2021年冬季海洋天气评述

2021 年冬季(2021 年12 月—2022 年2 月)大气环流特征为:北半球极涡呈多极型分布,中高纬环流呈3 波型分布。位势高度距平场显示,东亚中纬度地区处于正距平区,西伯利亚脊偏强,而东亚大槽较常年同期偏弱,冷空气活动偏少、强度偏强。我国近海出现了 8 次 8 级以上大风过程, 其中冷空气大风过程4 次,冷空气和温带气旋共同影响的大风过程3 次,冷空气和台风共同影响的大风过程1 次。我国近海未出现大范围的海雾过程。西北太平洋和南海共生成 2 个热带气旋,且均达到超强台风级,其中 2122 号台风“雷伊”是历史上 12 月在南海海域达到超强台风级的 2 个台风之一,也是历史上直接袭击南沙群岛的最强台风,还是影响南海最晚的超强台风。另外,全球其他海域共生成热带气旋14 个。我国近海出现2. 0 m 以上大浪过程的天数有56 d,约占冬季总日数的62%。冬季,我国近海海域呈明显降温趋势,北部海域的降温幅度明显大于南部海域,冬季海面温度较常年整体偏高。     

2020年秋季海洋天气评述

2020年秋季(9-11月)大气环流特征表现为,北半球极涡呈单极型分布,中高纬环流呈4波型.9-11月,欧亚大陆中高纬环流经向度不断加大,冷空气势力增强.西太平洋副热带高压较历史平均偏强,热带气旋活动频繁.我国近海出现了19次8级以上大风过程,其中冷空气大风过程6次,台风大风过程4次,入海气旋大风过程1次,冷空气与热带...     

2022年春季海洋天气评述

2022年春季(3—5月)北半球极涡呈单极型分布,形状狭长,极涡强度与历史同期相当。北半球中高纬度西风带呈4波型分布。3月,我国北方的大部分地区及北部海域受西北气流控制;4月,东亚大槽加深,高压脊区较历史同期偏强;5月,中高纬环流调整为“两槽两脊”型。我国近海出现12次大风过程,其中冷空气大风过程4次,冷空气和温带气旋共同影响的大风过程3次,温带气旋大风过程4次,冷空气与热带气旋共同影响的大风过程1次。近海共出现10次比较明显的海雾过程,其中3月4次,4月3次,5月3次。西北太平洋和南海有2个热带气旋生成,接近常年同期平均值;全球其他海域有12个热带气旋生成,较历史同期平均值偏少5.7个。近海浪高2.0 m以上的海浪过程有12次,总日数为44 d。春季各月我国近海海面温度整体呈上升趋势,北方海域升温幅度大于南方海域。     

2022年秋季海洋天气评述

2022年秋季(9—11月)北半球大气环流特征为：极涡呈偶极型,中高纬环流呈5波型分布,欧亚大陆西风带环流较为平直,西风带槽脊较弱,影响我国的冷空气势力较历史同期平均偏弱,9—10月热带气旋活动频繁。我国近海出现了14次8级以上大风过程,其中冷空气和温带气旋共同影响的大风过程为5次,冷空气和热带气旋共同影响的大风过程为5次,热带气旋大风过程为2次,冷空气大风过程为2次。西北太平洋和南海共生成13个热带气旋,全球其他海域生成22个热带气旋。我国出现2.0 m以上大浪过程的日数为80 d,约占秋季总日数的88%。秋季,我国近海海域海面温度逐月下降,北部海域海面温度较常年平均偏低,南部海域偏高。     

2022年冬季海洋天气评述

2022年冬季(2022年12月—2023年2月)北半球大气环流特征为:北半球极涡呈偶极型分布,中高纬环流呈3波型,西风带槽脊较常年同期明显偏强。西北太平洋和南海共生成1个热带气旋,全球其他海域共生成热带气旋11个。我国近海出现15次8级以上大风过程,其中冷空气大风过程为10次,温带气旋大风过程为2次,冷空气与热带低值系统共同影响的大风天气过程为1次,冷空气和温带气旋共同影响的大风过程为2次。近海出现2.0 m以上大浪过程为17次。出现大范围的海雾过程为4次,主要在渤海、渤海海峡、黄海、北部湾、琼州海峡及雷州半岛沿岸海域。近海海域明显降温,北部海域的降温幅度大于南部海域,海面温度自北向南的温差由2022年12月的26 ℃增大至2023年2月的30 ℃。     

2023年冬季海洋天气评述

2023年冬季（2023年12月—2024年2月）大气环流特征为：北半球极涡呈偶极型分布,中高纬度西风带呈3波型分布,西风带槽脊较常年同期偏强。西北太平洋和南海共生成1个热带气旋,比常年平均（1.53个）偏少0.53个。全球其他海域共生成12个热带气旋,比常年平均（15.33个）偏少3.33个。我国近海有8次8级以上大风过程,其中5次由冷空气产生,1次由温带气旋产生,2次由冷空气和入海温带气旋共同产生。我国近海出现7次明显的海雾过程,出现13次2.0 m以上的大浪过程。近海海面温度逐渐下降,并且北部海域的降温幅度大于南部海域。     

2023年秋季海洋天气评述

2023年秋季（9—11月）北半球极涡为单极型分布,中高纬度地区呈5波型,欧亚大陆西风环流较为平直,西风带槽脊较弱。我国近海共出现16次8级以上大风过程,其中热带气旋大风过程3次,热带气旋与冷空气共同影响的大风过程3次,冷空气和温带气旋共同影响的大风过程3次,冷空气大风过程7次。西北太平洋和南海共生成4个热带气旋,热带气旋活动较常年偏少,全球其他海域生成热带气旋22个。近海出现2.0 m以上大浪过程17次,大浪日数占秋季总日数约71%。近海海面温度较常年平均偏高。     

2021年秋季海洋天气评述

2021年秋季(9—11月)北半球大气环流特征为:极涡整体呈单极型,中高纬环流呈5波型分布,欧亚地区西风带环流形势季节内调整大,副热带高压(以下简称"副高")偏强,西伸明显.秋季我国近海大风过程主要由冷空气、温带气旋和热带气旋影响造成.在12次8级以上大风过程中,冷空气影响8次,温带气旋影响6次,台风影响4次.西北太平...     

2021年春季海洋天气评述

2021年春季(3—5月)的大气环流特征为:北半球极涡为偶极型分布,极涡较常年平均值偏强,中高纬度西风带呈现4波型。3月,南下冷空气活动偏弱,月内海雾过程频发。4月,北部海域受高压影响,低层形势场稳定,冷空气活动减弱。5月,我国近海受温带气旋影响出现大风天气。春季我国近海出现了5次8级以上大风过程,其中冷空气大风过程2次,冷空气和温带气旋共同影响的大风过程1次,温带气旋影响的大风过程2次。春季共有8次海雾过程,3月3次,4月2次,5月3次。近海浪高在2 m以上的海浪过程有8次,大浪日数偏少。西北太平洋和南海共生成2个台风。我国近海的海面温度整体呈上升趋势,东部和南部海域升温明显,南部和北部海域海面温度梯度增加。     

2023年春季海洋天气评述

2023年春季（3—5月）北半球大气环流特征为：极涡呈单极型,核心区呈轴对称分布,较常年平均明显偏强;中高纬呈4波型分布,北太平洋西风带比较平直,与2021年春季相似。季内我国近海冷空气活动较弱,海雾过程频繁：8级以上大风过程出现了5次,其中冷空气大风过程为3次,入海温带气旋大风过程为1次,台风大风过程为1次;比较明显的海雾过程出现了8次,其中3 月为3 次,4 月为2 次,5 月为 3次。我国近海浪高2.0 m以上的大浪过程有11次,其中4次大浪过程最大浪高超过3.0 m。海面温度呈逐渐上升趋势,东海至华南沿海一带海面温度梯度较高。全球共有7个热带气旋生成,其中2个在西北太平洋,强度达到或相当于我国超强台风级的有5个。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.