Principles of Probabilistic Regional Mineral Resource Estimation

Five principal sources of uncertainty in quantitative mineral resource estimation are listed and illustrated by means of a simple example (mosaic model) and a case history study for large copper deposits in the Abitibi area of the Canadian Shield. Abitibi copper potential originally was estimated on the basis of 1968 estimates of production and reserves totalling 3.12 Mt Cu. This prognostication now could be evaluated on the basis of 2008 copper production and reserves totalling 9.50 Mt Cu. An earlier hindsight study performed on the basis of 1977 data (totalling 5.23 Mt Cu) showed seven new discoveries occurring either in the immediate vicinities of known deposits or on broad regional copper anomalies predicted from the 1968 inputs. By 1977, the global geographic distribution pattern of large copper deposits in the Abitibi area had stabilized. During the next 30 years, new copper was essentially found close to existing deposits, much of it deeper down in the Earth's crust. In this paper, uncertainties associated with copper ore tonnage are analyzed by comparison of 2008 data with 1968 data using (a) log-log plots of size versus rank, and (b) lognormal QQ-plots. Straight lines fitted by least squares on these plots show that 1968 slopes provide good estimates of 2008 slopes but 1968 intercepts are much less than 2008 intercepts. In each linear log-weight versus log-rank plot, the slope is related to fractal dimension of a Pareto frequency distribution, and in a lognormal QQ-plot it is determined by logarithmic variance. The difference between 2008 and 1968 intercepts represents the increase in copper ore production and reserves from 1968 to 2008. The Pareto model fits actual copper and massive sulphides increase over the past 40 years better than the lognormal frequency distribution model for 10 km×10 km cells on favorable environments in the Abitibi area.      

Geology and mineralization of the Tiegelongnan supergiant porphyry-epithermal Cu (Au,Ag) deposit (10 Mt) in western Tibet,China: A review

The Tiegelongnan Cu(Au,Ag)deposit in central Tibet contains more than 10 Mt of copper ranking 29 th in the world.It is characterized by typical porphyry-epithermal alteration and mineralization.In order to improve the understanding of porphyry-epithermal copper deposit in Tibet,new zircon U-Pb age and sulfur isotope data along with published data in the Tiegelongnan are presented to investigate the formation and preservation mechanism.Ore-related intrusive rocks in the Tiegelongnan including Early Cretaceous(about 120 Ma)granodiorite porphyry and diorite porphyry are closely related to the northward subduction of Bangongco-Nujiang ocean.Sulfur mainly comes from deep magma,and ore-forming fluid is affected by both magmatic and meteoric water.The metallogenic setting of Tiegelongnan is consistent with those of Andean porphyry copper deposits in South America.The cover of the Meiriqiecuo Formation volcanic rocks,Lhasa-Qiangtang collision and India-Eurasian collision have significance in the preservation and uplift of the deposit.The formation,preservation and discovery of Tiegelongnan play an important role in exploration of ancient porphyry-epithermal deposits in Tibet.     

Carbon cycle variability in tropical Atlantic across two Early Eocene hyperthermals

Early Eocene hyperthermals are geologically short-lived global warming events and represent fundamental perturbations to the global carbon cycle and the Earth’s ecosystem due to massive additions of isotopically light carbon to the ocean-atmosphere system.They serve as ancient analogs for understanding how the oceanic carbonate system and surface-ocean ecosystem would respond to ongoing and future climate change.Here,we present a continuous carbonate record across the Eocene Thermal Maximum 2(ETM2 or H1,ca.54.1 Ma)and H2(ca.54 Ma)events from an expanded section at Ocean Drilling Program Site 1258 in tropical Atlantic.The abundant calcareous nannofossils and moderate carbonate content throughout the studied interval suggest this record was deposited above the calcite compensation depth(CCD),but below the lysocline and under the influence of terrestrial dilution.An Earth system model cGENIE is used to simulate the carbon cycle dynamics across the ETM2 and H2 to offer insights on the mechanism of the rapid warming and subsequent recovery in climate and ecosystem.The model suggests moderate changes in ocean pH(0.1–0.2 unit)for the two scenarios,biogenic methane from a rechargeable methane capacitor and organic matter oxidation from thawing of the permafrost.These pH changes are consistent with a recent independent pH estimate across the ETM2 using boron isotopes.The carbon emission flux during the ETM2 is at least an order of magnitude smaller than that during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum(PETM)(0.015–0.05 Pg C yr^-1vs.0.3–1.7 Pg C yr^-1).The comparable pre-and post-event carbonate contents suggest the lysocline did not over deepen following the ETM2 at this tropical Atlantic site,indicating spatial heterogeneity in the carbonate system due to strong dilution influence from terrestrial weathering and riverine discharge at Site 1258.     

Geochronological and geochemical constraints on the petrogenesis of late Mesoproterozoic mafic and granitic rocks in the southwestern Yangtze Block

Late Mesoproterozoic igneous rocks in the SW Yangtze Block are important for understanding the role of it in reconstruction of the Rodinia supercontinent.In the present study,we report new geochronological,geochemical,and Nd-Hf isotopic data for the Cuoke plagioclase amphibolites and granites in the SW Yangtze Block.Geochronological results show that the plagioclase amphibolites and granites have similar late Mesoproterozoic zircon U-Pb ages of 1168-1162 Ma,constituting a bimodal igneous assemblage.The plagioclase amphibolites have high and variable TiO2 contents(1.15-4.30 wt.%)and Mg#(34-66)values,similar to the tholeiitic series.They are characterized by enrichment in LREEs and LILEs,and have OIB-like affinities with positive Nb and Ta anomalies.The plagioclase amphibolites have positive whole-rockεNd(t)(+3.2 to+4.3)and zirconεHf(t)(+4.3 to+10.7)values,indicating that they were derived from an OIB-like asthenospheric mantle source.The granites belong to the reduced peralkaline A-type series and have negativeεNd(t)value of-6.0 andεHf(t)values of-5.8 to-13.8,indicating a derivation from the partial melting of ancient mafic lower crust.In combination with the~1.05-1.02 Ga bimodal igneous assemblage in the SW Yangtze Block,we propose that the Cuoke 1168-1162 Ma igneous rocks were likely formed in a continental rift basin and argue against the existance of Grenvillian Orogen in the SW Yangtze Block during the late Mesoproterozoic.     

Analysis of prospecting polymetallic metallogenic belts by comprehensive geophysical method

This paper is based on the analysis and research on the silver-lead-zinc polymetallic ore in New Ballyhoo Banner in southern Manzhouli of Inner Mongolia.Because metal mineralization brings rock formations,the geophysical features such as low resistivity,high polarization rate and uneven distribution of magnetization,the comprehensive geophysical methods are adopted including high-precision magnetic measurement,high-power induced polarization,IP field middle gradient and controlled source audio-frequency magnetotellurics.In the survey work of multi-metal ore deposits,from surface sweeping to single point measurement,and from single point to section going deeper layer by layer,the resolution of measurement is continuously improved,and various geophysical methods support and complement each other,so explorers can successfully predict the direction,scale and volume of the metallogenic belts in conjunction with geochemical exploration,geological survey and drilling.It has provided a strong basis for completing the exploration task of predicting the reserve volume of ore bodies.The research conclusions of this exploration case have thus a high reference value in the same type of exploration work.     

利用Grapher绘制彩色渐变剖面平面图

在物探扫面工作中,有大量的剖面数据需要绘制成剖面平面图,要求寻找一个高效快速的制图方法.通过对Grapher 自动化功能的分析和实践,编制程序实现了快速绘制彩色渐变剖面平面图的需求,说明利用自动化脚本能够在获得精美图件的同时,可以极大地提高作图效率.     

冷生风化作用对边坡稳定性影响

The experiment shows that considerable influence on density rock properties are subjected by nival weathering conditions. The main parameter defining the rock suitability for solution various engineering and geological problems is its firmness limit on single axis pressing. The firmness properties of sandstone being in absolutely dry condition for Kabakta suite at the beginning of investigation was 64.7 MPa, for Nerungri suite sandstones it was 48. 7 MPa. The investigations showed how much the nival conditions of cryohypergenesis of rock sandstones in Kabakta and Nerungri suites have destructive influence in comparison with aquale and more over aerale conditions. In the aerale conditions sedimentary rock firmness of Kabakta suite decreased to 23.2 MPa, in aquale conditions to 16.5, and in the nivale conditions to 8.9 MPa. In Nerungri suite sandstones are according to 17.7 MPa, 11.1 MPa, and 6 MPa after 300 freezing and thawing cycles. The common sandstone firmness decrease of Kabakta suite was 25 %,of Nerungri suite it was 23.8%. Marlstone samples after 400 FTC decrease to 62% in the nivale conditions and to 33 % in the aerale conditions. After 3～5 years of exploitation marlstone will destruct due to structural and textural inhomogenesis up to gruss, i.e. it will not meet the requirements of durability.Judging by the results of carried out experiment it should be concluded that by cryogenic weathering the sedimentary rocks (sandstones) and rocks with schistose lithogenic texture (marlstone) are subjected to disintegration. The primary rock samples firmness considerably influences on the disintegration rate.     

Cenozoic Sea‐land Transition and its Petroleum Geological Significance in the Northern South China Sea

The process of Cenozoic sea-land changes in the northern South China Sea(SCS)controlled the sedimentary filling pattern and played an important role in the petroleum geological characteristics of the northern marginal sedimentary basins.Under the control of the opening process of the SCS,the northern SCS Cenozoic transgression generally showed the characteristics of early in the east and late in the west,and early in the south and late in the north.The initial transgression occurred in the Eocene in the Taixinan Basin(TXNB)of the eastern SCS,while the transgression occurred until the Pliocene in the Yinggehai Basin(YGHB)of the western SCS.International Ocean Discovery Program(IODP)expeditions(Expeditions 367/368)revealed that the initial transgression of the SCS basin occurred at approximately 34 Ma,which was the initial opening time of the SCS.The period of drastic changes in the sedimentary environment caused by large-scale transgression corresponded to the opening time of the southwestern subbasin(approximately 23 Ma),which also represented the peak of the spreading of the SCS.The sea-land transition process controls the distribution of alternating continent-marine facies,marine facies source rocks and reservoirs in the basins.The marine facies source rocks of the basins in the northern SCS have a trend of gradually becoming younger from east to west,which is consistent with the regional process of gradual transgression from east to west.Regional sea-level changes were comprehensively influenced by SCS opening and global sea-level changes.These processes led to the early development in the east and south and late development in the west and north for the carbonate platform in the SCS.Carbonate platforms form another type of"selfgenerating and self-accumulating"oil-gas reservoir in the northern SCS.The sea-land transition controlled the depositional filling patterns of different basins and laid the foundation of marine deposits for oil and gas resources.The source-reservoircap assemblage in the northern SCS was controlled horizontally by provenance supply and sedimentary environmental changes caused by sea-land transition and vertically by the tectonic evolution of the SCS and regional sea-level changes.     

《同一个地质计划》的进展与对策

《同一个地质计划（OneGeology）》最初由英国地质调查局于2006年2月提出,已得到全球地学组织的支持。到2007年底,国际地球科学联合会等10个全球学术团体与国际地学组织、2个跨国公司、2位知名人士和67个国家的地质调查局参加了该计划。《同一个地质计划》是各个国家的地质调查局贡献给国际行星地球年的、约1：100万比例尺的、可在网络上很容易取得最好世界地质图数据的计划。该计划的目标是：使可用的地质图数据能被更多的人使用,使需要的人受益,促进互操作能力的增强。《同一个地质计划》的实施,可以提升全球、大陆、行星、海洋地球科学图的编制和出版的合作能力。深化对一些地区地质问题的研究,并可作为国际地球行星年一个切实可用的成果,提升国家地质调查局的形象;运用管理地学知识的领导能力和经验,通过教育、科学、文化和交流。能够处理全球污染对社会、经济和环境的影响问题。促进全球环境保护公约的执行,减缓自然灾害,使全球经济可持续发展,人们的居住环境更安全、更繁荣。精神生活更丰富、更快乐。因此,实施该计划不仅有现实意义,更有重要而深远的政治意义。     

Geochemical Characterizations of Source and Depositional Environment of Hydrocarbons in the Lake Albert Rift Basin

Despite the upsurge in hydrocarbon exploration in the Lake Albert Rift Basin(LARB)over the past three decades,systematic characterization of hydrocarbon compositions remains lacking,leading to uncertainties in source rock and oil generation determination.We characterized crude oil compositions and oil sand samples in the northern and southern subbasins of LARB.The relative abundance of normal and branched linear alkanes,hopanes,steranes,and aromatic hydrocarbon suggest that northern and southern hydrocarbons were deposited in anoxic to suboxic lacustrine environments and share similar biological source compositions(i.e.,a mixture of plants and aquatic algae and bacteria).Relative to southern samples,northern samples show more negative δ¹³C values for oils,saturates and aromatics,indicating longer migration paths,and exhibit higher MPI-1,DNR-1 and 4-/1-MDBT ratios,indicating higher maturity.Between the two possible sets of source rocks(upper Miocene and Jurassic strata),the positive δ¹³C values of saturated hydrocarbons(average=-20.5‰)suggest that the upper Miocene lacustrine shale is the most likely candidate.Oleanane index(<5% in our samples)does not exclude either source rock possibility,and C₂₈/C₂₉ regular sterane(average=0.63)may be biased by high terrestrial inputs in a lacustrine setting.Together,our data show that northern and southern oils originate from the same source rocks but different oil kitchens.Given the similar geochemical characteristics of southern and northern oils,previous exploration successes in the northern subbasin likely suggest similar potential in the southern sector,while other elements influencing exploration success must be also evaluated.     

关于盐城市地震效应问题探讨

对比分析了<建筑抗震设计规范>(GB 50011-2010)与<建筑抗震设计规范>(GB 50011-2001)中涉及场地勘察相关条文的规定,指出其相关条文的修改对盐城市区场地类别的划分、地震动参数的确定、砂土液化的判别、软土震陷的评价等方面产生的影响,以及今后在勘察中需注意的一些问题,并提出了相关建议.     

城市地铁转弯段施工对近邻桥基的影响研究

结合北京地铁10号线国贸站转弯段施工对邻近桥基影响的这一实际工程问题，运用ABAQUS软件，在对施工过程进行动态模拟的同时，重点研究了施工过程中19-3号桥基的变形和受力性态以及桩土相互作用机理，并将部分计算结果与量测结果进行了比较，取得了一系列的成果。研究表明，施工期间桥基没有工程安全隐患，既有的施工方案是合理可行的。     

各向异性损伤对地基承载力影响分析

应用耦合损伤的滑移线法,求解平面应变条件下的极限荷载问题,推导出考虑各向异性损伤的平面应变问题应力场的滑移线解,针对平顶钝角楔体极限荷载的滑移线场进行了详细推导,绘出滑移线场图,推导出极限荷载的公式,分析了各向异性损伤对浅基础极限荷载的影响,即损伤对地基承载力系数Nq影响很大;损伤越大,地基承载力系数Nq值越小,且随着D1,D2的增加,Nq越接近最小值。     

含砂量对水泥土强度影响的试验研究

天然软土尤其三角洲地区的淤泥或淤泥质黏土常含砂,以含细砂或粉细砂为主,系统研究水泥土强度与含砂量的关系,为水泥土性能改良、强度设计及水泥土搅拌法施工提供直接依据。选取珠江三角洲两处典型的淤泥、淤泥质黏土,按天然含水率配制试验用土,掺加不同含量的细砂制成含砂水泥土试件,养护到不同龄期,对其进行无侧限抗压强度试验,得到了水泥土强度与含砂量及其他关联影响因素关系的变化规律。主要结论是：细砂颗粒在水泥土中起到了细骨料的作用,有利于提高水泥土强度;考虑水泥土的含砂量、水土质量比、水泥掺入比和实际水灰比等因素,得到了含砂淤泥水泥土强度估算公式;在不含砂淤泥水泥土中掺入2 %干细砂时其强度约提高25 %,掺入15 %~25 %干细砂则可提高40 %~60 %。     

地质条件对隧道工程影响分析

通过采用浅层地震弹性波速度分析、孔内波速测试、钻孔数字测井和井下电视摄像，钻探工程以及钻孔围岩物理力学测试数据等方法，对隧道工程作了简要的概括。着重对隧道区特殊地质条件(地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造、地震、水文地质条件、围岩物理力学指标及类别)进行了综合分析及合理划分，将大同煤田侏罗系含煤地层对隧道区产生的严重影响论述如下：①煤层采空区、开采面积、开采深度、煤柱比例、顶板垮落、地质构造、冒落带、裂隙所引起的地层稳定性。②褶皱带、断层、片麻岩风化带、节理、裂缝、岩石质量低等所引起的地层稳定性做了详细的、科学的论证与评价。最后对隧道区各段施工中出现的问题和采取的措施提出了建设性的建议如下：①对煤层冒落带或裂隙带应采取有效治理和防范措施。②对基岩风化带、岩体破碎应采取围岩加固措施。③对褶皱造成岩体破坏和破碎应采用导管注浆锚固等措施加固围岩。④对处于煤层火区内，隧道施工中会受到高温有害气体的危害，应进行钻孔帷幕灌注，密闭火区。⑤对煤层采空区瓦斯气体有可能沿裂隙、裂缝转移或富集应加强监测与防范。⑥对塌陷裂缝应进行分段支护。⑦对地表裂缝应进行灌浆或充填处理等。     

混凝土开裂对地基板弯矩的影响

当前地基板的配筋设计均按弹性体计算得到的弯矩进行，这在理论上是不合理的，因为地基板是高次超静定问题，地基板开裂后其弯矩会有较大的改变。笔者通过合理模拟地基板裂缝开展过程及土．结构的相互作用，采用非线性有限单元法对地基板进行了分析，着重讨论了不同计算方法及裂缝对地基板弯矩的影响。计算结果表明，按平面问题计算得到的弯矩比按空间问题大40％左右，地基板开裂后弯矩减小，且裂缝越多，弯矩减小越多。     

地下室侧墙对筏板基础内力影响的研究

基于弹性薄板理论,用半解析方法分析了考虑地下室侧墙平面外的弯曲以及纵向平面内整体弯曲情况下筏板基础、上部结构与地基的共同作用,与不考虑侧墙影响的计算结果以及实测结果比较表明,考虑地下室侧墙平面外的弯曲以及纵向平面内整体弯曲的结果与实际较接近。在此基础上,分析了侧墙刚度对底板受力的影响,以及底板尺寸变化时侧板刚度对底板受力的影响。     

断层对采空区地表沉降影响的模拟

断层是影响采空区地表沉降的重要因素。针对这一问题,采用数值模拟的方法,建立矿山地层、断层和采空区的三维地质模型,对比有无断层时,采空区地表沉降的变化规律,并详细分析了断层倾角、断层与采空区相对位置关系、断层摩擦强度等因素对沉降规律的影响。研究表明：断层不仅对采空区沉降起放大作用,同时对地表沉降变形起隔断作用。断层的存在使地表塌陷盆地中心向断层方向偏移。断层倾角在40°~50°时,地表沉降量出现最大值;断层倾角在35°~40°时,采空区顶板下沉量出现最大值。随着断层抗剪强度的减弱,采空区地表沉降量增大;但当断层的内摩擦角大于或等于周围地层的内摩擦角时,断层内摩擦角的增大对地表沉降量的影响不明显。     

高速铁路高架线路列车运营对既有线路基的影响研究

为分析高速铁路高架线列车运行对既有线路基影响,建立桥墩-大地-既有线路基有限元模型,结合测试验证模型可靠性,分析不同行车条件对既有线路基应力状态的影响关系,讨论高速铁路轨道平顺性恶化和土体模量降低对既有线路基的影响,预测既有线路基表层累计变形。研究得到,既有线自身列车运行对路基应力状态的影响占主要地位,高速铁路运营对既有线路基应力状态的贡献度很小,不会对既有线路基使用寿命造成明显影响,高速铁路桥墩与既有线距离按限界控制即可满足要求;在轨道平顺性恶化和土体模量降低条件下,高速列车运营引起的既有线路基应力增加不超过0.5 kPa。     

软土地区填筑工程稳定性监测系统的探讨

某植物园软土地基用塑料排水板(PVD s)处理后,在园林山体填筑过程进行了稳定性监测。山体填筑过程中发生了局部塌陷,而在塌陷产生之前的监测数据未超过规范规定的监测项目预警值,这引起了有关各方对监测系统的反思。本文分析了产生沉陷前堆载过程中原地表沉降、分层沉降、边桩位移、超孔隙水压力等监测数据,对相应的控制标准进行了探讨,得到一些有意义的结论,对相似工程具有一定的借鉴和参考。