变形过程中岩石P波速度场的空间变化

在一次地震之前,在不同观测点测量岩石中弹性波速度,经常得到不同的结果.这一现象提示我们:岩石破坏前,其物理性质的变化在空间上的分布是不均匀的,破坏前兆的获得应该建立在对岩石性质的空间分布,即对物理场分析的基础上. 本实验观测了岩石样品在单轴压缩下,P波走时空间分布变化的全过程.实验表明:在岩石的破坏过程中,岩性的空间分布具有同步性变化的中长期前兆和差异性变化的短期前兆的特点.在岩石接近破坏时,岩性的变化表现出严重的不均匀性.岩石的整个破坏过程可以看成岩石的物性分布是由无序向有序的演化,即是一个熵减小的过程.      

Effect of temperature on the physical precursors of rock block failure

The influence of temperature (25–400 °C) on the variations of mechanical, acoustic, electric and electromagnetic precursors of rock failure has been shown experimentally. The most significant variations were detected in the principal parameters of the acoustic and electromagnetic emissions whose impulse energy underwent a fast growth. However, the general character of hierarchical evolution stages of micro and macrofailure was practically unchanged. This has been confirmed by the so-called concentration parameter of rupture, which is theoretically calculated and checked in experiments; its space-time variations preceding the occurrence and progression of macrofailure are slightly depending on the rock temperature effect. This has been shown through the convolution of some physical precursors in a complex parameter whose variation showed an approaching of macrofailure, which remains slightly influenced by changes in temperature. Our results are interpreted in relation to physics of superficial earthquakes and precursors.     

由含断层岩石非均匀性产生的地震前兆的数值模拟研究

使用新开发岩石破裂过程分析软件(RFPA2D)，通过一系列模型实验，研究岩石中预制断层面几何特征和力学非均匀性对地震前兆产生的影响。模型使用5个具有不同均质度的岩石样本进行数值模拟研究。数值模拟结果表明，不同均质度岩石破坏在地壳中会产生不同的地震前兆现象。在一些区域，可以观测到明显的前兆，而在另一些地区却很难观测到明显的前兆现象。模拟结果与实验观测和自然界实际观测结果由很好的一致性。     

复杂应力条件下地基岩石细观破坏研究

为了研究复杂应力条件下的深基坑岩石细观破坏问题,本构方程采用由应变空间导出的弹塑性损伤细观力学模型,借助有限元计算方法,实现了岩石三维破裂过程的数值模拟。采用细观破坏单元网格消去法,实现了有限元模拟裂纹扩展过程;利用位移加载来实现岩石逐渐破裂过程;数值模拟灰岩单轴拉伸及压缩破坏试验、双轴拉伸破坏试验和三轴受压破坏试验,得到其非线性应力—应变曲线和不同载荷阶段弹塑性损伤破裂演化系列图像;分析细观非均匀性对岩石宏观破裂力学行为的影响。研究表明,在复杂应力条件下,随着围压增大,峰值抗压强度明显提高,塑性变形明显增大。本文研究对深基坑施工过程中预防工程事故的发生具有借鉴意义。     

平面应变双轴压缩岩样剪应力异常及破坏过程模拟

利用FLAC,模拟了双轴压缩岩样的破坏过程及剪应力异常.在峰值强度之前及之后,岩石的本构模型分别取为线弹性及莫尔库仑剪破坏与拉破坏复合的应变软化模型.本文仅分析了3个具有较大应力降的周期的剪应力异常及塑性区分布.在第1及第2周期,剪破坏分别发生在试样的两侧及背景空区内部,前兆明显,地震属于断错型.在第3周期,背景空区之外的新剪切破裂带引起断错型地震;空区内部的老破裂带引起走滑型地震,未观测到前兆.在塑性区边缘,剪应力梯度较高.破裂带位置剪应力值反而较低.尽管在应力-应变曲线的软化阶段之前,不同单元的剪应力表现出千姿百态的复杂形态,但尚有规律可循.若几个单元都位于某条破裂带上,则剪应力的变化可能是同步的,或演变规律类似.鉴于原地复发地震类型可能不同,前兆将有差别.     

Rock moisture measurements: techniques,results, and implications for weathering

Rock moisture is an important factor for the intensity and distribution of frost weathering processes. However, quantitative measurements are scarce, which is partly due to the lack of reliable measurement techniques. This paper presents five different techniques for obtaining rock moisture data. While collecting rock pieces and two‐dimensional geoelectric measurements allow determination of the spatial moisture distribution, the temporal variability can be derived from conductivity and time domain reflectometry records. Computer simulations, using rock properties and climatic records as input data, render it possible to clarify the important aspects that are responsible for the moisture distribution. It proved to be advisable to use several methods to check and validate the results. The results, obtained in study areas in the Bavarian Alps, make it clear that direct rainfall is the main source of rock moisture. The influence of snow is limited to the immediate vicinity of the snow fields and is not equally pronounced at different times and positions. Rock moisture levels are higher in summer than they are in winter, since in winter less water is supplied in liquid form. Northerly exposed rockwalls are generally more moist than those exposed in a southerly direction, which is due to the different insolation as well as to the wind direction during rainfall. In every position the rock is, on average, wetter on the inside than it is on the surface. This means that shallow frost cycles, as typical for south‐exposed sites, are not affecting weathering, since they take place at a depth level that is mostly dried out. Numerous spatial and temporal patterns of rockfall found in the same study areas can be explained through variations in rock moisture. Thus, the moisture content of the rock is considered to be one of the major controlling factors of the frost‐shattering rate. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE CHANGES OF ULTRASONIC CODA WAVE AND ACOUSTIC EMISSION DURING ROCK LOADING AND DEFORMATION

The coda wave propagation path has received extensive attention as it is more sensitive to small changes in the medium than the direct wave. During the process of loading, the wave velocity, medium or source changes may cause the coda wave to change. The physical mechanism of change in the ultrasonic coda wave varies during different deformation stages. Meanwhile, there exist local damages in the rock sample during the deformation, and it will be accompanied by acoustic emission. Combining the ultrasonic coda wave and acoustic emission is beneficial to characterize the coda wave characteristics and damage degree of the sample at different deformation stages. In this paper, three kinds of rocks, including granodiorite, marble and sandstone with the sizes of 50mm×50mm×150mm, are used to carry out observations of ultrasonic coda wave and acoustic emission during the whole process of loading so as to study characteristics of the coda wave at different deformation stages. The major results are given below: 1)There is a good correspondence between the coda wave variation and the acoustic emission evolution process. When the acoustic emission frequency increases, the coda wave changes accordingly. In particular, the coda wave changes in the early stages of increased acoustic emission frequency, which indicates that the early damage information of rock can be obtained by analysis of the coda wave. 2)The physical mechanism of the coda wave change is different in different deformation stages. At the initial stage of loading, there are obvious scatterer changes in the coda wave change; then, in the linear elastic deformation stage, the wave velocity change is dominating; in the late-stage of loading, the scatterer change increases and coexists with the wave velocity change, the scatterer change effect is related with the rock micro-fracture degree, the rock will locally be damaged before rupturing, and the role of the scatterer will be enhanced. 3)With the increase of loading, the amplitude of increase of the wave velocity generally decreases gradually, which is basically consistent with the understanding obtained through the direct wave. The interference of acoustic emission can be eliminated because of the Kaiser effect when analyzing the coda wave. The consistency of the wave velocity change and stress loading and unloading is further verified. 4)The micro-fracture generated during rock deformation will change the physical mechanism of the coda wave change, and the scatterer effect will be significantly enhanced. At the same time, the acoustic emission waveform will cause interference to the ultrasonic coda wave. This means that attention needs to be paid when analyzing rock damage using only coda wave data. In short, the ultrasonic coda wave and acoustic emission can reflect the damage inside the rock, and the change mechanism of the coda wave in different deformation stages is different. The joint observation of the two can play a mutual verification role, which is conducive to improving the reliability of the observation results.     

基于数值流形法的反倾层状岩质边坡倾倒破坏分析

边坡破坏是累积性过程,从变形到破坏的过程中会产生永久位移,如果永久位移过大,极有可能产生滑坡.因此根据不同工况下采集到的位移数据,分析地震作用下反倾层状岩质边坡在不同内摩擦角下的破坏特征.利用二维数值流形法(NMM),以青藏高原金沙江流域西藏昌都地区芒康县索多西乡贡扎倾倒滑坡为研究对象,依据实地考察数据及室内力学试验得...     

基于三轴试验红层泥岩的邓肯-张模型参数研究

兰州地区红层泥岩形成于干旱、半干旱环境,其物理力学特性与其他地区的红层泥岩不同。以G6京藏高速兰海养护维修工程的红层泥岩路基填料为研究对象,通过大量的常规三轴试验,研究含水率对其力学特性及邓肯-张模型参数的影响。结果表明:在不同含水率下兰州地区红层泥岩的应力-应变曲线关系符合双曲线模型。含水率小于最优含水率时,破坏形式为剪切破坏;含水率大于最优含水率,破坏形式为鼓状破坏;随着含水率的增加,黏聚力和内摩擦角逐渐减小,内摩擦角减小的幅度更大,究其原因是含水率对黏聚力和内摩擦角的影响机理不同而导致。采用数学模型进行拟合发现:黏聚力、内摩擦角与含水率分别呈二次抛物线与对数曲线关系。不同含水率下邓肯-张模型参数破坏比R_f在区间(0.869,0.984)内波动,K值随含水率增大而减小呈负线性关系,n值随含水率的增大而增大呈线性关系。     

二岩体系统破坏全过程的数值模拟和实验研究

利用岩石破裂过程分析RFPA2D软件系统对不同岩性的二岩体相互作用系统受力破坏过程进行了数值模拟。并与大理岩- 花岗岩组成的双试样串联加载变形及声发射实验结果进行了比较,解释了由破裂体与非破裂体组成的岩体系统失稳破裂前一些微震前兆规律,包括微破裂迁移、变形局部化等。对于地震失稳破坏现象的研究结果表明,弹性回弹区的性质与研究失稳破裂区的性质具有同等重要性。     

基于能量耗散原理的非均质岩石损伤破坏元胞自动机模型研究

基于能量耗散理论建立非均质岩石的动态损伤破坏元胞自动机,分析单轴压缩试验中岩石破坏截面的损伤状态,得到该情况下的岩石裂隙微观动态发展过程、损伤演化关系以及全程应力应变曲线。研究发现：①加载过程中,均质度较低的岩样裂纹的萌生和扩展较为分散,损伤速率低;均质度较高的岩样裂纹的萌生和扩展非常集中,表现为脆性破坏。②损伤演化曲线呈3阶段S形发展。③随着岩石均质度参数的增加,岩石的峰值强度和峰值应变都有所提高,峰后曲线越来越陡。④给出的衡量岩石脆性破坏强弱程度的指标参数,能够较好地描述岩石破坏形式随着均值度参数m变化的规律。     

亚失稳阶段雁列断层热场演化的实验研究

寻找地震前兆是国内外地震预报的难点.在实验室开展岩石变形实验,观测相关物理量的演化特征和规律,是前兆探索中重要的基础工作.本文对压性雁列断层进行变形实验,根据应力时间曲线将具有前兆意义的变形阶段分为强偏离线性阶段、亚失稳阶段和失稳阶段,利用红外热像仪记录各个阶段的热场变化,特别是亚失稳阶段的热场表现.研究结果显示:强偏离线性阶段,岩桥区挤压升温;亚失稳阶段,断层带增温,且高温点扩展连通,断层带内侧卸载降温,断层带上的协同化增温和断层带内侧(包含岩桥区)的协同化降温是失稳前的重要信号;失稳阶段,应力释放,标本整体降温,只有断层带因摩擦升温.总之,亚失稳阶段的热场具有明显特征,利于识别出亚失稳态;不同变形阶段、不同构造部位温度变化不同,在寻找与构造活动相关的热异常时,应考虑变形所处的阶段及异常所处的构造部位.     

Experimental sandstone weathering using different wetting and drying moisture amplitudes

Wetting and drying is an acknowledged yet still poorly understood rock weathering process. Previous experiments documented in the literature measure physical changes or mass loss in relation to moisture oscillations but only one study directly compares different moisture amplitudes by using different modes of moisture application. In this experimental study, four sets of sandstone tablets are subjected to 48 h wetting and drying cycles at set moisture content fluctuations of 29, 42, 56 and 63% respectively. A common moisture application, full immersion, is used for all four sets. Mass loss after 52 cycles averaged 0·27%, some three times more than that of the control samples. Average porosity of the samples increased, while water absorption capacities and the saturation coefficients of the samples decreased. No discernable difference in mass loss or change in physical properties was found between the different sample sets. When compared with previous studies, results suggest that the effect of moisture application type may be more of a controlling factor on the weathering effect than actual moisture content achieved. A need to move towards a more standardized approach in wetting and drying experimental studies is emphasized. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

单轴压缩条件下房山花岗岩超声波速度成像实验研究

在实验室对房山花岗岩进行单轴压缩加载,通过布设在岩石四周的26个超声波探头,在不同变形阶段,观测了岩石的超声波速度,反演了P波速度结构。速度成像结果显示,在压实和线弹性变形阶段,P波速度逐步全局升高。最终失稳破裂前,高速区域范围逐渐收缩,同时,形成条带低速带,最终失稳破裂发生在低速带上。      

Influence of “stress reversal” on rock resistivity during loading procedure

The properties of rock resitivity were studied under pressure, particularly with “stress reversal”, a procedure in which the pressure applied was increased and decreased. It was observed that, 1) With pressure increasing, the main feature of resistivity change was increase-steady-decrease for high-saturation rock samples (saturation 70–100%). But the main feature for low-saturation samples was different. 2) In 10 out of 11 cases of “stress reversal” for high-saturation samples the resistivity droped (about 2%). Such drop could explain the anomalies in geoelectricity terms, which are commonly observed before earthquakes in China. 3) It was also observed shortly before rock failure that, a) the resistivity drops more dramatically (about 20%) during “stress reversal” period, which is much more than ordinary drops. b) these drops occurred not only during stress decrease but also during stress increase. c) Resistivity exhibits anisotropy: the resistivity along different directions may differ by 10%. These three features may indicate that the rock is nearing failure, while ordinary resistivity drops are only connected with “stress reversal” and may not mean the imminence of rock failure. 4) Resistivity increase was observed during the “stress reversal” period for low-saturation rock samples. The results mentioned above were explained with the effect of water flowing in and out of the cracks of rock. The temporary factors which yield a reduction of the maximum main stress, may enhence the possibility of earthquake occurrence.     

破裂带发展的扫描电镜实验研究及其对地震前兆的启示

在扫描电镜下对带割缝的大理岩试件进行了单轴压缩实验.在加载的全过程中,观察了试件表面裂纹的产生、扩展、平面分布以及断裂扩展前缘处的微裂纹在主断裂扩展前后的开、闭变化,并分析了它们与外载之间的关系.在显微照片上量测了主断裂的宽度随外载水平及测点所在部位的变化规律.在实验测定和结果分析的基础上,解释了脆性岩石材料在宏观裂纹扩展时的断裂能明显偏离线弹性断裂力学预测值的原因,提出了以标量作为岩石损伤力学中的损伤量的设想,探讨了实验结果对了解地震前兆（如大地形变和地下水位异常）可能起到的作用.将实验观察到的微破裂活动与1975年海城7.3级地震前地下水位异常做了对比分析,发现两者在时空分布方面有许多相似之处.     

提取多参数无量纲地震前兆信息的均方差方法的物理基础

本文研究了提取多参数无量纲地震前兆信息的均方差方法的物理基础。该方法的物理基础是地震孕育过程中当破裂应力达到５０％以上时，岩石弹性、变形性、电性、磁性和热性等性质都会发生显著变化，结果导致岩体物理参数绝对值及其变化速率和测量误差的改变。利用均方差方法来计算这些变化，一方面消除了前兆参数的季节性干扰，另一方面突出了前兆信息。     

含不同随机缺陷数目岩样的破坏过程、前兆及全部变形特征

利用拉格朗日元法模拟了平面应变单轴压缩条件下具有初始随机材料缺陷的岩石试样的破坏过程、前兆和宏观力学响应.利用若干FISH函数于岩样内部规定初始缺陷并计算全部变形特征.比密实岩石弱的缺陷在破坏之后经历理想塑性行为.密实岩石在破坏之后先是经历线性应变软化行为,然后是理想塑性行为.随着缺陷数目的增加,剪切带间距缩小;岩样的强度下降.在应变软化阶段,最大不平衡力的明显的突增是由于被剪切带切割的试样块体发生了沿剪切带方向的运动.试样内部的缺陷数目越少,应变软化阶段最大不平衡力的峰值越高.无论从单元破坏角度,还是从侧向应变-轴向应变曲线、体积应变-轴向应变曲线、计算得到的泊松比-轴向应变曲线角度,都得到了相同的结论（即,缺陷越多,破坏前兆越明显）.采用两条倾斜的扫描线对岩样最终的破坏形态进行了扫描,发现当扫描线间距等于半个至1个单元长度时,初始随机缺陷位置与岩样最终破坏形态具有很好的相关性.     

Experimental research on critical point hy- pothesis

Introduction Earthquake is a kind of severe natural disaster. In order to predict earthquake effectively, thegeoscientists at home and abroad have carried out a great deal of studies on seismicity. For exam-ple,Willis, (1924) and Tocher (1959) made some early investigations on seismicity before largeearthquake. Chinese geoscientists performed even more studies in this field (CHEN, et al, 1981;HUANG, FENG, 1981; LIU, 1982; LU, 1985; LU, et al, 2001; MA, et al, 1982; MEI, 1960; …