Trace element composition and degree of partial melting of pelitic migmatites from the Aoyama area, Ryoke metamorphic belt, SW Japan: Implications for the source region of tourmaline leucogranites

Degree of partial melting of pelitic migmatites from the Aoyama area, Ryoke metamorphic belt, SW Japan is determined utilizing whole-rock trace element compositions. The key samples used in this study were taken from the migmatite front of this area and have interboudin partitions filled with tourmaline-bearing leucosome. These samples are almost perfectly separated into leucosome (melt) and surrounding matrix (solid). This textural feature enables an estimate of the melting degree by a simple mass-balance calculation, giving the result of 5–11 wt.% of partial melting. Similar calculations applied to the migmatite samples, which assume average migmatite compositions to be the residue solid fraction, give degree of melt extraction of 12–14 wt.% from the migmatite zone. The similarity of the estimated melting degree of 5–11 wt.% with that in other tourmaline–leucogranites, such as Harney Peak leucogranite and Himalayan leucogranites, in spite of differences in formation process implies that the production of tourmaline leucogranites is limited to low degrees of partial melting around 10 wt.%, probably controlled by the breakdown of sink minerals for boron such as muscovite and tourmaline at a relatively early stage of partial melting. Because the amount of boron originally available in the pelitic source rock is limited (on average 100 ppm), 10 wt.% of melting locally requires almost complete breakdown of boron sink mineral(s) in the source rock, in order to provide sufficient boron into the melt to saturate it in tourmaline. This, in turn, means that boron-depleted metapelite regions are important candidates for the source regions of tourmaline leucogranites.     

Geochemistry of a peraluminous granitoid suite from North-eastern Victoria,South-eastern Australia

The Koetong Suite of Silurian, 2-mica granitoids was derived from a metasedimentary source and emplaced into Ordovician sediments and metasediments along the eastern margin of the Western Metamorphic Belt of South-eastern Australia. Whole-rock geochemical considerations preclude derivation of the magmas represented by the granitoids from exposed Ordovician metasediments. The magmas were generated by partial melting of material similar in composition to garnet-cordierite gneisses exposed in the adjacent metamorphic belt. Melting at pressures in excess of 5 Kb and temperatures about 750°C produced peraluminous magmas and, when the degree of partial melting approached 25–30%, these magmas became mobile and moved vertically into the overlying Ordovician sediments. During movement from the source region to the zone of emplacement, separation of the melt and refractory residue components of the magma resulted in a range of compositions so that whole-rock analyses of the granitoids are linearly related on major and trace element variation diagrams. Processes such as crystal fractionation and crystal accumulation may have operated locally. The magmas were largely composed of solid material throughout their emplacement histories and the amount of melt may not have exceeded 30–45% at any stage. Metasedimentary inclusions are a reflection of source heterogeneity.After emplacement of the magmas, in situ crystallization of a relatively anhydrous assemblage of minerals led to water contents in residual, intercrystalline, melts sufficiently high for muscovite to begin crystallization at pressures around 4 Kb. Subsequent saturation of intercrystalline residual melt and loss of the resultant volatile phase caused the development of eutectoid intergrowths involving muscovitebiotite-quartz and alkali feldspar.     

华北克拉通南缘豫西燕山期花岗岩类的 Pb-Sr- Nd同位素地球化学特征

对华北克拉通南缘豫西燕山期具类似于板块俯冲带花岗岩成分变化规律（成分极性）的八宝山、柳关、后瑶峪花岗斑岩类的Pb、Sr、Nd同位素地球化学特征的研究,揭示了这些斑岩的主要物质来源是新太古代的太华群斜长角闪岩部分熔融产生的熔浆与地幔来源物质混合形成的产物。稀土元素含量非常低的八宝山花岗斑岩在岩石形成过程中有流体与其发生交代作用,由于交代及混合作用造成花岗斑岩类的Rb—Sr等时线多为假等时线;柳关花岗斑岩基本上完全由太华群的斜长角闪岩提供物质,豫西地区燕山期的花岗岩岩基其物质来源更为复杂,可能有宽坪群为其提供物质。     

北京云蒙山浅色花岗岩脉及韧性剪切变形的地球化学特征

对云蒙山地区的花岗岩、糜棱岩化花岗岩及周围太古宙花岗片麻岩中的浅色花岗岩脉的主要及稀土元素地球化学研究结果表明：与未糜棱岩化花岗岩相比，浅色花岗岩脉具有较低的LREE和P2O5含量及（La／Gd）N比值，Sm／Nd比值较高，而剪切应变岩石的LREE相对富集；糜棱岩化花岗岩具有近平行于未糜棱岩化花岗岩的稀土元素配分模式；浅色花岗岩脉BH-2-5和BH-2-6具有和未糜棱岩化花岗岩相似的重稀土元素配分模式；浅色花岗岩脉BH-2-3的稀土元素配分模式和所有分析的样品都不一样，推断BH-2-3有可能是古老变质岩部分熔融的产物。在部分熔融过程中，诸如独居石这样的富含轻稀土元素的副矿物以残留体的形式出现，不参与部分熔融，导致BH-2-3具有很低的LREE和P2O5含量及高达0．4122的Sm／Nd比值。而其他两条浅色花岗岩脉有可能是云蒙山花岗岩后期岩浆分异的产物，随分异程度的增强和富含轻稀土元素的副矿物的分离结晶作用，导致最后岩浆的SiO2增高、LREE含量减少及Sm／Nd比值发生变化。     

Petrologic and geochemical links between the post-collisional Proterozoic Harney Peak leucogranite, South Dakota, USA, and its source rocks

The Proterozoic terrane of the Black Hills, South Dakota, includes the composite Harney Peak leucogranite and associated pegmatites that were emplaced into metamorphosed pelites and graywackes. Available dates indicate that granite generation post-dated regional metamorphism and deformation that have been attributed to collision of the Wyoming and Superior cratons at 1760 Ma. Previous radiogenic and stable isotope work indicates that the exposed metasedimentary rocks are equivalent to sources of the leucogranites. In this study, whole rock and mineral compositions of the metasedimentary rocks were used to calculate the likely average residue mineralogies and melt fractions that would be generated by muscovite dehydration melting of the rocks. These were then used to model observed trace element compositions of the granites using published mineral/melt distribution coefficients. Model trace element melt compositions using pelitic and graywacke protoliths yield similar results.

The models reproduce well the observed depletion of transition metals and Ba in the granites relative to metasedimentary protoliths. The depletion is due mainly to high proportion of biotite with variable amounts of K-feldspar in the model residue. Sr is also depleted in the granites compared to source rocks, but to a lesser relative extent than Ba. This is because of the low biotite/melt distribution coefficient for Sr and because high proportion of plagioclase in the residue is compensated by high Sr concentrations in protoliths. Rubidium, Cs and Ta behaved as slightly compatible to incompatible elements, and therefore, were not strongly fractionated during melting. Of the considered elements, only B appears to have been highly incompatible relative to residue during melting. The protoliths had sufficient B to allow tourmaline crystallization in those parts of the Harney Peak Granite in which Ti concentration was sufficiently low not to enhance crystallization of biotite.

The reproducibility of observed trace element concentrations in the Harney Peak Granite by the models supports the often made proposition that metapelites and metagraywackes are common sources for leucogranites. This argues against mass input from the mantle into metagraywacke and metapelitic crustal sources or melting of amphibolites to generate the post-collisional Harney Peak and other similar peraluminous granite suites.     

黑龙江宝山一带海西晚期强过铝花岗岩地质地球化学及岩石成因

黑龙江宝山地区在构造上位于兴蒙造山带东部的松嫩地块和佳木斯地块之间的伊春-延寿花岗岩带北段,区内分布大面积的古生代-中生代花岗岩.其中海西晚期花岗岩,岩性主要为碱长花岗岩、二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩等,锆石U-Pb法 LA-ICP MS测年结果为252.6±3 Ma.其主量元素表现出富Si、略富Al、富碱质和低Mg、低Ca的特点;微量元素表现出富集Rb、Nd、K、Pb、U和亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素的特点,并且Sr、Ba呈明显的负异常;稀土元素具有明显的轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素相对亏损的特征,轻重稀土元素分馏程度较高.岩石总体上属于高钾钙碱性花岗岩,是岩浆经历了高度结晶分异作用的产物.矿物化学和岩石地球化学特征表明其特征类似于S型花岗岩,源岩物质来自于地壳.     

Elemental and boron isotopic variations in tourmaline in two-mica granite from the Cuona area,Tibet: Insights into the evolution of leucogranitic melt

Two-mica granite is the most common magmatic rock type in the Himalayan leucogranite belt, which has close relationship with rare metal mineralization. Its genesis is generally attributed to magmatic differentiation. In recent years, the mineral geochemical compositions are increasingly used to study magmatic differentiation, which are significant for deciphering the melt evolution and element migration processes. In this study, in-situ major and trace element and boron isotope compositions for tourmalines from two-mica granites in the Cuona and Cuonadong leucogranites in the Cuona area are conducted to determine microscopic changes in mineral assemblages and geochemical compositions. Analytical results show that the tourmalines in the Cuonadong leucogranite were crystallized earlier relative to the tourmalines in the Cuona leucogranite during magmatic differentiation. The volatile contents have a genetic relationship with incompatible elements in tourmaline, which is possibly responsible for the formation of tourmaline zonation and the enrichment of Sr, Zn, and Pb during magmatic differentiation. The B isotopic composition of tourmaline in the Cuona area suggests that the granitic magma was dominantly derived from the partial melting of the metasedimentary source rocks. Their B isotope variations likely resulted from fluid exsolution during B-rich melt evolution. High rare metal contents in tourmalines indicate that the two-mica granites in the Cuona area may have great mineralization potential.     

Two “S-type” granite suites with low initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios from the New England Batholith,Australia

Two “S-type” (pelitic) granite suites from the New England Batholith, N.S.W., have Upper Carboniferous ages, indicating that they predate by 40 m.y. the intrusion of hornblende biotite granites, and are the oldest plutons of the batholith. Mineralogically and geochemically both suites have “pelitic” characteristics, one suite containing an Al-rich biotite, muscovite and cordierite, the other an Al-rich biotite and rare pyrope-almandine garnet. Low initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of 0.706 for both suites probably reflect the volcanoclastic nature and young age of the sedimentary source of these granites at the time of melting. The age of the suites coincides with the last stages of (Andean type?) volcanism along an andesite/dacite volcanic chain to the west, suggesting an origin for the “S-type” granitic magma by partial melting of deformed sediments marginal to a continental region.     

Geochemical constraints on crustal anatexis: a case study from the Pan-African Damara granitoids of Namibia

 Major and trace element models of recently published vapour-absent mica dehydration melting experiments are used to identify granitoids generated by muscovite and biotite dehydration melting, and to distinguish between plagioclase-limited and biotite-limited, biotite dehydration melting. In the case of granitoids from the Pan-African Damara mobile belt (Namibia), many of the leucogranites and Salem-type granitoids may be modelled by biotite dehydration melting. The low Rb/Sr granitoids (e.g. Donkerhuk Onanis, Salem Onanis, Donkerhuk Nomatsaus, Salem Goas) probably reflect feldspar-limited, biotite dehydration melting (a pelitic source) whereas the high Rb/Sr suites (e.g. Bloedkoppie leucogranite, Stinkbank leucogranite, Salem Swakopmund, Leucocratic Stink bank granite) reflect biotite-limited, biotite dehydration melting (a greywacke source). Alaskites from the Damara belt have major element compositions which are consistent with muscovite dehydration melting, and their positive Eu anomalies are linked to high K₂O reflecting K-feldspar entrainment. Combined Zr and LREE (light rare earth element) solubility models indicate that insufficient time (probably less than 10⁴ years) had elapsed between melt generation and melt extraction to ensure that the alaskite melts attained their equilibrium concentrations of Zr and the LREEs. In contrast, the leucogranites and Salem-type granites have attained their equilibrium inventories of these trace elements. Combined Fe₂O₃ and MgO contents in some samples from two granitoids (the Salem Goas and Donkerhuk Onanis intrusions) are higher than those readily attainable by biotite dehydration melting indicating either: (1) that they contain a contribution from melts generated by incipient garnet breakdown or; (2) that they contain small amounts of an entrained ferromagnesian phase. Received: 24 April 1995/Accepted: 11 December 1995     

Petrology and geochemistry of Jura granite and granite gneiss in the Neelum Valley,Lesser Himalayas (Kashmir,Pakistan)

Late Proterozoic rocks of Tanol Formation in the Lesser Himalayas of Neelum Valley area are largely green schist to amphibolite facies rocks intruded by early Cambrian Jura granite gneiss and Jura granite representing Pan-African orogeny event in the area. These rocks are further intruded by pegmatites of acidic composition, aplites, and dolerite dykes. Based on field observations, texture, and petrographic character, three different categories of granite gneiss (i.e., highly porphyritic, coarse-grained two micas granite gneiss, medium-grained two micas granite gneiss, and leucocratic tourmaline-bearing muscovite granite gneiss), and granites (i.e., highly porphyritic coarse-grained two micas granite, medium-grained two micas granite, and leucocratic tourmaline-bearing coarse-grained muscovite granite) were classified. Thin section studies show that granite gneiss and granite are formed due to fractional crystallization, as revealed by zoning in plagioclase. The Al saturation index indicates that granite gneiss and granite are strongly peraluminous and S-type. Geochemical analysis shows that all granite gneisses are magnesian except one which is ferroan whereas all granites are ferroan except one which is magnesian. The CaO/Na₂O ratio (>0.3) indicates that granitic melt of Jura granite gneiss and granite is pelite-psammite derived peraluminous granitic melt formed due to partial melting of Tanol Formation. The rare earth element (REE) patterns of the Jura granite and Jura granite gneiss indicate that granitic magma of Jura granite and Jura granite gneiss is formed due to partial melting of rocks that are similar in composition to that of upper continental crust.     

Crustal Anatexis and Granite Petrogenesis During Low-pressure Regional Metamorphism: The Trois Seigneurs Massif, Pyrenees, France

Detailed mapping of Hercynian basement rocks exposed in theTrois Seigneurs Massif, Pyrenees, France, has demonstrated acontinuous metamorphic sequence developed in Palaeozoic peliticsediments, ranging from chlorite-grade phyllites, through andalusiteand sillimanite mica schists to a zone of migmatites and ultimatelya heterogeneous, peraluminous, biotite- and cordiente-bearinggranitoid (ranging in composition from biotite granite to quartzdiorite) at the deepest tectonic levels exposed. In additionto this ‘deep’ pluton, a syn-metamorphic leucogranitesuite forms pods and sills within the migmatites and mica schistsand a post-metamorphic, homogeneous biotite granodiorite intrudes(and superimposes a contact aureole on) the metasediments. Despitepost-metamorphic deformations, it is clear that the small ({smalltilde} 3 km) separation of low- and high-grade rocks impliesthe existence of very high temperature gradients (80–100?C km ^–1) during Hercynian metamorphism. Extensive meltingoccurred at {small tilde} 700 ?C at 10–12 km depth, indicatedby the metamorphic mineral assemblages and metamorphic reactionsoccurring in the mica schists. Whole rock XRF analyses of 50 rock samples, including all themain lithologies, indicate that leucogranite compositions areuniform and identical to those of migmatite leucosomes; theyare also close to the major-element composition of experimentallygenerated partial melts of pelitic rocks from the Trois SeigneursMassif. Taken with field relationships, this implies that allleucogranites were generated by partial fusion of pelitic material(< 40 wt. per cent) from the metamorphic sequence, with rapidremoval of the melt by segregation and intrusion to higher structurallevels. The deep biotite granite was probably generated by partialmelting and homogenisation of the same source material, withthe addition of a small magmatic component that was not derivedlocally from the pelites. The late granodiorite was not generatedby anatexis of pelitic material as observed in the metamorphicsequence, and was probably derived by melting of the lower crustat deeper levels than any contemporary exposure of Hercynianbasement in the Pyrenees. Petrological analysis of the metamorphic sequence suggests thatwater activity was externally buffered to high values throughoutthe ‘high-level’ anatexis observed in the TroisSeigneurs sequence. Evidence for this is provided by metacarbonateand metapelite mineral equilibria, by the sequence of metamorphicisograds and by their sharp definition. Moreover, ‘wet’melting conditions are required in order to generate the observedlarge quantities(> 40 wt. per cent) of granitic melt frompelitic material over the small (< 30 ?C) temperature increaseimplied by the section through the migmatite zone. Anatexisof pelitic metasediment was thus promoted by an influx of hydrousfluid into the melting zone. Stable-isotope studies suggestthat this influx was derived from the ground surface, allowingmelts to be continuously saturated as they were generated, andimplying that groundwater infiltration was primarily responsiblefor large-scale anatexis of metasediment at such shallow depths.     

粤西庞西垌银矿床稀土元素地球化学

分析了粤西廉江庞西垌银矿床不同地质岩石稀土元素地球化学特征,对矿床围岩花岗岩的成因以及矿床成矿物质来源进行了讨论,认为英桥花岗岩体为壳幔混合源同熔花岗岩。银矿床中矿化蚀变岩继承了原岩的稀土特征,热液成因石英脉的稀土元素特征与混合岩基本一致,反映成矿物质主要来源于混合岩。     

Petrogenesis of Peraluminous Granites, Monashee Mountains, Southeastern Canadian Cordillera

Two-mica granites that locally contain garnet and sillimaniteoccur as dikes, sills, and sheets up to 50 m thick within thesillimanite zonc of the Monashee Mountains in the southeasternCanadian Cordillera of British Columbia. Syn-kinematic and post-kinematicgranites are recognized. U-Pb dating of zircon demonstrates that the syn-kinematic granitesare 100.4?0.3 Ma old, based on duplicate concordant single abradedzircon analyses. Other zircons have slightly older Pb/Pb dates,indicating small amounts of inherited zircons. Monazites are99?10 Ma old. Post-kinematic granites have 62.5?0.2 Ma zirconages and 634+0.1 Ma monazite ages. High initial 87 ratios (0.71492–0.74181)and evidence of Precambrian Pb inheritance indicates that bothsyn- and post-kinematic granites were derived from a crustalsource. Geobarometric estimates suggest that both generationsof granites equilibrated at 6–8 kb (22–30 km). Zirconand monazite saturation temperatures range from 660–824?Cand indicate that these minerals were liquidus phases earlyin the crystallization history of the granites. Because monazitesaturation temperatures generally exceed those of zircon, itis possible that some monazites may be inherited. Apatite saturationtemperatures in excess of 900?C suggest that both generationsof granites contain source inherited apatite. Syn- and post-kinematic granites have essentially identicalmajor and trace element chemistries. Syn-kinematic graniteshave steep light rare earth element (LREE) enriched patternswith pronounced negative Eu anomalies. The REE patterns of post-kinematicgranites range from steep LREE enriched patterns with negativeNd and Eu anomalies to flat patterns with low LREE contents,negative Nd anomalies, and both positive and negative Eu anomalies.Modelling of REE, Rb, Sr, and Ba contents demonstrates thatsyn-kinematic gramtes could have been generated by a low degreeof partial melting (with 10–25% feldspar fractionationof the melt) of Late Proterozoic Horsethief Creek Group metapelitesleaving a monazite-bearing upper amphibolite facies residue.Post-kinematic granites were produced by partial melting ofa geochemically and isotopically similar metapelitic source.The suite of post-kinematic granites can be related by a smallamount (up to 0.1%) of monazite crystal fractionation.     

Rare earth geochemistry of fused ophiolitic and alpine lherzolites—I. Othris,Lanzo and Troodos

Lherzolites from two Mediterranean peridotite masses have major and trace element data compatible with an origin as a fragment of relatively undepleted mantle. Field observations indicate a close association with in situ basaltic melt (gabbroic dikes and segregations) and a barren refractory residue (harzburgite) produced by the removal of the melt fraction.Two lherzolites Othris (ophiolite) and Lanzo (alpine¹ periodotite) have approximately chondritic rare earth abundances with a slight depletion in light rare earths. The refractory material is moderately to heavily depleted in light REE dependent on the efficiency of removal of basaltic melt. Lherzolite xenoliths from the Massif Central probably contain an interstitial light REE enriched fraction as the recalculated lherzolite is depleted and not light REE enriched like the actual whole rock. These basaltic xenoliths are similar in major, trace and REE profile to the Lanzo and Othris mantle lherzolites, giving some indication of source homogeneity in the Mediterranean area. Partial fusion calculations on the Othris and Lanzo peridotites reveal that tholeiitic liquids could be generated by 10–30% partial melting. Such tholeiitic liquids separated from the Othris mantle section and probably formed early sea floor in a small ocean basin. Alkalic basalts are also associated with the Othris ophiolite as an early rifting sequence, and such liquids could have been generated from the source Iherzolite but difficulties would occur in removing such a liquid from the refractory residue.     

Nature and origin of A-type granites with particular reference to southeastern Australia

In the Lachlan Fold Belt of southeastern Australia, Upper Devonian A-type granite suites were emplaced after the Lower Devonian I-type granites of the Bega Batholith. Individual plutons of two A-type suites are homogeneous and the granites are characterized by late interstitial annite. Chemically they are distinguished from I-type granites with similar SiO₂ contents of the Bega Batholith, by higher abundances of large highly charged cations such as Nb, Ga, Y, and the REE and lower Al, Mg and Ca: high Ga/Al is diagnostic. These A-type suites are metaluminous, but peralkaline and peraluminous A-type granites also occur in Australia and elsewhere. Partial melting of felsic granulite is the preferred genetic model. This source rock is the residue remaining in the lower crust after production of a previous granite. High temperature, vapour-absent melting of the granulitic source generates a low viscosity, relatively anhydrous melt containing F and possibly Cl. The framework structure of this melt is considerably distorted by the presence of these dissolved halides allowing the large highly charged cations to form stable high co-ordination structures. The high concentration of Zr and probably other elements such as the REE in peralkaline or near peralkaline A-type melts is a result of the counter ion effect where excess alkali cations stabilize structures in the melt such as alkali-zircono-silicates. The melt structure determines the trace element composition of the granite. Separation of a fluid phase from an A-type magma results in destabilization of co-ordination complexes and in the formation of rare-metal deposits commonly associated with fluorite. At this stage the role of Cl in metal transport is considered more important than F.     

Variations in melting dynamics and mantle compositions along the Eastern Volcanic Zone of the Gakkel Ridge: insights from olivine-hosted melt inclusions

We present major element, trace element, and volatile concentrations from 66 naturally glassy, olivine-hosted melt inclusions erupted along the Eastern Volcanic Zone (EVZ) of the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel Ridge. Melt inclusion compositions suggest that there are systematic variations in the mantle source composition and melting dynamics from the eastern to the western end of the EVZ. This includes increasing water contents and highly incompatible trace element concentrations (e.g., Ba and Nb) and decreasing light and middle rare earth element concentrations. Ratios of light to heavy rare earth elements in the easternmost melt inclusions are relatively homogeneous, but become more variable to the west. To determine the source of the geochemical variability observed along the EVZ, we model trace elements associated with mantle melting in one- and two-component systems. We consider four possible mantle sources and a range of melting regime shapes, from a full melting triangle to a vertical melting column centered beneath the ridge axes. The observed geochemical variations can be explained by melting of a heterogeneous mantle source composed of depleted MORB mantle plus a metasomatized mantle, where the proportion of the metasomatized component and the extent of melting increases toward the west. Lower rare earth element concentrations and trace element ratios in the westernmost sites also suggest inefficient melt focusing from the outer edges of the melting region. Our results indicate that despite variations in the size of the melting zone and the composition of the mantle source along the ridge axis, the region over which the melts are pooled back to the ridge axis is relatively constant (~10–20 km), suggesting that there is a limit to the distance melts can be transported from off-axis in ultraslow-spreading environments.     

Trace element fractionation during high-grade metamorphism and crustal melting—constraints from ion microprobe data of metapelitic, migmatitic and igneous garnets and implications for Sm–Nd garnet chronology

Rare earth element (REE) and other trace element (Y, Sr, Ti, Cr, V, Na) abundances in garnet from a garnet-bearing metapelite, a pelitic migmatite, a syn-tectonic granite and a post-tectonic leucogranite were measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) in order to identify the effective variables on the trace element distribution between garnet and the host rock. Garnet from the garnet-bearing metapelite, the pelitic migmatite and the syn-tectonic granite is zoned with respect to REE. The cores are enriched by a factor of 2–3 relative to the rims. For the garnets from the garnet-bearing metapelite equilibrium distribution following a simple Rayleigh fractionation is responsible for the decreasing concentrations in REE from core to rim. Garnet from the pelitic migmatite shows a more complex trace element pattern following distinct enrichment and depletion patterns for Ti, V, Cr and REE from core to rim. These features suggest disequilibrium between garnet and the associated melt in which the enrichment of trace elements probably correspond to a period of open-system behaviour in these rocks at a time when the garnet, originally nucleated in the metamorphic environment was incorporated into the melt. The garnet from the syn-tectonic granite shows stepwise decreasing concentrations in REE from core to rim: a REE-rich core can be distinguished from a broad REE-depleted rim. Notably, from core to rim an inflection of the Yb / Er and Yb / Dy ratios is visible. Whereas the decrease of HREE abundance in the core region of the garnet from the syn-tectonic granite may arise from equilibrium partitioning during garnet growth, the inflection can be interpreted as a result of partial melting. Garnet cores with high Yb / Er and Yb / Dy >  1 nucleated in the metamorphic environment without the presence of a melt whereas the rims with lower Yb / Er and Yb / Dy <  1 crystallized in the presence of a melt. Garnet from the leucogranite has lower REE abundances and is considered to be of igneous origin. In contrast to garnet from the other samples, its core has low trace element abundances, whereas its rim is significantly enriched in REE but depleted in Ti. These features suggest that only the outermost rim was in equilibrium with the melt. For this garnet, liquid diffusion controlled partitioning is more likely to explain the extreme trace element variation. An evaluation of Sm and Nd concentrations in garnet and a comparison of Sm–Nd and U–Pb garnet ages and U–Pb monazite ages form the terrane indicate that the observed LREE systematics in the different garnet species are a primary feature and are not homogenized by volume diffusion during high grade amphibolite facies conditions.     

巴尔哲超大型稀有稀土矿床成矿机制研究

巴尔哲矿床中的矿化和非矿化碱性花岗岩主要造岩矿物均为微斜长石、石英、钠闪石和钠长石,但其相对含量及颗粒大小明显不同,且两类岩石中包裹体的组成特征及锆石的结晶习性也有显著差异.主量元素分析显示,矿化与非矿化碱性花岗岩均以富硅、富碱、贫镁和钙为特征,为较典型的非造山A型花岗岩.尽管矿化碱性花岗岩中K_2O和Na_2O的含量均没有明显的增加,但其Na+K/Al、Na_2O+K_2O/CaO、FeO~*/MgO及K_2O/MgO等岩石化学参数与非矿化碱性花岗岩明显不同.在矿化碱性花岗岩中除了矿化的稀土元素及Nb、Zr强烈富集外,U、Th及Y也明显富集,而Ba、Sr、P、Eu和Ti表现为强烈的亏损.在非矿化碱性花岗岩中除了大离子亲石元素Rb略有富集外,稀土元素、Nb、Zr、U、Th、Ta及Y并无明显富集,虽然Sr、P、Eu和Ti也表现为亏损,但与矿化碱性花岗岩相比其亏损程度明显降低.岩相学、岩石化学及微量元素地球化学特征显示,矿化碱性花岗岩不可能是非矿化碱性花岗岩硅化和钠长石化作用的产物,二者应是同一岩浆体系不同演化阶段熔体固结的产物.K/Rb、Rb/Sr及δEu等地球化学参数显示,矿化碱性花岗岩是高演化A型花岗质熔体固结的产物;而岩石学、包裹体及地球化学特征则显示,这种高演化的A型花岗质熔体已经进入了岩浆一热液过渡阶段.巴尔哲矿床稀有稀土元素的超常富集和成矿与A型花岗岩的高演化过程密切相关.     

Petrogenesis of granitoids from the Lachlan Fold Belt,southeastern Australia: The role of disequilibrium melting

S- and I-type granites from the Lachlan Fold Belt, southeastern Australia, have been investigated to assess the role of disequilibrium melting in their petrogenesis. Differences between the median initial εHf compositions of magmatic zircon populations and the host bulk-rock (ΔεHf^blk-zrc) range from −0.6 to +2.5 ε units, providing evidence for intra-sample (and hence inter-phase) Hf-isotopic heterogeneity. Linear variations on Harker diagrams and O and Hf isotope compositions of magmatic zircon preserved in many I- and S-type granites are inconsistent with assimilation or simple mixing hypotheses. In contrast, isotopic disequilibrium between the melt and a restite assemblage can explain the bulk-rock versus zircon differences observed in these samples.Assuming that magmatic zircon records the melt composition, differences between the bulk-rock εHf and εHf of magmatic zircon (ΔεHf^blk-zrc values) measured for I-type granites (0.4–2.5) can largely be explained by disequilibrium amphibole dehydration melting of meta-igneous protoliths that were either isotopically heterogenous at the time they were formed, or perfectly homogeneous before being aged in the crust for 0.4–1.0 billion years prior to partial melting. The Currowong Suite exhibits petrographic features and preserves geochemical and isotopic compositions that do not lend themselves to simple restite model or magma mixing explanations; however, these observations could be explained by the restite unmixing of magma batches generated from a single source rock if, as modelling has suggested, separate batches contain different melt compositions.By investigating the application of disequilibrium melting to granite genesis, this study demonstrates that isotopic heterogeneity at various sampling scales should actually be expected for the production of granites from a single source, rather than necessitating the involvement of multiple sources and mixing processes. As a result great care should be taken in the interpretation of isotope data from granitic bulk-rocks or their zircons.     

Geochemical characterization and origin of granitoids from the South Bohemian Batholith in Lower Austria

Major and 31 minor elements have been determined in 39 large samples of Variscan granitoids from 6 plutons or intrusions from the South Bohemian Batholith (Rastenberg, Weinsberg, Mauthausen, Schrems, Eisgarn and Gebharts). The granitoids are mainly granites but also diorites, tonalites, trondhjemites, granodiorites. Average concentrations of Ba, Th, U, La, Ce, Pb, Nd, Sr and K in the Weinsberg, Mauthausen and Schrems granites exceed those in average felsic I- and S-type granites by factors ranging between 2.1 and 1.3. The granites melts formed at waterundersaturated conditions and intruded at 10 to 15 km depth during late-tectonic and post-tectonic phases of the Variscan orogeny (about 330 to 300 Ma ago). Hydrothermal or low temperature alteration is excluded for the majority of samples from a study of oxygen isotopes. The thickness of the plutons is estimated at about 6 km from heat balance constraints. By analogy with experimental partial melting, three different sources of the granitoids can be identified and chemically characterized: (1) The trondhjemites, tonalites and diorites in the early Rastenberg pluton are products of 15 to 40% melting respectively of a mafic (partly amphibolitic) lower crust. Redwitzites from the West Bohemian Massif which are comparable in age partly resemble the Rastenberg rocks. The mafic sources of the Rastenberg granitoids and redwitzites are crustally contaminated as reflected in their Sr-Nd isotopes. (2) The very large syn-tectonic Weinsberg pluton was formed from about 30% partial melting of a tonalitic lower crust at 800 to 850°C. Its low proportion of ca. 10% restite has a ferrodioritic composition. The post-tectonic fine-grained Mauthausen and Schrems granites which tend to a granodioritic mode, are very low in restite and are also products of melting of a tonalitic source. (3) The youngest (leuco-)granite, the Eisgarn pluton (high in Si, P, Li, Rb, Cs, U,⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and low in Ca, Sr, Ba) reflects a pelitic source. The change from mafic to tonalitic to pelitic source composition for the granitoid sequence may indicate that the depth of melt formation decreased with time. The concentration of heavy rare earth elements decreased from Weinsberg to Eisgarn granites which indicates an increasing proportion of garnet in the source. The orogenic heat conformable with a heat flow of about 100 mWm^-2 was provided by mafic intrusions. An alternative would be a drastic increase of the crustal thickness which cannot be recognized by barometry of the associated metamorphic rocks. Exposed metamorphic country rocks occur in higher amphibolite facies indicating about 5 kbar pressure. Mafic intrusions contain gabbros (Kleinzwettl) or have formed (quartz-)diorites (Gebharts), the latter being contaminated by granitic melts from partial melting of the wall rocks (MASH process). Largescale contamination by crustal materials can be observed in ¹⁸O and in Sr-Nd isotopes. The major mafic activity was probably caused by depression of solidus temperatures in the mantle wedge above a subduction zone where water was available from dehydration of subducted ocean crust. This water initiated partial melting of ultramafic rocks and metasomatism in the uppermost mantle above the level of melting. The water also mobilized highly incompatible elements (Ba, Th, U, La, Ce, Pb, Nd, Sr and K) from the uppermost mantle and transported them into the lower crust. Indicators of a nearby subduction or collision zone of Late Variscan age in addition to the specific association of granitoidal rocks are abundant upper mantle tectonites. An alternate or additional source of metasomatic fluids may have been dehydration of lower crustal rocks during Variscan high-grade metamorphism.Dedicated to Prof. Dr J. Zemann on the occasion of his 70th birthday