航天技术在测绘、遥感和地理信息系统中的应用

简要叙述航天技术在测缓、遥感和地理信息系统中的应用现状与潜力，包括利用定位卫星的空间大地测量进行各种精度的定位测量，利用各种传感器的航天遥感进行多时相的对地观测和测图。在此基础上构成全球的、区域的和国家级的各种地理信息系统，以满足资源调查、环境保护、灾害防治和全球变化监测的需要。从四化建设和社会持续发展需要出发，对如何发展航天应用技术提出了建设性建议。测绘、遥感和地理信息系统是一个技术十分密集、服     

中国冶金地质总局地球物理勘查院地理信息工程院

正测绘甲级资质地理信息工程院是从事测绘地理信息服务的专业院,现有技术人员100余人,其中拥有工程师及以上任职资格人员60余人。拥有航空高光谱成像仪1套,数字摄影测量工作站10套,GNSS接收机50余台套,全站仪20余台套,水准仪10台套,各种常规测量专业设备齐全。我院是目前国内少数拥有航空高光谱遥感设备的测绘专业单位之一、除可以提供测绘航空摄影、摄影测量与遥感服务外,还可提供地质、地理、农业、林业、考古遥感服务。我院同时从事工程测量、地籍测绘、地理信息系统工程、数字城市专业技术服务。在地下管线探测     

地理信息系统应用现状及相关技术发展趋势

GIS是地理信息系统的英文缩写,它是对地球空间数据进行输入、存储、检索、运算、分析、建模、显示、输出等的计算机系统,是集地理学、测绘遥感学、空间科学、信息科学、计算机科学和管理科学为一体的新型边缘学科。它不仅可管理数字和文字信息,而且还可管理空间信息和图形,并对各种不同的信息进行综合分析解释,分析在一定地理区域内发生的各种现象的过程,以解决空间实体之间的相互关系。因此,GIS在很多领域得到广泛的应用,且效果良     

利用卫星影像和航空影像更新基础地理信息方法研究

基础地理信息的更新,是保证地理信息系统现势性的充要条件.卫星遥感影像数据具有周期短、信息丰富、现势性强等特征.利用卫星影像数据来更新基础地理信息数据是一种行之有效的方法.如何利用遥感数据融合技术,将多传感器获取的各种影像数据中所含的信息优势有机地结合起来,更是成为目前研究的热点.利用航空影像和Landsat多光谱波段影像进行数据融合,能够有效地提高影像空间分辨率,以获取更高质量的信息.     

中国煤炭地质总局航测遥感局

中国煤炭地质总局航测遥感局成立于1965年,隶属中国煤炭地质总局,是全国煤炭地质系统唯一从事空间地球信息技术研究、开发与应用的专业局。经过四十多年的发展,服务领域已涉及航空摄影、数字测绘、空间遥感、制图印刷、地理信息系统研建、地下管网探测、计算机信息研发、高档印刷材料生产等高科技产业,是我国西部3S空间信息产业化基地。全局拥有用于地理信息产业科研与生产的具有国际先进水平的高档设备和仪器600余台（套）,各类专业技术人员占职工总数的60％以上。     

土地利用变化对水文系统的影响研究

以秦淮河流域为研究区域，利用现代遥感、地理信息系统等多种数字技术，获取流域空间分布的下垫面信息和中间状态信息，细致地刻画了流域内的水文过程，建立了研究区域数字水文模型。利用所建立的数字水文模型，对定义的土地利用变化情景进行了模拟。模拟结果表明，模型可以定性和定量地反映各种土地利用变化对水资源系统尤其是对水量平衡和防洪情势的影响程度。     

层序地层信息系统初探

目前,地理信息系统、遥感、全球空间定位、计算机辅助设计、人工智能和人工神经网络等项技术,已在地质勘查领域广泛应用,但具体到层序地层学领域,这方面的研究与应用的程度还不够;随着全球数字化设想的提出,有必要借鉴并吸收这些高新技术成就,尤其要借助地理信息系...     

资源环境科学多维信息平台研究

资源环境信息（地理信息）具有时空特点，其种类复杂、获取渠道多样、具有多种比例尺和分辨率以及不同的表达方式，因此，资源环境信息是多维的。遥感（RS）、地理信息系统（GIS）、全球定位系统（GPS）和数据库（DB）等现代信息技术为资源环境科学的发展起了巨大的推动作用，是资源环境科学由以定性描述为主走向定性、定量、定位综合研究的技术基础。然而，面对多维的资源环境信息，要构建一个具有多维信息表达方式、人机和谐、交互性和参与感强、满足资源环境科学研究人员需要的多维信息处理平台，仅靠这些技术是不够的。作为现代信息技术发展的重要分支，虚拟现实（VR）技术适应了这一形势发展的需要，它已经在许多领域得到广泛的应用。在描述资源环境科学多维信息特点的基础上，重点探讨了如何利用虚拟现实技术及其它信息技术构建满足研究人员需要的资源环境科学研究多维信息平台、它的功能以及实施方式。     

地理信息系统的应用与发展

本文系统介绍了地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）及其相关技术的概念，发展现状与趋势；地理信息系统与信息高速公路之间的相互依存和共同发展的关系；在地理信息作为产业的基础上，西方主要发达国家对地理信息产业的重视和投入以及各国的发展计划和现状，我国地理信息产业取得的一些进展。     

论测绘地理信息系统的建设

随着地理信息系统建设的不断完善和发展,地理信息系统的应用也越来越广泛。测绘是地理信息系统的基础,建立测绘信息管理系统能有效的管理测绘数据,加速地理信息系统的发展及其应用。本文从测绘地理信息系统的定义和系统的功能以及它的设计和开发等方面来讨论一下测绘地理信息系统的建设。     

星载合成孔径雷达遥感及多卫星遥感数据融合方法

合成孔径雷达（ＳＡＲ）数据，以其特有的成像机理和对地物信息的属性描述及其全天时、全天候作业能力，形成了对传统多光谱遥感数据的互补。通过数据融合技术，可以优化遥感信息资源，实现多卫星遥感数据的优势互补，使遥感信息得到最大限度的利用，从而为地学研究中的各种模型方法和决策系统提供科学依据。根据信息的抽象程度不同，融合可分为原始数据融合、目标级融合和决策级融合三个层次。在不同的层次具有相对应的信息融合方法。     

Groundwater exploration using remote sensing and geographic information systems in a semi-arid area (Southwest of Urmieh, Northwest of Iran)

Shortage of water required for drinking and agricultural uses is a subject with a vital importance in most arid and semi-arid regions. The area of this study is one of the semi-arid regions located in southwest of Urmieh lake, northwest of Iran, between N 37°00′, 37°15′ latitude and E 45°05′, 45°30′ longitude which is composed of Permian dolomitic limestone, limestone, and post-Jurassic granite with a very low primary porosity/permeability character. In order to delineate groundwater potential zones in this area, the study focused on identifying secondary porosity/permeability indicators such as lineaments, vegetation cover, lithology, drainage pattern, drainage density, etc. In this regard, a remote sensing and geographic information system-based methodology was selected. Landsat ETM, IRS (pan), SPOT data, digital elevation model, and digital image processing techniques such as filtering, false color composite, principal component analysis, band rationing and classification have been applied to reach the purposes. Information layers extracted for analysis and interpretation stage were then integrated with other data and modeled through the use of existing geographic information system (GIS) software and their related analytical functions. Finally, based on determined ground water favorability index for different sub zones, layers, weighting, and overlapping, a ground water potential index (GWPI) was defined which respectively was utilized to groundwater potential zoning and preparation of GWPI map of the region. Within the six different sub zones defined, two sub zones labeled with high and very good potential areas were highly recommended for further development and exploration purposes. Geophysical investigations in target areas confirm the labeled subzones. Based on the obtained results of the study, it can be concluded that remote sensing data are very useful tool to extract information of groundwater exploration. Also, application of geographic information systems to find target areas for groundwater exploration are effective to save time and cost.     

基于遥感空间信息的洪水风险识别与动态模拟研究进展

对地观测卫星遥感能够提供广泛可靠的空间信息，是洪水风险识别与动态模拟的重要支撑技术之一。为阐明卫星遥感技术对洪水研究的推动作用，回顾了洪水风险识别与动态模拟研究的发展历程及技术需求，以对地观测卫星遥感三大阶段的发展轨迹为主线，分析了遥感空间信息在洪水研究中的历史性贡献和阶段性效用，讨论总结了危险分区法、水文模型和微波遥感监测等3种洪水研究典型方法的应用进展。提出未来洪水风险识别与动态模拟研究的重点：遥感空间信息与模型算法的深度结合，遥感反演算法与系统的开发及应用，典型洪水研究方法集成系统的开发与应用，大数据方法与手段的应用。以期为提升洪水应急响应能力与灾害风险管理水平提供有效参考。     

基于遥感空间信息的洪水风险识别与动态模拟研究进展

对地观测卫星遥感能够提供广泛可靠的空间信息,是洪水风险识别与动态模拟的重要支撑技术之一。为阐明卫星遥感技术对洪水研究的推动作用,回顾了洪水风险识别与动态模拟研究的发展历程及技术需求,以对地观测卫星遥感三大阶段的发展轨迹为主线,分析了遥感空间信息在洪水研究中的历史性贡献和阶段性效用,讨论总结了危险分区法、水文模型和微波遥感监测等3种洪水研究典型方法的应用进展。提出未来洪水风险识别与动态模拟研究的重点:遥感空间信息与模型算法的深度结合,遥感反演算法与系统的开发及应用,典型洪水研究方法集成系统的开发与应用,大数据方法与手段的应用。以期为提升洪水应急响应能力与灾害风险管理水平提供有效参考。     

我国海洋光学遥感应用科学研究的新进展

20世纪90年代以来,我国航天遥感事业的发展促进了海洋光学应用科学的发展,特别是通过近几年来,国家“863”高新技术计划的实施,在该方面有了新进展。文章将着重介绍光学遥感信息的大气校正、光学遥感海洋环境信息提取、光学遥感在赤潮与溢油监测等3个方面的应用科学新进展,并提出了在我国进一步深入开展海洋光学遥感应用科学技术研究的建议。     

Potential of Satellite Remote Sensing and GIS for Landslide Hazard Assessment in Southern Kyrgyzstan (Central Asia)

Big landslides are one of the main natural hazards in Kyrgyzstan, which are concentrated in the foothills of the high mountain ranges along the Eastern rim of the Fergana Basin. Because of the high number of landslides and their occurrence over large areas there is a strong need for effective and objective landslide hazard assessment at a regional scale. In Kyrgyzstan satellite remote sensing data represent the only source of multitemporal information about surface conditions covering large areas. Against this background the goal is the development of a satellite remote sensing and GIS-based system for quantitatively oriented and spatially differentiated hazard assessment. During the presented pilot investigations in the area of the Upper Maili Suu river basin a methodological framework has been developed incorporating remote sensing and GIS techniques for various levels of information extraction. So far, methodological investigations have been focused on the potential of satellite remote sensing data from different optical (Landsat-(E)TM, ASTER, MOMS-2P) and radar (ERS-1/2) systems for the creation of an improved knowledge basis for hazard assessment. This includes landslide identification, generation of topographic information and characterization of the geological setting. The derived primary information have been analyzed in a GIS environment to gain an improved process understanding as a main prerequisite for successful hazard assessment. The results show that currently available satellite remote sensing data are suitable for landslide investigation in Kyrgyzstan. Full exploitation of their information potential requires combined analysis with other thematic information based on methods of interactive and automated information extraction.     

Review: Satellite-based remote sensing and geographic information systems and their application in the assessment of groundwater potential, with particular reference to India

Various hydrological, geological and geomorphological factors play a major role in the occurrence and movement of groundwater in different terrains. With advances in space technology and the advent of powerful personal computers, techniques for the assessment of groundwater potential have evolved, of which remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS) are of great significance. The application of these methods is comprehensively reviewed with respect to the exploration and assessment of groundwater potential in consolidated and unconsolidated formations in semi-arid regions, and specifically in India. The process of such assessment includes the collection of remotely sensed data from suitable sensors and the selection of thematic maps on rainfall, geology, lithology, geomorphology, soil, land use/land cover, drainage patterns, slope and lineaments. The data are handled according to their significance with the assignment of appropriate weights and integrated into a sophisticated GIS environment. The requisite remote sensing and GIS data, in conjunction with necessary field investigations, help to identify the groundwater potential zones effectively.     

对地观测与地理信息系统

20世纪地球科学进步的一个突出标志是人类开始脱离地球从太空观测地球（Earth Observation from Space）,并将得到的数据和信息在计算机网络以地理信息系统形式存储、管理、分发、流通和应用。比较全面地介绍了上述过程的若干关键技术：航空航天遥感技术、GPS技术和地理信息系统技术的最新发展及其未来计划。重点介绍了气象卫星、资源卫星、制图卫星、EOS计划以及我国航空航天遥感的主要成就;GPS全球定位系统及在我国的应用、卫星测高技术、我国的甚长基线干涉测量与卫星激光测距;GIS的发展历史及其特点、我国GIS的发展概况与现状等,最后提出“Geo-Information for all”的观点。     

Coupling of DEM and remote-sensing-based approaches for semi-automated detection of regional geostructural features in Zagros mountain, Iran

In recent years, remote-sensing data have increasingly been used for the interpretation of objects and mapping in various applications of engineering geology. Digital elevation model (DEM) is very useful for detection, delineation, and interpretation of geological and structural features. The use of image elements for interpretation is a common method to extract structural features. In this paper, linear features were extracted from the Landsat ETM satellite image and then DEM was used to enhance those objects using digital-image-processing filtering techniques. The extraction procedures of the linear objects are performed in a semi-automated way. Photographic elements and geotechnical elements are used as main keys to extract the information from the satellite image data. This paper emphasizes on the application of DEM and usage of various filtering techniques with different convolution kernel size applied on the DEM. Additionally, this paper discusses about the usefulness of DEM and satellite digital data for extraction of structural features in SW of Zagros mountain, Iran.