Effects of toluene on the survival,respiration, and adenylate system of a marine isopod

Median times to narcotization (ET₅₀) of Cirolana borealis Lilljeborg by various levels of toluene in seawater were determined. Narcotization quickly became irreversible, and the ET₅₀ values can be regarded as estimates of median lethal times. Respiratory rate, ATP concentration, and energy charge (E.C.) were not significantly affected by sublethal toluene levels which caused behavioural disturbance. At 12.5 ppm of toluene (nominal concentration; ET₅₀:69 h) ATP dropped gradually to less than 1% and E.C. to about 50% of the control values during 8 days, after which time all the individuals were dead. At 125 ppm neither ATP concentration nor E.C. changed significantly during 24 h although the animals were inactive after about 1 h and died within 100 h. Due to the high degree of stabilization of adenine nucleotide levels and E.C. during environmental changes, these parameters do not appear useful as general indices of stress in environmental pollution studies.     

DNA adduct formation and DNA strand breaks in green-lipped mussels (Perna viridis) exposed to benzo[a]pyrene: dose- and time-dependent relationships

Green-lipped mussels, Perna viridis, were exposed to 0, 0.3, 3 and 30 micrograms l-1 (nominal concentrations) B[a]P under laboratory conditions over a period of 24 days. Mussels were collected on day 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24, and the levels of DNA adducts and DNA strand breaks in their hepatopancreas tissues monitored. Mussels exposed to 0.3 and 3 micrograms l-1 B[a]P showed marked increases in strand breaks after 1 day of exposure. DNA strand break levels in these mussels remained high and significantly different from the control values until day 3 for the 0.3 microgram l-1 treatment group, and day 6 for the 3 micrograms l-1 treatment group. This was followed by a gradual reduction in strand breaks. After 12 days, the levels of both groups had returned to the same level as that of the control. No increase in DNA strand breaks was observable in mussels exposed to 30 micrograms l-1 B[a]P in the first 12 days of exposure, but a significant increase was observed from day 12 to day 24. Increasing B[a]P concentrations resulted in elevated DNA adduct levels after 3-6 days of exposure, but this pattern of dose-related increase disappeared after 12 days. These results indicate that a better understanding of the complex interactions between exposure levels and durations is crucially important before DNA adduct levels and DNA strand breaks in P. viridis can be used as effective biomarkers for monitoring genotoxicants in marine waters.     

Effects of copper exposure on the scope for growth of the clam Ruditapes decussatus from southern Portugal

The clam Ruditapes decussatus L. was collected from Ria Formosa, Faro, southern Portugal, and exposed to a sublethal copper concentration of 0.01 mg l⁻¹ for 20 days. Physiological measurements, respiration rates, clearance rates and absorption efficiency, were undertaken initially and after 2, 5, 9, 14 and 20 days and used to calculate Scope for Growth. Copper accumulation rate was calculated through the analysis of copper in the tissues at the same sampling times. The experiment showed two phases. Initially, copper was rapidly accumulated (1.95 μg Cu g⁻¹ dw day⁻¹ in the first 48 h), clearance rates declined markedly (lowest value 13.5% of control) and respiration rates increased (116% of control), resulting in a rapid decline of Scope for Growth, which showed a negative value after 5 days. In the second phase, (from day 9 on), the rate of copper uptake declined to 0.55 μg Cu g⁻¹ day⁻¹ and physiological responses were more stable. After 20 days, copper concentration in the tissues was 38.4 μg Cu g⁻¹ dw (bioconcentration factor 3840). Clearance rates were 50% of control rates and respiration rates were still high, 145% of control rates. Therefore, Scope for Growth and performance of the clams was still greatly affected (ca. 23% of the control values), indicating that though animals partially recovered through detoxifying mechanisms, excess copper caused sustained impairment of physiological functions. This experiment confirms that the physiological energetics approach and the integrated Scope for Growth measurement is a sensitive methodology to detect deviations from normal performance and assess stress at environmental realistic copper concentrations.     

The effects of plant density of Melastoma malabathricum on the erosion rate of slope soil at different slope orientations

Malaysia’s cut slopes,especially for road lines accommodation,are prone to erosions and landslides.These problems mainly occur due to lack of vegetation cover and strong erosive forces.In addition,the topography factors have also become a major factor affecting soil degradation.Thus,this study is aimed at determining the effects of planting density of a selected species,namely Melastoma malabathricum;one,two,and three seedlings per box,on the erosion rate at selected slopes of different orientation(morning and evening sun) at the Guthrie Corridor Expressway,Selangor.In six months of observation,treatment with three seedlings/box on the morning sun slope showed a lower erosion rate by 69.2%than those with the same treatment on the evening sun slope.In addition,the treatment of the three seedlings recorded at month six(final observation) had the highest reduction of soil saturation level(STL),by 23.6%.Furthermore,the physiological values of the species studied,grown on the morning sun slope,were higher in terms of stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate by 12.1%and 15.8%(three seedlings/box),respectively.The overall results showed that plant density was inversely related to the STL and erosion rate on the slope.In conclusion,a planting density of three seedlings/box and morning sun orientation gave positive effects on the plant’s physiological performance of the slope,reducing the STL,as well as alleviating the erosion rate of slope soils.     

表层底泥翻耕对太湖藻源性湖泛的预控作用

表层底泥已被证实是引发或诱发太湖湖泛发生的主要因素,但能否通过像控制湖泊内源污染的翻耕方式对湖泛形成预控,则有待与过程有关的实验研究.模拟研究太湖易发湖泛区底泥翻耕对藻源性湖泛的控制作用,跟踪监测不同翻耕深度和翻耕后时长,对照和处理组上覆水的视觉、嗅觉、营养盐和挥发性硫化物浓度,以及表层底泥理化性质的变化.结果表明,未翻耕的对照组在模拟实验中发生了湖泛,翻耕10 cm和翻耕20 cm差异不大,但翻耕后时长对湖泛发生影响较大.刚翻耕后(1 d)即进行藻源性湖泛模拟的处理组发生了湖泛,但在程度和持续时间上均低于对照组;翻耕180 d和540 d的处理组,10 cm和20 cm翻耕深度均未发生湖泛.合理选择翻耕的施工时间,可以有效预防和控制湖泛的发生.     

冬季富营养化湖泊中水生植物的恢复及净化作用

秋末冬初大多数水生植物处于衰亡期,在透明度较低的富营养化湖泊中引种和恢复水生植物往往十分困难,借助物理生态工程技术,秋末冬初在重富营养化湖泊中新建的1000m^2围隔内,引种漂移植物和沉水植物;利用群落间的相互作用及人工干预,若干种水生高等植物不仅能够引种存活,而且能够快速提高水体透明度、改善水质,引种水生高等植物3周后,有水生高等植物的围区内水体透明度提高一倍,并长期保持在较高水平,6周后,有植物围区内水体TN浓度比对照围区及开敞水域分别降低43．7％和59．4％,TP分别降低50．3％和57．0％;6个月后,TN分别降低61．6％和79．7％有植物围区较开敞水体降低72．9％。     

Physiological and biochemical changes in shrimp larvae (Penaeus vannamei) intoxicated with organochlorine pesticides

Shrimp larvae (Penaeus vannamei) collected from an uncontaminated area were challenged with sublethal concentrations of organochlorine pesticides. The effects of treatment with lindane, lorsban, chlordane and DDT, were a 5, −12, 13 and 21% increase in the larval respiratory rate, respectively. Glycogen synthesis decreased from the 0.471 μg g⁻¹ h⁻¹ of the control, to 0.455, 0.415, 0.400 and 0.365 μg g⁻¹ h⁻¹, for larvae submitted to DDT, chlordane, lindane and lorsban. In addition, we measured decreases in nucleic acid content, from 20.4 and 34.9% in larvae challenged by chlordane and lorsban, respectively, and values close to 25% for two other pesticides tested. These results indicate drastic metabolic changes, which may impinge on the commercial fishery and culture of this organisms.     

Total ozone decrease in the Arctic after REP events

Eight periods of relativistic electron precipitation (REP) with electron energies of more than 300 keV are identified from VLF data (10/14 kHz) monitored along the Aldra (Norway) / Apatity (Kola peninsula) radio trace. In these cases, anomalous ionization below 55/50 km occurred without disturbing the higher layers of the ionosphere. The daily total ozone values in Murmansk for six days before and six days after the REP events are compared. In seven of eight events a decrease in the total ozone of about 20 DU is observed. In one event of 25 March, 1986, the mean total ozone value for six days before the REP is bigger han that for six days after, but this a case of an extremely high ozone increase (144 DU during the six days). However, on days 3 and 4 there was a minimum of about 47 DU with regard to REP days, so this case also confirms the concept of the ozone decrease after REP. The difference between mean ozone values for periods six days before and six days after the REPs was found also for 23 points in Arctic on TOMS data. The difference was negative only in Murmansk longitudinal sector. Along the meridian of the trace it was negative at high latitudes in both hemispheres and was near zero at low latitudes.     

强震中波红外异常特征研究

为了研究强震中波红外热辐射异常变化特征,以风云卫星中波红外资料为基础数据,应用小波变换和功率谱估计方法对6次6.5~7.0级强震进行分析。结果表明:6次强震前3个月内均存在明显的中波红异常变化,功率谱异常偏离年均值和标准差值较大,其异常幅度可达8倍,持续时间为50~105天。异常变化特征具有强震短期预测指标意义,同时可对即将投入实用的高分辨率静止卫星中波红外资料在地震预测中的应用提供重要参考。     

Variability of the F region of the equatorial ionosphere during quiet geomagnetic conditions prior to strong earthquakes

The deviations in the hourly values of the F-region critical frequency from the monthly median for the ionospheric Huancayo station located near the magnetic equator during periods of quiet geomagnetic conditions are analyzed for 1957–1987. Ionospheric data for five days prior, one day after, and directly for the days of 33 strong (with a magnitude M ≥ 5.5) earthquakes with epicenters in the American longitudinal sector were used. It is revealed that, in 24 cases 1–5 days prior to the considered earthquakes, a decrease in the critical frequencies by more than 20% with a duration from one to six hours was observed mainly in the nighttime. One can assume that these effects (at least, part of them) are related to the processes of earthquake preparation. Disturbances were mainly detected in cases when the radius of the earthquake preparation zone exceeded the distance between the epicenter and the observation station. The need for a further study of the characteristics of different kinds of coupling “from below” on electrodynamical processes in the low-latitude ionosphere for successful recognition of disturbances of the seismogenic nature is noted.     

Oil refinery wastewater treatment using coupled electrocoagulation and fixed film biological processes

Oil refinery wastewater was treated using a coupled treatment process including electrocoagulation (EC) and a fixed film aerobic bioreactor. Different variables were tested to identify the best conditions using this procedure. After EC, the effluent was treated in an aerobic biofilter. EC was capable to remove over 88% of the overall chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the wastewater under the best working conditions (6.5 V, 0.1 M NaCl, 4 electrodes without initial pH adjustment) with total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) removal slightly higher than 80%. Aluminum release from the electrodes to the wastewater was found an important factor for the EC efficiency and closely related with several operational factors. Application of EC allowed to increase the biodegradability of the sample from 0.015, rated as non-biodegradable, up to 0.5 widely considered as biodegradable. The effluent was further treated using an aerobic biofilter inoculated with a bacterial consortium including gram positive and gram negative strains and tested for COD and TPH removal from the EC treated effluent during 30 days. Cell count showed the typical bacteria growth starting at day three and increasing up to a maximum after eight days. After day eight, cell growth showed a plateau which agreed with the highest decrease on contaminant concentration. Final TPHs concentration was found about 600 mgL⁻¹ after 30 days whereas COD concentration after biological treatment was as low as 933 mgL⁻¹. The coupled EC-aerobic biofilter was capable to remove up to 98% of the total TPH amount and over 95% of the COD load in the oil refinery wastewater.     

双源CT诊断兔急性肺栓塞实验研究

目的:应用双源CT探讨新西兰兔耳缘静脉注入明胶海绵制造急性肺动脉栓塞(PE)模型的可行性。方法:新西兰兔24只随机分为实验组(n=22只,按栓塞后检查时间分为2h、1d、3d和7d组)与对照组(n=2只)。实验组22只采用经耳缘静脉快速注射明胶海绵栓子制成急性PE模型,栓塞前后均行CTPA及肺灌注检查,检查结束后全部处死。对照组2只新西兰兔经耳缘静脉注入等渗盐水后立即处死。全部行病理检查。结果:22只实验组新西兰兔制模成功20只,其中有2只分别因为栓塞过量和麻醉过量而未取得数据,模型制备成功率为90%。以肺叶为单位,在CT图像上分析100个肺叶影像表现,可见栓塞后2h组对应的肺叶纹理稀疏12叶;1d及3d组对应肺叶呈磨玻璃改变22叶;7d组对应肺叶实变3叶。DEPI均呈现低灌注。病理检查发现:2h组相应肺组织呈鲜红色,未见结构破坏及肺泡渗出;1d组对应肺组织呈水肿、淤血、出血及炎细胞浸润改变;3d组部分肺组织轻度梗死,对应肺组织呈深红色,肺泡间隔增宽,大量炎细胞浸润;7d组肺泡腔被渗出物填充,对应肺组织呈暗红色,实变坏死。实验组共发现3只新西兰兔肺动脉管腔内含明胶海绵。结论:经新西兰兔耳缘静脉注射明胶海绵制作急性肺栓塞动物模型操作简单,成本低廉,成功率较高,是肺栓塞影像学研究较容易制作的实验模型。     

宁波台矿泉井水温异常与萨尔瓦多8.0级地震的关系

2001年1月9日起开始宁波台矿泉井井水温度出现异常，通过检查、分析后认为很可能与萨尔瓦多8.0级地震有关系。从日均值图上看，异常在震前6天开始出现，至震前1天达到最大，表现为打破正常的波动规律，呈负异常；从整点测值图看，主要是震前36小时出现负阶跃。分析认为出现的水温异常可能是一种地震前的长周期波通过上地幔或软流层传播而至，间接地影响地下流体发生微小的温度变化。     

余震的序列参数稳定性和余震短期发生率预测效能的连续评估——以2014年云南鲁甸6.5级地震为例

为考察目前国际上广泛使用、对真实地震序列描述最好的"传染型余震序列模型"(ETAS)在主震后的序列参数拟合、余震短期发生率预测的效能,本研究以2014年云南鲁甸MS6.5地震序列为例,采用滑动连续拟合与预测的方式,考察了ETAS模型参数的动态变化和余震短期发生率预测的实际效能.连续滑动拟合结果表明,在主震发生后的早期阶段,α值有明显的不稳定变化,在震后5.10天稳定在1.6~2.0;p值在震后25.00天内由1.07逐渐下降至0.78左右,其后稳定在0.72~0.85;b值在震后35.00天内逐渐由0.80增加至0.95,其后稳定在0.93~0.97.对连续滑动预测结果的N-test检验表明,余震发生率预测会出现部分失效现象,1天预测时间窗失效比例约为12%、3天预测时间窗失效比例为6%.建议可在震后早期采用1天的较短预测时间窗,而在序列参数较为稳定时段采用较长的3天预测时间窗.     

后三峡工程时代的鄱阳湖湿地淹没动态演变

周期性的淹没或出露是洪泛型湖泊湿地的重要物理特征,湖泊湿地的淹没动态对其生态过程有显著影响。三峡工程运行以来,鄱阳湖湿地淹没动态发生了显著变化并引发了剧烈生态效应,而目前研究尚未对后三峡工程时代的鄱阳湖淹没动态演变进行系统量化,也制约了对其驱动下湖泊湿地生态系统演变原因与机制的了解。鉴于此,本研究结合水文站实测数据与遥感观测资料,以淹没开始时间、淹没结束时间以及淹没历时3个变量共同表征湖泊湿地淹没动态,从站点及全湖尺度分别对三峡工程运行后鄱阳湖湿地淹没动态的变化趋势、量级及显著性进行定量分析。结果表明:(1)2000—2020年间,鄱阳湖湿地淹没开始时间在64%的湖区被推迟,推迟速率约为1.10天/年;仅在入江水道及碟形湖小幅提前,且提前趋势并不显著;(2)鄱阳湖湿地淹没结束时间在72%的湖区显著提前,提前速率约为1.46天/年;仅在有闸控工程的碟形湖因延迟泄水而有所延迟;(3)受淹没开始时间推迟而结束时间提前的影响,鄱阳湖湿地淹没历时在70%的湖区显著缩短,缩短速率约为2.19天/年,而在有闸控工程的碟形湖则有所延长。本文从站点与全湖尺度分别给出了基于实测而非模型模拟的鄱阳湖淹没动态...     

两种短期概率预测模型在2017年九寨沟7.0级地震中的应用和比较研究

本文选用"传染型余震序列"（ETAS）模型和Reasenberg-Jones（R-J）模型,分别对九寨沟MS7.0地震序列的模型参数稳定性、余震发生率预测和余震概率预测进行了比较研究,并利用"地震信息增益"（IGPE）、N-test和T-test检验方法对预测效果进行了评价.研究结果表明,ETAS模型和R-J模型的序列参数分别在震后t2=2.0天和t2=1.50天后趋于稳定,此次九寨沟MS7.0地震序列的衰减较为正常;对未来1天的余震发生率预测和余震概率连续滑动预测表明,ETAS模型给出的余震发生率和余震概率数值均低于R-J模型预测结果;IGPE结果显示,ETAS模型在95%的置信区间上预测效果明显优于R-J模型;统计检验结果表明,在序列参数较不稳定的震后早期阶段,ETAS模型预测失效而R-J模型预测效果较好,在序列参数稳定阶段,ETAS模型预测效果较好而R-J模型预测失效.根据上述分析,在与此次九寨沟MS7.0地震类型相同的地震的余震预测策略上,如可在序列参数不稳定的震后早期阶段使用R-J模型、在此后使用ETAS模型,或可取得较好的预测效果.     

Fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination in a mangrove swamp in Hong Kong following an oil spill

The fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination in a mangrove swamp (Yi O) in Hong Kong after an oil spill accident was investigated. The concentrations and profiles of PAHs in surface sediments collected from five quadrats (each of 10 m×10 m) covering different degrees of oil contamination and the most contaminated mangrove leaves were examined in December 2000 (30 days after the accident) and March 2001 (126 days later). The concentrations of total PAHs in surface sediments ranged from 138 to 2135 ng g⁻¹, and PAHs concentrations decreased with time. In the most contaminated sediments, total PAHs dropped from 2135 (30 days) to 1196 ng g⁻¹ (120 days), and the decrease was smaller in less contaminated sediments. The percentage reduction in sediment PAHs over three months (44%) was less significant than that in contaminated leaves (85%), indicating PAH in or on leaves disappeared more rapidly. The PAH profiles were very similar in sediments collected from quadrats Q1 and Q2 with benzo[a]anthracene and pyrene being the most abundant PAH compounds, but were different in the other three quadrats. The proportion of the light molecular weight PAHs to total PAHs increased after three months, especially phenanthrene. Results suggest that physical and photo-chemical weathering (tidal washing and photo-oxidation) of crude oil in surface sediments and on plant leaves were important processes in the first few months after the oil spill. The PAH contamination in Yi O swamp came from both petrogenic and pyrolytic sources. The petrogenic characteristic in the most contaminated sediment was confirmed with high values of phenanthrene to anthracene ratio (>10) and low values of fluoranthene to pyrene ratio (0.3–0.4).     

New Larvicidal Acetogenin from the Red Alga Laurencia papillosa

A new C₁₅ acetogenin, cyclic enyne (12E)‐cis‐maneonene‐E ( 1 ) and (12Z)‐trans‐maneonene‐B ( 2 ), together with different secondary metabolites including sesquiterpenoid 2,10‐dibromo‐3‐chloro‐α‐chamigrene ( 3 ) and fatty acid aldehydes ( 4–8 ) were isolated from the petroleum ether extract of a red alga, identified as Laurencia papillosa, collected from the Saudi Red Sea coast. The L. papillosa crude extract and its active ingredient acetogenin ( 1 ) have been evaluated for the ability to control two main economically important pests, the confused flour beetle larvae Tribolium confusum and Culex pipiens mosquito larvae. Compound 1 showed high potential as a natural insecticide against these two pests. In the case of T. confusum larvae, the LD₅₀ values were 0.21 and 0.16% after 6 and 12 days of treatment with crude extract and acetogenin, respectively. On the other hand, the resulting LC₅₀ values of mosquito larvae bioassay were 30.7, 36.9, and 41.8 ppm after 24 h treatment against 2nd, 3rd, and 4th larval instars, respectively. Also, an increase of the insecticidal effects against mosquito larvae was recorded after extending treatment time to 48 h.     

气氡观测脱气装置改造的试验研究

SD-3A自动仪器是“九五”期间中国地震局研制的自动测氡仪器,其脱气装置需要根据观测点的具体情况自行设计、制造。为此,笔者通过对武都殿沟泉脱气装置反复试验、改造,研制完成的脱气装置在武都气氡观测中获得良好效果：整点观测值的离散度明显减小,在6个月中（2002年2月至7月）有101个值超过3倍的均方差,降低到（2003年2月至7月）超过3倍的均方差的数值为零,观测值日变化幅度从几千Bq／L,降低到100Bq／L左右。。     

克孜尔水库跨断层形变年变特征分析

通过对克孜尔水库跨断层形变特征进行分析,结果显示:①垂直形变每年3～4月、10～11月分别为峰、谷值时间;水平形变每年6～7月、1月分别为峰、谷值时间.②垂直变形的峰-谷时间间隔在1997年之前多为5～8个月,1998年后多为1～3个月;谷-峰值时间间隔在1997年前多为4～7个月,1998年后多在8～11个月.水平形...