Temporal and spatial differences and imbalance of China＇s urbanization development during 1950-2006

A better understanding of the regional disparity and imbalance characteristics of China’s urbanization development is the important premise for constituting correct policy and strategy and promoting the healthy and sustainable development of urbanization in the 21st century. The regional differences of China’s urbanization level have close relations with natural conditions of landform and climate etc., the urbanization level reduces with the elevation of topography and decrease of precipitation. According to the statistical data set of urbanization in 1950–2006, the temporal change course of inter-provincial disparity of Chinese urbanization level since the founding of New China in 1949 was studied, and then the inter-regional and intra-regional disparities of urbanization development were analyzed by the Theil index and its nested decomposition method, to grasp the dynamic change of spatial disparities of China’s urbanization level on the whole. Using the imbalance index model, the imbalance status of urban population distribution relative to total population, grain output, total agricultural output value, gross output value of industry, tertiary industrial output value as well as gross regional product was discussed, to hold the balance characteristics of urbanization development relative to the regional development conditions from the macroscopic scales.     

The regional types of China’s floating population: Identification methods and spatial patterns

With the rapid increase of the number and influence of floating population in China, it is urgently needed to understand the regional types of China’s floating population and their spatial characteristics. After reviewing the current methods for identifying regional types of floating population, this paper puts forward a new composite-index identification method and its modification version which is consisted of two indexes of the net migration rate and gross migration rate. Then, the traditional single-index and the new composite-index identification methods are empirically tested to explore their spatial patterns and characteristics by using China’s 2000 census data at county level. The results show: (1) The composite-index identification method is much better than traditional single-index method because it can measure the migration direction and scale of floating simultaneously, and in particular it can identify the unique regional types of floating population with large scale of immigration and emigration. (2) The modified composite-index identification method, by using the share of a region’s certain type of floating population to the total in China as weights, can effectively correct the over- or under-estimated errors due to the rather large or small total population of a region. (3) The spatial patterns of different regional types of China’s floating population are closely related to the regional differentiation of their natural environment, population density and socio- economic development level. The three active regional types of floating population are mainly located in the eastern part of China with lower elevation, more than 800 mm precipitation, rather higher population densities and economic development levels.     

The temporal and spatial patterns and potential evaluation of China’s energy resources development

The issue of China’s energy supply security is not only the key problem which affects China’s rapid and sustainable development in the 21st century, but also the one which international attention focuses on. Based on the notable characteristic of spatial imbalance between energy production and consumption in China, this paper takes the evolution of China’s primary energy resources development(excluding hydropower) from 1949 to 2007 as the study object, with the aim to sum up the evolutive characteristics and laws of China’s energy resources development in the past nearly 60 years. Then, based on comprehensive considerations of coal’s, oil’s and natural gas’s basic reserves, qualities, geological conditions, production status, and ecological service function of every province, this paper adopts development potential index (DP)to evaluate the development potential of every province’s energy resources, and divide them into different ranks. Conclusions are drawn as follows: (1) Generally speaking, China’s gross energy production was increasing in waves from 1949 to 2007. From the viewpoint of spatial patterns, China’s energy resources development has shown a characteristic of “concentrating to the north and central areas, and evolving from linear-shaped to “T-shaped” pattern gradually since 1949. (2) The structure evolution of China’s energy resources development in general has shown a trend of “coal proportion is dominant but decreasing, while oil and gas proportions are increasing” since 1949. (3) At the provincial scale, China’s energy resources development potential could be divided into large, sub-large, general and small ranks, four in all. In the future, the spatial pattern of China’s energy production will evolve from “T-shaped” to “Π-shaped pattern”. These conclusions will help to clarify the temporal and spatial characteristics and laws of China’s energy resources development, and will be beneficial for China to design scientific and rational energy development strategies and plans, coordinate spatial imbalance of energy production and consumption, ensure national energy supply, avoid energy resources waste and disorderly development, and promote regional sustainable development under the globalization background with changeful international energy market.     

The eco-environmental guarantee for China’s urbanization process

Studying the change of resources consumption and eco-environmental carrying capacity are of importance to the sustainable development of urbanization. Based on the China’s economic and social statistical data from 1950 to 2006, the ecological footprint, ecological footprint intensity, ecological deficit and surplus, and eco-environment quality comprehensive index are calculated, the correlation between urbanization and eco-environmental change is analyzed and the eco-environmental guarantee for China’s urbanization in 2030 is forecasted. The major results could be summarized as follows: (1) there is a positive linear relation between urbanization and ecological footprint, negative linear relation between urbanization and ecological footprint intensity, ecological deficit and surplus and the negative exponential relation between urbanization and eco-environment quality comprehensive index. (2) By 2030, the urbanization level will reach 61.32%, the ecological deficit will increase to 42.2866×108 hm2 and the eco-environment quality comprehensive index will drop to 0.3016 on the condition that the total quantity ecological footprint achieves 55.9348×108 hm2. (3) Under the existing urban development pattern, the ecological overload will be more serious in the next 24 years. Constructing the reasonable industrial structure and establishing the intensive resources utilization system to alleviate the eco-environmental pressure are the tough challenges in China’s urbanization process.     

中国流动人口地域类型——划分方法及空间分布(英文)

With the rapid increase of the number and influence of floating population in China,it is urgently needed to understand the regional types of China’s floating population and their spatial characteristics. After reviewing the current methods for identifying regional types of floating population,this paper puts forward a new composite-index identification method and its modification version which is consisted of two indexes of the net migration rate and gross migration rate. Then,the traditional single-index and the new composite-index identification methods are empirically tested to explore their spatial patterns and characteristics by using China’s 2000 census data at county level. The results show:(1) The composite-index identification method is much better than traditional single-index method because it can measure the migration direction and scale of floating simultaneously,and in particular it can identify the unique regional types of floating population with large scale of immigration and emigration. (2) The modified composite-index identification method,by using the share of a region’s certain type of floating population to the total in China as weights,can effectively correct the over-or under-estimated errors due to the rather large or small total population of a region. (3) The spatial patterns of different regional types of China’s floating population are closely related to the regional differentiation of their natural environment,population density and socio-economic development level. The three active regional types of floating population are mainly located in the eastern part of China with lower elevation,more than 800 mm precipitation,rather higher population densities and economic development levels.     

塔里木河流域人口-经济分布不均衡特征分析

 不均衡性是人口与经济分布最基本的属性,不均衡性过大影响区域经济的协调发展。文章利用地理联系率、Pearson相关系数、基尼系数和崔王指数分析了塔里木河流域人口-经济分布不均衡的时间特征;采用重心模型和人均GDP空间分异特征探讨了人口-经济分布不均衡的空间格局。结果表明：（1）改革开放以来,塔河流域的人口、经济分布匹配程度不断减弱,不均衡特征逐渐显著,区域经济差异已超出警戒线的范围。（2）在空间格局上,经济重心显著向东北方向集中,人口重心基本不变;人口、经济重心转移使和田、喀什、克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州三地州逐渐成为贫困人口集聚区,巴音郭楞蒙古自治州的库尔勒市成为经济极化中心。依据增长极理论,塔河流域经济极化中心较单一,增长体系不完善,未来需培育新的极化中心。     

中国海洋经济地域差异及演化过程分析

本文在分析国内外区域海洋经济差异研究进展的基础上,以沿海11个省、自治区、直辖市为研究的基本空间单元,以人均海洋产业产值为测度区域海洋经济差异的变量指标,利用基尼系数和塞尔指数来解释1996~2005年我国海洋经济差异的总体水平和产业结构的动态演化特征,对区域海洋经济差异的构成进行来源分解。并分析空间差异的成因和作用机制。     

湖北省区域经济差距及其变化的产业分解

基于人均GDP基尼系数及其变化的结构分解,对湖北省区域经济差距的动态变化、产业构成进行了深刻的分析,揭示了20世纪90年代中期以来该省17个地市州之间人均GDP差距及其变化的动力机制。结果表明,非农产业是湖北省区域经济差距的决定性因素,而非农产业尤其是第二产业地理集中程度的提高又是推动湖北省区域经济差距扩大的主导性因素。缓解湖北省区域经济差距的现实选择并不仅仅局限于加快落后地区非农产业发展,还应该促进生产要素流动,推动人口向工业化程度高的地区集中,降低湖北省生产与人口地区分布的不一致性。     

长江三角洲人口与经济的非均衡格局及其影响因素研究

人口与经济分布格局是反映区域差异的重要指标。结合不一致指数、重心方法及不均衡指数等对长江三角洲人口与经济的非均衡格局演变进行研究,并基于2000~2015年的面板数据回归对其影响因素进行实证研究。研究发现,长江三角洲人口与经济非均衡格局呈现相对稳定状况,但随着区域发展格局转变带来的人口与经济分布格局的差异化演变,区域人口与经济的整体非均衡性有所弱化。对人口与经济非均衡格局影响因素分析表明,不同时期人口与经济不一致指数影响因素存在差异,在始终受城市发展差异影响的同时也伴随着市场力量的趋强和政府影响的弱化。     

中国城市化进程中的生态环境保障程度

Studying the change of resources consumption and eco-environmental carrying capacity are of importance to the sustainable development of urbanization. Based on the China’s economic and social statistical data from 1950 to 2006, the ecological footprint, ecological footprint intensity, ecological deficit and surplus, and eco-environment quality comprehensive index are calculated, the correlation between urbanization and eco-environmental change is analyzed and the eco-environmental guarantee for China’s urbanization in 2030 is forecasted. The major results could be summarized as follows: (1) there is a positive linear relation between urbanization and ecological footprint, negative linear relation between urbanization and ecological footprint intensity, ecological deficit and surplus and the negative exponential relation between urbanization and eco-environment quality comprehensive index. (2) By 2030, the urbanization level will reach 61.32%, the ecological deficit will increase to 42.2866×10⁸ hm² and the eco-environment quality comprehensive index will drop to 0.3016 on the condition that the total quantity ecological footprint achieves 55.9348×10⁸ hm². (3) Under the existing urban development pattern, the ecological overload will be more serious in the next 24 years. Constructing the reasonable industrial structure and establishing the intensive resources utilization system to alleviate the eco-environmental pressure are the tough challenges in China’s urbanization process. Foundation: Knowledge Innovation Project of CAS, No.KZCX2-YW-307-02; No.KZCX2-YW-321-05; Major Project of 11th Five-year Scientific and Technological Support Plan of China, No.2006BAJ05A06 Author: Fang Chuanglin(1966–), Ph.D. and Professor, specialized in regional and urban planning.     

The harmonious relationship between land use and environment in Xi’an

In this paper we adopt annual land use conditions change data, land sifting data, social, economic and population data and environment information of nine districts and four counties in Xi’an city from 1980 to 2000 to analyze its structural and degree change of land use since the 1980s, and calculate the benefits and transformation of land use type. The results show that the non-agricultural land increased rapidly, especially the urban and rural residential spots and industrial and mining (RIM) land use increased mostly rapidly, an increase of 64%. Meanwhile, the intensity of land exploitation was accelerating, land was transformed to industries with better benefit and areas experiencing faster urbanization process. By analyzing the harmonious degree of land exploitation in economic and environmental aspects, we find out that the land use imbalance mainly existed in the municipal area of Xi’an, and the imbalance index of land use based on GDP and non-agricultural population were respectively 12.37 and 14.67 in 2000, which were far higher than those in other regions. Nevertheless the environmental harmonious degree in the municipal area of Xi’an ranges between 0.6 and 0.8, which was better than that of suburban area. Some proposals addressing to the problems of harmonious level in all scales, resources utilization, projects management and feasibility analysis and intensive urbanization are also put forward.     

中国县域综合实力评价与区域分异特征

以县域为研究单元,采用SPSS软件包与GIS技术,对中国各县域的社会经济发展水平进行综合评价,并揭示了其空间分异特征。认为,形成中国区域发展差距的主要因素是社会经济结构、经济水平和人口素质,而不单单是经济因素;以综合指数方法测度的区域差距明显低于经济差距;北方沿边地区较高的经济水平与低下的社会经济结构水平呈现明显的错位;社会综合发展水平自沿海向内陆表现出高-低-次高-低的4元结构;从全国尺度看,社会经济发展空间结构呈轴线开发模式,而在区域尺度上则表现为由核心区向周边地区逐步下降的"凸"字型空间格局;全国县域综合发展可分为高度协调发展型、中等协调发展型、社会经济结构滞后型、初级协调发展型、整体发展滞后型。     

基于区域分离系数的江苏省区域经济差异成因定量分析

本文以人均国内生产总值为测度区域经济差异的变量指标,运用基尼系数和塞尔指数定量评价了改革开放以来江苏省区域经济差异总体水平与变化特征,主要表现为区域总差异扩大的同时,苏南、苏中与苏北三大区域之间的差异和县域之间的差异不断扩大;在此基础上,分析了历史发展基础、经济区位条件、区域发展策略、产业结构转换、乡镇企业发展、经济全球化和市场发育程度等7个因素对江苏省区域经济差异及其变化的影响,并引用国外的区域分离系数方法,定量比较了它们的主次关系。分析结果表明:市场发育程度、产业结构转换和区域发展策略是造成江苏省区域经济差异扩大的最主要因素。     

基于空间场能的中国区域经济发展差异评价

促进区域协调发展是区域发展的重要目标,其基础是准确评价区域经济发展格局与空间差异。空间场能是区域中心城市借助区域联系"通道"带动外围地区发展而产生的"势能差"的抽象表达,是反映区域经济发展格局与空间差异的有效手段。基于空间场能的内涵及表征方法,从省际、市际、县际等尺度探讨了中国宏观经济、三大地带与南北经济差异的时空特征、区域经济变化的空间作用机制以及区域经济格局的类型划分。结果表明:①2000年以来中国区域经济的不平衡性在扩大,但不同研究尺度反映的经济差异大小有所差别;②三大地带的内部经济差异呈显著的"反自然梯度"特征,南北差异由"南北平分秋色"向"南强北弱"演变,南方与北方内部经济发展差异均呈扩大趋势;③中国区域经济增长存在显著的空间极化现象,经济增长局部聚集模式呈现分异性与规律性;④中国区域经济发展水平的空间格局可划分为5大类型区23个亚单元,不同类型区未来应实施针对性的发展策略。     

宁波市城市化发展对区域生态系统服务价值的影响

采用城市化综合水平测度模型、生态系统服务价值评价模型及Pearson相关分析方法,在GIS技术支持下,以宁波市1991—2014年城市化相关数据和土地利用变更调查成果为基础数据,定量评价和分析区域城市化发展水平、生态系统服务价值以及二者之间的关系。结果表明:(1)宁波市各项城市化指数均呈逐渐递增趋势,城市化发展进程呈阶段化特征。快速城市化水平驱动区域经济高速发展,同时导致建设用地面积大幅度增加。(2)宁波市生态系统服务价值总体变化呈先增后减趋势,各县(市、区)生态系统服务价值空间分布差异显著,区域城市化水平越高其所贡献的生态系统服务价值越低。(3)当前城市化发展水平与生态系统服务价值演变之间呈显著负相关,经济城市化和土地城市化对生态系统服务功能产生的负面影响较为显著。快速城市化引起区域土地利用的剧烈变化,导致生态景观格局转变,城市人口集聚与工业化导致过度消耗资源与废物排放,对生态系统服务功能产生负面影响。建议提高宁波市城市化发展质量,注重与经济和社会的协同发展。     

基于新经济地理学理论的甘肃省县域经济发展差异

针对甘肃省县域经济发展差异突出的问题,通过构建新经济地理学视角下的区域经济发展差异分析框架,提出了影响区域经济发展差异的相关因素;运用空间探索性数据分析方法分析甘肃县域经济的空间差异分布与集聚情况;通过引入空间矩阵对甘肃省县域经济发展差异进行空间计量分析。结果表明:甘肃省县域经济发展水平具有明显的空间差异性和空间正相关性;相对市场规模、知识存量、产业份额、城镇化水平、贸易自由度及资本投入均是导致县域经济发展差异的重要因素;基于新经济地理学理论的区域经济发展差异分析框架可以解释县域经济发展差异的成因。     

中国服务业空间差异的影响因素与空间分异特征

结合相关分析、回归分析等方法深入剖析中国服务业空间差异的影响因素,进而运用聚类分析和Theil系数探讨中国三大地带间、三大地带内和31个省(区,市)服务业发展的空间分异特征。研究表明:经济发展水平、城市发展程度、市场发育程度、交通通信水平、经济全球化水平和人力资源丰度是影响中国服务业发展空间差异的主要因素;根据31个省(区,市)服务业发展水平的差异,将其划分为发达、次发达、较发达、欠发达和不发达五个基本区域类型;中国服务业空间分异的基本格局总体稳定、略有波动;不同省(区,市)服务业内部结构存在着明显的梯度差异;1990年以来,中国服务业发展的整体差异水平扩张迅速,而三大地带间、地带内的区域差异变动较为缓和,东部地带内省际差异进一步扩大,对全国总体差异的影响最大。     

21世纪以来长三角地区人口-土地城镇化协调度评价

改革开放以来城市化以政府驱动的大规模城镇土地开发为显著特征,新型城镇化强调土地城镇化与人口城镇化的协调发展.通过构建人口与土地城镇化综合指数及协调度评价方法,分析了2000—2015年期间长三角发展最快至转型时期的城市化协调特征,分析表明:长三角地区土地城镇化水平整体低于人口城镇化但增长率更高,2008年后两者进入高协...     

佛山市农业内部生产结构调整与城市化的关系

利用佛山市1978~2002年农业经济活动数据,探讨城市化对农业内部生产结构的影响趋势和程度。结果表明,受城市化水平提高的影响,在农业内部各业占农业总产值的比重中下降最快的是种植业,上升最快的是渔业,而其他各业则变化较小;以生产面积为标志的生产规模缩减最快的是稻谷,扩张最快的是蔬菜;生产的地域结构分化明显,城镇边缘地区逐渐成为蔬菜、花卉等农副产品的专业化生产地带。     

20世纪90年代中国城市发展空间差异变动分析

城市化速度加快,城市区域化和区域城市化以及城镇体系开放性增强等是20世纪90年代中国城市发展的总体特征。以省级行政区为基本空间单元,选取25项城市发展指标, 利用SPSS统计分析软件对1990年和2000年中国城市发展进行主成份分析和聚类分析,得出20世纪90年代中国城市发展空间差异的变动特征是：① 城市发展水平的东西空间差异增大,东部沿海地区城市发展重心南移;② 城市发展速度东部沿海地区快于中西部地区,东部地区的南部大于北部,基础较好的城市集群发展速度较快;③ 东部沿海地区的北京和上海集聚性、外向性和创新性特点都很显著,中西部地区城市发展特征结构仍处于低水平均衡状态。国家目标、战略和政策的作用及其效果累积,城市发展动力机制和地理区位条件的差异是这一时期中国城市发展空间差异变动的主要原因。