海底水合物地球化学探测方法的试验研究

选择西沙海槽水合物潜在富集区作为已知区 ,利用陆上油气地球化学勘查方法 (酸解烃、热释烃、蚀变碳酸盐方法 )开展了试验性研究。通过对海底浅表层沉积物各项测试指标的分析 ,发现酸解烃方法效果好 ,而热释烃方法和蚀变碳酸盐方法的试验效果并不理想。同时还对海底浅表层沉积物酸解烃重新进行了释义 ,认为酸解烃方法适合于海底水合物的勘查 ,值得进一步推广     

海底沉积物酸解烃脱气装置的改进

酸解烃方法过去主要用在常规油气地球化学勘查中。近几年通过对海底天然气水合物地球化学勘查试验研究,发现该方法也能应用其中。酸脱气过程是酸解烃方法的最重要组成部分,它直接影响到该方法的最后测试结果。为满足当前海洋地质调查中沉积物取样特点,笔者等在前人工作基础上对酸解烃方法中酸脱气装置进行了改进。通过一系列条件试验,确定了在改进后装置下酸脱气过程中最佳的样品粒度、盐酸浓度、反应时间等条件。通过平行性试验和准确性试验,证明该酸脱气装置所得到的数据基本可靠,结果符合部颁标准。     

南海西沙海槽S14站位的地球化学异常特征及其意义

西沙海槽具备良好的天然气水合物的形成条件,并已发现与其有关的地球物理标志--模拟海底反射层（BSR）。通过对西沙海槽S14大型活塞站位的孔隙水和沉积物样品进行化学组分、酸解烃和热释光等方面的分析测试,结果发现在海底之下4～5 m区间存在着较明显的高盐高烃异常,其中酸解烃中的甲烷、乙烷、丙烷含量及其热释光值均有所增高,孔隙水中的绝大部分离子及其盐度也存在着明显的升高,这一高盐高烃异常可能是下部与天然气水合物有关的孔隙流体沿着断层向上迁移所致。这些地球化学异常以及模拟海底反射层等地球物理标志显示该站位之下可能存在天然气水合物。     

近海油气藏渗漏烃的检测方法综述

主要总结了海域油气藏渗漏烃的航空遥感和地球化学检测方法.遥感测量可以从宏观上圈定海面油膜的分布范围,是海上油气藏勘探前期常用的廉价方法;海底沉积物取芯测量和海水嗅探器现场分析是海域油气藏渗漏烃地球化学检测的主要手段,海水样品的脱气处理是海水介质中渗漏烃地球化学检测的关键环节;海水和海底沉积物取样设备与脱气技术的不断完善,为海域油气藏渗漏烃的检测提供了基本保障;目前,底层水采样分析与海底沉积物取芯分析已成为一种有效且相对经济的海域油气藏渗漏烃检测技术组合,与一些地球物理方法结合应用,可有效地圈定海底下方渗漏源的位置.     

西沙海槽研究区天然气水合物地球化学勘探及成藏模式研究

依据ODP204航次1250C站位钻井样品酸解烃数据结果,以及作者在南海西沙海槽研究区天然气水合物地球化学现场勘查中得到的多种烃类指标数据、异常点上微量甲烷碳同位素数值等资料,对海洋水合物地球化学勘探的依据和研究区气态烃异常特征、气体成因、天然气水合物成藏模式等相关问题进行了研究探讨。结果表明:气态烃指标地球化学异常主要分布在工区北部斜坡地带,并与BSR等地震标志及深部断裂关系密切;西沙海槽研究区海底沉积物气态烃甲烷以热解成因为主,但也有混合成因;推测该区天然气水合物为断层渗滤综合成藏模式。研究成果比较合理地解释了BSR分布和海底沉积物甲烷局部异常并非完全一致的原因;评价预测了该区天然气水合物有利勘探目标。成果为该区天然气水合物勘探、天然气水合物成因机制研究和天然气水合物远景预测,提供了地球化学方面的证据。     

渤海湾盆地歧口凹陷及其邻区海底沉积物酸解烃地球化学异常特征及其成因类型

为查明渤海湾盆地歧口凹陷及其邻区海底沉积物酸解烃地球化学异常特征及成因类型,并探讨异常区与深部油气的关系以及构造对异常区分布的影响,对研究区100个站位进行了地球化学柱状样取样,获得100组酸解烃和52组酸解烃碳同位素数据。结果表明,各站位酸解烃含量均具有甲烷(AC_1)乙烷(AC_2)丙烷(AC_3)丁烷(AC_4)戊烷(AC_5)的特点,饱和烃指标之间决定系数达0.7以上,表明这些组分可能具有相同的来源。对数据的分析表明,研究区烃类气体的成因类型总体上属于热成因,微生物对饱和烃的贡献有限。根据计算得出的异常下限圈定了4个AC_1和4个AC_2异常区。C_1/(C_2+C_3)-C_2/(C_3+C_4)图解表明,研究区深部油气属性应该为凝析气或油。从异常区与构造的吻合度来看,异常区的分布与断裂的展布关系密切,下一步应加强对AⅠ和AⅣ区域的研究。     

海洋沉积物中吸附态轻烃的气相色谱分析

改进了可用于少量样品的酸解烃脱气装置，建立了毛细管柱气相色谱测定海洋沉积物中吸附态轻烃(酸解烃、顶空间轻烃)的方法，并用于大批量实际样品分析，结果良好。讨论了分析柱的优化以及定量分析等问题。方法的检测限(释放气)为0．048～0．78μL／L，精密度(RSD，n=10)为0．52％～0．98％。     

指纹烃技术应用研究

对中国某海域油气田原油及其上方海底沉积物样品的指纹烃组分特征进行分析后认为,在海洋油气化探领域中的油与油,油与海底沉积物对比研究和圈闭油乞性质识别及圈闭评价等方面,指纹烃技术具有广阔的应用前景。     

油气化探酸解烃标准样品研制

介绍了油气化探酸解烃标准样品的研制过程,研究了酸解烃标准样品的制备,通过对酸解烃标准样品的均匀性检验、稳定性检验,保证了所研制的酸解烃标准样品是符合标准样要求的。通过对酸解烃标准样品的多次分析数据的统计处理,确定了该标准样品的值和不确定度。另外,通过对酸解烃标准样品的保存试验研究,确定了该样品的包装和有效期。     

ODP/IODP典型水合物站位稳定带界限和水合物分布的地球化学识别标志

本文采用ODP/IODP典型站位样品实测和相关数据搜集对比研究的方法,进行了多种游离烃甲烷及相关指标在水合物形成过程中的地质作用和地球化学特征研究,以及酸解烃甲烷与围岩组分和沉积中自生碳酸盐、浊积岩的关系及地球化学特征的研究,据此筛选出判识水合物稳定带(GHSZ)的地球化学标志。结果显示:(1)下伏地层中游离甲烷异常是天然气水合物稳定带孔隙中赋存动态甲烷的反映,由于指标测试方法和沉积物状态的差异,深部水合物稳定带上呈现出特定的两种游离烃甲烷指标HS和VAC正负拆离分隔的异常模式;(2)酸解烃与地层吸附甲烷能力和围岩组分性质密切相关,对应于水合物最佳赋存条件的自生碳酸盐和浊流岩,酸解烃甲烷具有显著的量化异常特征;(3)水合物形成过程中甲烷通量促进了甲烷厌氧氧化反应(AMO)和自生碳酸盐的生成。酸解烃甲烷与浅层自生碳酸盐具有显著的对应关系,弥补了浅部沉积中游离烃甲烷异常具多源和多解性的不足;(4)游离烃甲烷异常组合模式和酸解烃甲烷量化异常分布是GHSZ和有利水合物赋存条件的综合反映,能够为水合物稳定带和带内水合物聚集的判识提供依据。     

吸附态轻烃气相色谱分析方法及其在天然气水合物测定中的应用

建立了毛细管柱气相色谱测定土壤中吸附态轻烃（酸解烃、顶空气轻烃）的方法,采用适于批量处理的酸解烃样品制备和通过振荡、加热达到解吸平衡的顶空气样品制备的前处理方法,在优化的仪器条件下,对天然气水合物区土壤中吸附态轻烃进行检测。顶空气轻烃的方法检出限为0．018×10^-6（以甲烷计算）,精密度为6．6％（甲烷）-16％（异丁烷）;酸解烃的方法检出限为0．016μL／kg（以甲烷计算）,精密度为2．2％（甲烷）～19％（正戊烷）。该方法应用于大批量实际样品分析中,效果良好。     

Development of methods to collect and analyze gasoline range (C5–C12) hydrocarbons from seabed sediments as indicators of subsurface hydrocarbon generation and entrapment

Gasoline range hydrocarbons (C₅–C₁₂) are usually associated with petroleum generation, yet few surface geochemical surveys have attempted to evaluate the gasoline range hydrocarbons in near-surface marine sediments. This is due to the difficulty in capturing and analyzing this volatile range of hydrocarbons with minimum loss and evaporative fractionation. In this study, a Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction (HSPME) method was developed and evaluated for the purpose of capturing the gasoline range of hydrocarbons within unconsolidated sediment using a solventless protocol.     

Distribution and transport of hydrocarbons in surface sediments of the alaskan outer continental shelf

Surface sediments from the Outer Continental Shelf of Alaska were analyzed for hydrocarbons as part of an environmental survey sponsored by NOAA/BLM. Sediments were collected from the proposed oil lease areas of Beaufort Sea, southeastern Bering Sea, Norton Sound, Navarin Basin, Gulf of Alaska, Kodiak Shelf and lower Cook Inlet. Data on normal and branched alkanes and di- and triterpenoids from capillary gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/ MS) indicate that the area displays little evidence of petroleum hydrocarbons (i.e., seeps) except at a few isolated stations. Beaufort Sea sediments have the highest hydrocarbon budget, whereas Kodiak Shelf sediments have the lowest. The molecular markers of the hydrocarbons are of a mixed marine autochthonous and terrestrial allochthonous origin. Norton Sound and Cook Inlet sediments contain the highest levels of terrigenous lipids and Kodiak Shelf the lowest. The abundance of alkenes implies that relatively low oxidizing conditions exist in some of the depositional areas studied, suggesting that extraneous petroleum hydrocarbons introduced into these sediments would be expected to have a relatively long residence time. The distribution of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) is complex and shows a pyrolytic origin. The data on perylene strongly favor the hypothesis that it is “performed” from terrigenous precursors and transported into the marine environment with no apparent in situ generation. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons of diagenetic origin are probably dominant in Gulf of Alaska and Kodiak Shelf sediments.Two stations, north of Kalgin Island, in lower Cook Inlet and one in southeastern Bering Sea show typical weathered petroleum distribution of n-alkanes and triterpenoids. Probable pathways of transport and fate of petroleum hydrocarbons in case of an oil spill are also briefly discussed.     

酸解烃技术在油气勘探中的应用

酸解烃技术作为油气化探的主要方法之一,在油气勘探中已取得了明显的效果,但该方法的应用效果也受到较多因素的影响。笔者运用数理统计方法研究干扰因素及其抑制方法,取得了一定的成效。利用经过抑制干扰后的酸解烃指标,可对我国主要含油气盆地区域地球化学场特征进行划分,对油气藏和油气储层进行预测和判识并揭示烃类的垂向微运移。     

Behavior of Hydrocarbons in the Mouth Parts of Arctic Rivers

The paper reviews data (acquired in 2007–2016) on aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in comparison with data on concentrations of lipids, C_org, and chlorophyll a in the water and bottom sediments the river–sea geochemical barrier (for the Northern Dvina, Ob, Yenisei, and Lena rivers). It was established that the concentrations of anthropogenic hydrocarbons decrease and these compounds precipitate like other organic compounds and particulate matter, where riverine and marine waters mix. Relatively pure water flows in the pelagic zones of seas. In spite of low temperatures in the Arctic, anthropogenic hydrocarbons transform so rapidly that natural compounds dominate in the water and bottom sediments: autochthonous in the seawater and allochthonous in the bottom sediments.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111001393

To study on the significance and basis of acidolysis index to China marine gas hydrate exploring,since 2006,111 samples derived from Leg 164 and 204 of the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) were analyzed in...     

油气化探样品酸解气中甲烷与氢气的相关性研究

酸解烃是油气化探方法中准确度相对较高的一项指标,已得到广泛的应用,深入研究酸解气有助于对其机理的进一步解释,并且有利于开发新的分析指标。本文利用气相色谱法测定了油气化探样品经盐酸分解后所得气体中烃类组分与非烃气体组分的含量,发现了酸解气中甲烷与氢气的含量具有正相关性。进而通过X射线荧光光谱和X射线衍射分析样品的元素和矿物组成、样品再粉碎分析以及激光拉曼光谱分析包裹体成分等实验,获得以下结论:(1)酸解气中的甲烷和氢气含量与样品元素组成无关,与碳酸盐矿物正相关,其含量可以反映深部油气的情况;(2)两种气体并不是以物理吸附形式存在于样品中,而是存在于更小的空间内,证明了酸解烃分析方法具有相当高的稳定性;(3)获得了甲烷和氢气同时存在于包裹体的直接证据,由此推测这两种气体可能具有同源性。由于甲烷和氢气含量相关性的存在,酸解脱气中氢气的含量测定有望成为油气化探的新指标,应用于油气资源调查。     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the environment: homologous series in soils and recent marine sediments

Soils and recent marine sediments contain a complex polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon assemblage. The many series of alkylhomologs have a similar molecular weight distribution, and it varies little over a wide range of depositional environments. It is suggested that these hydrocarbons are formed in natural fires, are dispersed and mixed by air transport and eventually deposited into surface sediments. The analytical, geochemical and environmental implications of these findings are discussed.     

Aliphatic hydrocarbons in coastal sediments of the Northern Cyprus (Eastern Mediterranean)

The sources and spatial distributions of aliphatic hydrocarbon concentrations were investigated in surficial sediments of the Northern Cyprus (Gemi Konagi, Girne and Gazi Magusa Areas). Aliphatic hydrocarbon levels were determined with a gas chromatography–mass spectrometer. Total aliphatic hydrocarbon (n-alkanes, Σ25; isoprenoids, Σ2) concentrations in the sediments were found in the range of 1107–6360 ng/g. Results indicated that the sediments were mainly dominated by odd numbered n-alkanes (n-C10–n-C34), maximizing at n-C17, n-C29 and n-C31. Statistical analyses and diagnostic ratios have been used to determine the possible sources and origins of aliphatic hydrocarbons. Aliphatic hydrocarbons were showed biogenic character at all sampling areas and were found mainly originated from terrestrial, marine and both terrestrial-marine plants at Gemi Konagi, Gazi Magusa and Girne, respectively.