycle dynamics across the ETM2 and H2 to offer insights on the mechanism of the rapid warming and subsequent recovery in climate and ecosystem.The model suggests moderate changes in ocean pH(0.1–0.2 unit)for the two scenarios,biogenic methane from a rechargeable methane capacitor and organic matter oxidation from thawing of the permafrost.These pH changes are consistent with a recent independent pH estimate across the ETM2 using boron isotopes.The carbon emission flux during the ETM2 is at least an order of magnitude smaller than that during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum(PETM)(0.015–0.05 Pg C yr-1vs.0.3–1.7 Pg C yr-1).The comparable pre-and post-event carbonate contents suggest the lysocline did not over deepen following the ETM2 at this tropical Atlantic site,indicating spatial heterogeneity in the carbonate system due to strong dilution influence from terrestrial weathering and riverine discharge at Site 1258. 相似文献
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丹霞山是“中国丹霞”世界自然遗产的典型代表,目前对其成景地层(上白垩统丹霞组)沉积环境的研究程度不高,尤其对丹霞组锦石岩段沉积环境还存在争议。锦石岩段以厚层—巨厚层状中-细砂岩为主,发育大型交错层理,夹薄层—极薄层状泥岩、粉砂质泥岩以及钙质层。本文通过对丹霞盆地丹霞组锦石岩段砂岩进行扫描电镜、粒度分析以及岩石地球化学等方面的研究,探讨该套砂岩的沉积特征及成因。研究表明:该套砂岩以长石石英砂岩为主,显微镜下石英颗粒常见港湾状撞击凹坑,颗粒边缘发育铁、锰及泥质边框,胶结物主要为蒙脱石和方解石。扫描电镜下石英颗粒表面可见碟形撞击坑,具有风成沉积特征。该段砂岩粒度范围窄,分选性好,其稀土总量ΣREE = 40.2×10-6~215.0×10-6,LREE/HREE = 5.54~12.46,轻稀土相对富集,重稀土相对亏损。δEu负异常明显,Ce无异常,具有与中国大陆上地壳相似的高场强元素(Pb、Zr、Hf)和大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba)组成,化学蚀变指数(CIA)值介于56.99~75.87之间,反映了较低的古风化程度,指示了干旱、炎热的的古气候条件。La/Yb-ΣREE图解和F1-F2判别函数图解研究表明,丹霞组锦石岩段砂岩的母岩物质成分以古老上地壳的长英质为主,具有被动大陆边缘属性的陆内裂谷特征。丹霞盆地晚白垩世锦石岩段沉积时期,具有干燥的地表沉积环境,可能与晚白垩世中期Campanian期东亚中纬度地区的干旱古气候条件相关。 相似文献
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三江并流带丹霞地貌景观地质成景作用 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
本分析对比了三江并流带黎明、罗古箐、石宝山三个丹霞地貌发育地区的景观特征,从地质学与岩石学的角度分析典型丹霞地貌景观的成景地质条件,探讨景观的地质成景作用,总结景观的成景过程。研究认为,三江并流带丹霞地貌具有自身独特的特征,岩性和构造差异是不同丹霞地貌景观差异形成的根本原因;峰林景观差异因岩层厚度、节理发育程度、交错层理不同而不同;丹霞峰林或赤壁上的“变色瀑布”是裂面或层面之间岩层水渗出沿壁下淌的结果;龟裂纹景观形成严格受岩性和节理构造控制,其发育经过了成景初期、成景中期、成景晚期三个阶段。 相似文献
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浙江江山市江郎山岩石岩性特征及其对丹霞地貌形成的影响 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
岩性特征的量化研究对分析丹霞地貌的成因具重要意义。江郎山岩石岩性标本的X射线荧光光谱分析和偏光显微镜鉴定发现,江郎山方岩组砂岩、砾岩中SiO2含量高达55.5%-75.8%,火山岩碎屑含量高,石英晶屑多已被高温熔蚀,三爿石中多处贯穿有辉绿岩和橄榄玄武岩的岩脉和岩墙,其辉绿-间粒结构和斜长石与暗色矿物的组合,构成了抗风化能力强的岩体,使三爿石得以长期保存。洞穴岩石CaO含量百分比的平均值是崖壁的三倍,且洞穴中岩石的胶结物多为方解石,其含量超过总胶结物的50%以上,使岩石结构的稳定性受到影响,会发生类似石灰岩地区的溶蚀作用,从而导致岩体的破碎和崩塌,有可能形成诸如会仙岩、天宫洞等大型洞穴和凹槽。 相似文献
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福建冠豸山丹霞地貌及特征 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
连城白垩纪红层盆地位于福建省西部连城县,盆地东隅吕屋-冠豸山-带上白垩统崇安组紫红色厚层-巨厚层砾岩、砂砾岩经内、外动力地质作用,形成了堡峰、锥峰、墙峰、柱峰、石馒、石墙、石柱等正地貌以及线谷、巷谷、峡谷等负地貌,构成以紧闭型展布的峰丛-峡谷组合为特征的丹霞地貌景观,是福建中年早期单斜丹霞地貌的典型代表和宝贵的地质遗迹... 相似文献
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丹霞地貌定义、分类及丹霞作用研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
丹霞地貌以广东丹霞山最为典型而得名,是一种发育赤壁丹崖群的特殊地貌类型,近年来随着旅游开发不断升温而成为景观地貌学关注的重要对象,但其中一些基本问题长期争论不休。本文从命名地的地质、地貌特征和我国区域地质发展史角度出发,重新厘定了丹霞地貌的定义与分类,强调丹霞地貌的三大基本要素:赤壁丹崖地貌特征、燕山旋回以来陆相红层基础和以流水侵蚀为主的地质营力。西北地区也广泛发育丹霞地貌,一类是黄土覆盖下的古丹霞,另一类是干旱区片流侵蚀和泥乳贴膜的丹霞。丹霞作用是对中新生代陆相碎屑岩经流水侵蚀、重力崩塌和风化剥落等多种地质作用的统称,其产物就是丹霞地貌。岩性控制和崖壁片流垂蚀是丹霞作用的两种特殊机理。红层盆地的沉积相及其岩性差异控制着丹霞地貌的发育及其景观类型,据此在地貌发育的构造、外力和时间三个因素基础上增加了岩性因素。南方典型的红层盆地中,边缘冲积扇相粗碎屑岩地区可经历青年、中年和老年等发展阶段,盆地中央湖泊相泥岩、粉砂岩却没有经历过绝壁陡崖发展阶段。暴雨水流在丹霞崖壁上发生近垂直向下的侵蚀作用叫片流垂蚀作用。其中冲蚀作用形成竖状沟槽、竖状洞穴,涡蚀作用(借助风力吹动发展成垂直崖壁的涡旋)形成圆... 相似文献
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贵州赤水南部地区丹霞地貌类型特征及成因演化分析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
贵州赤水南部地区广泛分布着白垩系嘉定群巨厚红层,受构造活动、流水侵蚀、风化剥蚀和重力崩塌等内外力地质作用影响,形成了类型丰富的丹霞地貌景观。本文将丹霞地貌的类型特征与成因演化相结合,按主导动力对丹霞地貌进行分类,包括丹霞构造地貌、丹霞水蚀地貌、丹霞风化地貌和丹霞重力地貌等类型,并对典型的代表景观特征进行描述。重点分析了赤水南部地区丹霞地貌的成因演化过程,从地质学的角度揭示出丹霞地貌景观的成因演化机理,起到普及地球科学知识,开展地学研究的作用。 相似文献
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武夷山脉西北麓地区白垩纪至古近纪时发生强烈的断裂构造活动,沿区域断裂带形成了一系列红层盆地,并沉积了一套红色陆相碎屑岩,包括从北东到南西分布的信江、南城、南丰、宁都、石城、瑞金、会昌等盆地。这些盆地明显受NNE向断裂所控制,除北侧的信江盆地规模稍大外,其余均为小型断陷盆地。新生代以来随着华南区域隆起,盆地内红层抬升,在构造、河流等内、外动力地质作用下形成了众多丹霞地貌。由于红层岩性、构造及河流侵蚀强度的差异性,在不同盆地形成了不同形态的丹霞地貌,其经历的演化阶段也不尽相同。野外地质地貌调查及对比研究表明,该地区丹霞地貌景观按照形态特征可分为山峰类、陡崖类、崩塌体类、峡谷类、洞穴类及其他类六种类型;面积高程积分法和多级缓冲区分析表明,该地区丹霞地貌演化具有从北东向南西年轻化趋势,其成因与红层、断裂活动、河流发育等条件的空间差异具有相关性,它们共同构成了武夷山脉西北麓丹霞地貌的成景系统。 相似文献