On classification of sea surface oil films using TerraSAR-X satellite polarization data

The paper presents the results of applying a new polarization method proposed in [28] to identify the type of surface pollution and differentiate between mineral oil films (crude oil and its emulsion and petroleum products) and films of other origin in sea surface radar images. The method is based on calculation of the quantitative characteristics for the ratios of suppression or intensification of scattered radio signals of different physical nature, viz., caused by capillary ripples several centimeters long, or wave breaking. TerraSAR-X satellite coaxial-polarized (VV/HH) SAR images are used. The data for analysis have been collected in areas where spots and slicks of known origin regularly occur, such as oil spills and natural oil seeps in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caspian Sea, and biogenic films in the Caspian Sea. The results of analyzing radar images from the TerraSAR-X satellite with controlled experimental oil emulsion spills in the North Sea are used for comparison. Based on the analysis of ten TerraSAR-X radar polarization images with surface sensing angles greater than 30°, it is shown that this method makes it possible to distinguish between oil spills and slicks formed by natural oil seeps and biogenic films with an accuracy higher than 80% regardless of the observation area.     

全极化SAR图像中溢油极化特征研究

相比于单极化SAR图像,全极化SAR图像不仅能体现海面目标的几何特征、后向散射特征,还能体现目标的极化特征。因此,在溢油检测方面,极化SAR更具优势。特征提取作为溢油检测的关键步骤,直接影响到溢油检测的精度。在本文中,我们分析了全极化SAR图像中海面溢油的极化特征,如极化散射熵、平均散射角等。并提出了新的极化特征P,该特征参数能够反映海面目标电磁散射过程中布拉格散射机制和镜面散射机制的比例。为了研究极化特征溢油检测的能力,本文基于SIR-C/X-SAR和Radarsat-2全极化SAR图像开展了相关实验,并对比分析了溢油的多种极化特征。实验结果显示,在中低风速情况下,C波段溢油探测效果优于L波段;本文提出的极化特征P对海面散射机制敏感;基准高度和特征参数P在C波段比其他极化特征更适于溢油检测。     

Polarimetric radars and polarimetric SAR data in tasks of detection and identification of marine oil pollution

Detecting and distinguishing different kinds of oil pollution, including spills of crude oil on the sea surface, is one important problem of modern remote sensing. The wide use of imaging radars is not always effective. In this review paper, the main principles and methods of polarization radar imaging and radar data processing are discussed based on present theoretical and experimental approaches and ideas. The efficiency of polarimetric methods for oil-spill detection and accurate identification on the sea surface is demonstrated as well. As is shown, modern methods of multipolarimetric radar-signal processing is a powerful means for improving oil-pollution detection and discrimination algorithms.     

一种基于经验模态分解的SAR图像溢油识别算法

溢油事件的发生会给海洋环境的保护和经济发展带来巨大的影响。运用现代化的监测手段和技术进行监测,及时发现溢油现象和违规行为,保护海洋环境是非常重要的。合成孔径雷达（SAR）技术是溢油检测的有效工具,在SAR图像中溢油表现为黑色的区域,但是黑色区域也可能会由其他的因素引起。本文提出了一种基于二维经验模态分解（BEMD）的方法来识别溢油和疑似溢油。首先通过BEMD方法将感兴趣的区域分解为局部窄带的各分量—内蕴模函数（BIMF）之和,并对分解后得到的各分量IMF进行Hilbert变换,通过Hibert谱分析得到64维的特征空间,然后使用Relief方法得到5个特征向量,最后利用马氏距离分类器进行分类。通过实验结果表明,该方法能够有效、准确地检测出溢油,准确率超过90%。     

A fast,edge-preserving,distance-regularized model with bilateral filtering for oil spill segmentation of SAR images

Marine oil spills are among the most significant sources of marine pollution. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has been used to improve oil spill observations bec...     

基于GA-WNN的极化SAR海洋溢油检测方法研究

海洋溢油对海洋生态和人类生活带来严重的影响。由于合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)具有全天时全天候的工作能力,在海洋溢油检测中发挥重要作用。目前,极化SAR是SAR探测技术的先进手段。本文利用6个极化特征进行溢油检测,通过对比分析这些特征对不同溢油的检测能力,得出单一极化特征在溢油检测中存在不足。通过J-M特征优选方法,提取出溢油检测识别度较高的特征影像,并利用遗传算法优化的小波神经网络(Genetic Algorithm-Wavelet Neural Network,GA-WNN)进行溢油检测。利用2套Radarsat-2全极化数据进行了方法验证,结果表明,该方法优于其他检测方法,溢油检测精度分别达到90.31%和95.42%。     

Oil seeps in the southeastern Black Sea studied using satellite synthetic aperture radar images

One of the tasks being completed while oil pollution monitoring in the Black Sea, was a study of natural seepage. Two known oil seeps are located in the southeastern section, the Georgian sector, from which crude oil enters the marine environment. The archives of European Space Agency and ScanEx Research and Development Center have a considerable quantity of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images acquired in 1993–2011 by the ERS-1/2, Envisat, and Radarsat-1 satellites, on which seep oil slicks are clearly visible in this region. Processing of the collected SAR images with detected slicks in combination with the geoinformation approach has revealed a link of these slicks with the bottom sources on the local sedimentary structure in the Southeast Black Sea; their analysis provides both new insight into this phenomenon and new information to help understand nature of these oil seeps. On the basis of an analysis of collected SAR images and detailed bathymetric data, information on the source positions on the bottom and estimates of oil volumes entering the sea surface are obtained.     

海上溢油极化特征及其探测研究

The SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar) has the capabilities for all-weather day and night use. In the case of determining the effects of oil spill dumping, the oil spills areas are shown as dark spots in the SAR images.Therefore, using SAR data to detect oil spills is becoming progressively popular in operational monitoring, which is useful for oceanic environmental protection and hazard reduction. Research has been conducted on the polarization decomposition and scattering characteristics of oil spills from a scattering matrix using allpolarization of the SAR data, calculation of the polarization parameters, and utilization of the CPD(Co-polarized Phase Difference) of the oil and the sea, in order to extract the oil spill information. This method proves to be effective by combining polarization parameters with the characteristics of oil spill. The results show that when using Bragg, the oil spill backscattering machine with Enopy and a mean scatter α parameter. The oil spill can be successfully identified. However, the parameter mechanism of the oil spill remains unclear. The use of CPD can easily extract oil spill information from the ocean, and the polarization research provides a base for oil spill remote sensing detection.     

波浪作用下海上溢油潜浮于水的机理研究进展

从单油滴角度对波浪作用下漂浮溢油的入水过程(夹带、油滴的形成),演变过程(油滴的变形、破碎和聚并)和上浮过程的研究现状进行综述,介绍了溢油及相关领域的研究手段和实验方法,总结了海上溢油潜浮于水的行为机理及分布规律,并基于实验室和溢油现场的研究成果提出进一步需要探究的问题,为海上溢油污染的应急决策、追踪预测和损害评估等方面提供思路和借鉴。     

Anew oil spill detection algorithm based on Dempster-Shafer evidence theory

Features of oil spills and look-alikes in polarimetric synthetic aperture radar(SAR)images always play an important role in oil spill detection.Many oil spill d...     

Ten years after the enactment of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990: a success or a failure

In response to the Exxon Valdez incident, the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 was enacted as allegedly comprehensive oil pollution legislation. There have been changes in the patterns of oil spills and the strategic response to the Act. The number and volume of oil spills from tank vessels in US waters have fallen considerably without an obvious increase in oil prices since the enactment of the Act. This implies that the Act has successfully served its purpose. The Act may also facilitate the development of other oil pollution regimes including the international regime beyond the US. However, it remains to be seen whether the reduction of oil spills in US waters will be sustained in the future. There is an irreducible risk irrespective of any policy controlling oil pollution risks. The assertion that the Act has been effective in deterring oil spills may be counteracted by statistics demonstrating that the number and quantity of oil spills have also declined worldwide since 1990. It is premature to evaluate the performance of the Act because it has not so far been tested by a major oil spill since its enactment. A major oil spill in US waters in the future would illuminate limitation of the Act and lead to a fundamental reconsideration of the structure of the Act.     

Acceptance of the international compensation regime for tanker oil pollution – And its implications for China

The international compensation regime for tanker oil pollution has been successful in providing adequate and prompt compensation to pollution victims in its member states. Nevertheless, the attitudes of different countries toward acceptance of this regime have varied considerably. This paper aims to explain three main factors in the acceptance of the regime, including: (1) The level of economic development; (2) the risk of exposure to tanker oil spills; and (3) the financial burden associated with adherence to the International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund (IOPC). Using both fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis and an Ordered Probit model, this study found two patterns causing upper-middle and high income countries to have a high acceptance level: (a) Those facing a medium risk of oil spills and having a low financial burden; and (b) those facing a high risk of oil spills. The study reveals that, for a country with a high risk of exposure to tanker oil spills, such as China, with its improvement in economic status it is far better for it to join the IOPC Fund, so as to provide better protection both for potential pollution victims and for the marine environment. The results of this study can also be applied to other countries that are considering whether or not to accept the international compensation regime for tanker oil pollution.     

基于二维激光观测的溢油及其乳化过程散射模式研究进展

合成孔径雷达(SAR)以其高分辨率、能不受雨云影响实施全天时全天候全方位监测,在海面溢油灾害应急监测过程中发挥着越来越重要的作用。溢油是因为海面油膜抑制了毛细波和重力波,在SAR图像上呈暗斑而被识别。然而,海面溢油的乳化过程直接影响SAR对海面溢油后向散射截面的观测精度。本研究以物理海洋学和激光原理以及海面电磁散射理论为基础,通过实验利用激光扫描仪观测海面溢油粗糙度,分别与溢油特征参数、后向散射系数建立对应关系;耦合海面溢油参数与后向散射截面的关系,利用电磁散射数值建模方法,建立海面溢油散射模型,研究海面溢油乳化过程对微波后向散射截面的影响。本项目的研究将为SAR监测海面溢油量、溢油厚度及油品分布格局提供了可能;将进一步揭示海面溢油的散射机制,提高SAR海面监测溢油的精度和能力。     

A physical approach for the observation of oil spills in SAR images

In this paper, a physical approach to support oil spills observation over synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images is presented. Electromagnetic model is based on an enhanced damping model that takes into account oil viscoelastic properties and wind speed. As a matter of fact, a multisensor approach is considered and a constant false alarm rate (CFAR) filter is used to minimize speckle effect. A set of experiments is presented and discussed. They show that oil spill processing is effective over single-look SAR images using mean input data.     

多极化SAR溢油探测影响因素分析研究

Polarimetric synthetic aperture radar(SAR) oil spill detection parameters conformity coefficient(μ), Muller matrix parameters(|C|, B_0), the eigenvalues of simplified coherency matrix(λ_(nos)) and the influence of SAR observing parameters, ocean environment and noise level are investigated. Radarsat-2 data are used to make systematic analysis of polarimetric parameters for different incidences, wind speeds, noise levels and the ocean phenomena(oil slick and look likes). The influence of the SAR observing parameters, the ocean environment and the noise level on the typical polarimetric SAR parameter conformity coefficient has been analyzed. The results indicate that conformity coefficient cannot be simply used for oil spill detection, which represents the image signal to the noise level to some extent. When the signals are below the noise level for the oil slick and the look likes, the conformity coefficients are negative; while the signals above the noise level corresponds to positive conformity coefficients. For dark patches(low wind and biogenic slick) with the signal below the noise,polarization features such as conformity coefficient cannot separate them with oil slick. For the signal above the noise, the oil slick, the look likes(low wind and biogenic slick) and clean sea all have positive conformity coefficients, among which, the oil slick has the smallest conformity coefficient, the look likes the second, and the clean sea the largest value. For polarimetric SAR data oil spill detection, the noise plays a significant role. So the polarimetric SAR data oil spill detection should be carried out on the basis of noise consideration.     

Declining Arctic Ocean oil and gas developments: Opportunities to improve governance and environmental pollution control

There has been global interest in the exploitation of rich hydrocarbon resources in the Arctic for decades. However, recent low oil prices, a low carbon economy climate agenda, and technical challenges of Arctic oil extraction have curbed interest in these Arctic resources. Despite a recent reluctance to explore and develop an offshore Arctic drilling industry, a resurgence in oil and gas prices could spark renewed interests that could pose unacceptable risks of pollution from oil spills. These risks are further compounded by complex governance and sovereignty issues between circumpolar nations. This paper (i) compares cycles of Arctic hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation activity with global energy prices; (ii) outlines current pollution abatement techniques under pan-Arctic national regulations to identify potential gaps; (iii) describes current international frameworks for Arctic governance to highlight how problems could arise if offshore oil drilling returns to the Arctic and associated spills migrate to international waters; and (iv) provides policy recommendations to aid both national and international policy-makers regarding pollution abatement methods for future Arctic drilling.     

不同海洋微藻对石油污染的响应差异

微藻对油污染物的不同响应,势必造成其群落种类组成和结构的变化,进一步影响海洋生态系统的变迁。由于油污染对于浮游植物的影响具有污染源及生物响应的多样性、多维度性和复杂性,产生影响的时效长但可显示度低等特点,造成该研究领域的极大限制。作者以石油标准品20-3和3种石油化学品(双酚、对苯二甲酸、对二甲苯)作为油污染源,利用多孔板高通量检测方法及大数据处理分析软件Simca-P,对中国沿海常见单种微型藻类的种群消长受油污染影响进行了研究。以石油标准品20-3为油污染源,分析了31株微藻增殖对不同油标浓度的不同响应;利用Simca-P软件对3种不同浓度的石油化学品对4种典型微藻(柔弱角刺藻(Chaetoceros debilis)、球等鞭金藻(Isochrysis galbana)、东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)、剧毒卡罗藻(Karlodinum veneficum))增殖的影响进行了比较分析。研究结果显示:不同种类微藻因油污种类及其浓度不同,其响应存在显著差异。利用多孔板以及微藻的吸光特征,可以高通量快速筛查不同微藻对不同油污及其不同浓度的响应差异,并利用计算机软件对大数据的分析能力,挖掘和比较不同微藻与不同油污之间的相互关系,从而就油污染对微藻影响这种多维度复杂关系进行研究。     

基于GF-3的不同极化方式SAR图像海面油膜识别的比较 ——以"桑吉"轮事故为例

基于我国自主研发的首颗分辨率达到1m的C频段多极化合成孔径雷达高分三号卫星(GF-3),通过典型溢油案例定性和定量地比较了双极化与单极化图像预处理性能,分析了不同的极化组合对海面油膜识别结果的影响。得出结论:同向极化与异向极化成像差异明显,VV极化明显比VH极化回波强度高,并且油膜识别度较高;相反,双极化VHVV方式与单极化VH方式图像效果区别不大,双极化方式并不能绝对性地提高地物识别度。     

基于全极化SAR的浙江衢山岛DEM信息提取

数字高程模型(digital elevation model, DEM)是重要的地理信息,合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar, SAR)是提取数字高程模型的有效手段之一。本文以浙江衢山岛部分地区为研究区,利用2013年11月27日的Radarsat-2四极化精细工作模式极化SAR数据计算了研究区方位向两相邻分辨单元之间的极化方位角偏移量,从极化方位角偏移量提取了方位向坡度信息,得到了研究区地形的高程数据,并利用实测数据对提取的DEM信息进行了精度检验。结果表明,在海岸带及近海岛礁区域,单景全极化雷达DEM测量是可行的,计算结果的平均相对误差为20%,造成误差的主要原因是海面杂波造成的起算面的改变以及植被的树枝叶层造成方位角的变化导致的高程计算偏差。     

基于多核SVM决策融合模型的海面原油多光谱遥感检测研究

海面溢油事故发生后需要进行精准的溢油检测,从而为溢油事故现场应急响应与海面污染的快速有效处理提供支持。利用哨兵二号(Sentinel-2)多光谱遥感影像,基于最佳指数因子(OIF)构建光谱特征指数提取海面溢油光谱特征,基于灰度共生矩阵(GLCM)提取海面溢油纹理特征,利用巴氏距离法进行特征选择,构建海面溢油空谱特征数据集。提出了多核决策融合支持向量机(SVM)海面原油检测模型,对黄海4.27“交响乐号”油轮溢油事故开展检测研究。实验结果表明,在复杂水色背景下,经过筛选的最佳空谱特征数据集检测结果的总体精度可以达到89.25%,Kappa系数为0.854,F₁分数可达0.889;多核SVM决策融合后的总体精度可以达到90.26%,Kappa系数为0.866,F₁可达0.898,总体精度较单核提高了1.0%~8.2%,Kappa系数提高了0.013~0.122,F₁分数提高了0.009~0.097。实验结果表明,海面溢油检测模型具有较高的溢油检测精度和模型鲁棒性,适用于海面溢油检测研究。