趋势面分析与相干体技术在火山岩预测中的应用

根据近年来的研究成果,火山岩顶面在形态上主要呈穹窿状,形成局部隆起的构造圈闭,可利用趋势面分析的方法寻找火山口隆起的分布.火山岩气藏往往是复合型气藏,它不仅受火山口的构造控制,还与有利的火山岩储层密切相关,可利用相干体切片技术来圈定有利储层的分布范围.通过这两种技术的结合,既可确定火山口的分布又可圈定有利储层的分布范围,成为近期井位部署的重要技术手段,对火山岩气藏的预测具有普遍意义.     

用佘山地震台观测资料进行中长期地震趋势异常分析

通过对上海观测的形变资料,运用EIS 2000软件,分析余山地震台倾斜记录资料的中期趋势.在排除干扰的前提下,结合差分、一阶差分等各种分析方法来分析这一区域的形变资料.发现强震发生前,余山地震台的倾斜仪器从中期趋势上出现了明显的趋势转折、加速、变化现象.在差分异常频次累加等分析方法中,也找到了类似的大震前的能量异常现象,值得关注.     

测井资料岩石物理分析在苏西地区储层预测研究中的应用

苏里格地区天然气资源量丰富,勘探前景广阔,是我国油气增储上产的重要区域.研究区位于苏里格气田的西侧,该区储层段砂岩与泥岩的纵波速度、密度和纵波阻抗等常规参数相互叠置,叠后波阻抗反演难以解决该区储层预测和流体识别问题.为此,利用测井资料,开展了以地震岩石物理参数分析、弹性阻抗分析、流体替换及AVO特征分析为基础的叠前储层预测可行性研究.研究结果表明:岩石的弹性参数能够很好地区分岩性,并优选出反映储层或含气性的敏感参数,如纵横波速度比、泊松比、拉梅系数和拉梅系数/剪切模量对含气性具有良好的识别能力;不同角度的弹性阻抗既可以识别岩性,也可以区分气层和非气层;利用AVO属性可以预测盒8砂岩是否含气,但不能预测其是否具有工业价值.上述研究为该区开展地震叠前储层预测和流体识别研究提供了依据,使得该区的储层预测更具针对性.     

Hydrological trend analysis with innovative and over-whitening procedures

Different statistical methodologies can be employed to identify possible trend components in any hydro-meteorological time series. A pre-whitening (P-W) procedure has been suggested to reduce the serial correlation effect on Mann-Kendall (M-K) trend analysis. In this paper, instead of P-W, an over-whitening (O-W) procedure is suggested, which generates serially independent series with the same trend slope value. Analytically necessary formulations for O-W are presented with a non-parametric but simple innovative trend assessment procedure, which are supported by extensive simulation studies. The applications of the methodology are presented for eight factual time series records from tropical, temperate and arid regions including temperature, rainfall, streamflow, relative humidity and CO₂ concentrations for different short and long durations. Relative humidity and CO₂ records are monthly time series and, hence, there are trend and periodicity components. It is noticed in all cases that the natural trends remain as they were after the O-W procedure, thus providing an opportunity to determine reliably the trends embedded even in the serially dependent series. The O-W procedure is applicable even in the cases of periodicity in the original records.     

山东临沂地区砂土剪切波速与标准贯入击数关系统计分析

剪切波速(V_S)与标贯击数(N)之间存在相关关系,受地区土壤条件影响很大。对临沂地区场地实测得到的砂土的剪切波速和标贯击数之间的关系进行了统计分析,得到了砾砂、粗砂、中砂和细砂相应的关系曲线。结果发现受沉积环境的影响,砂土层粒径与埋深呈正相关,砂土粒径越大其密实段样本点数量越多。为消除不同密实程度段之间的相互影响,以密实度为划分标准进一步进行分区段统计分析,得到了不同密实程度的四类砂土的相关关系方程,通过实际钻孔数据对比了分段与不分段的统计分析结果,分段模拟能更好地反映两者之间的相关关系。将砂土根据密实度进行划分再给出剪切波速和标贯击数的回归关系可以提高分析结果的准确性,同时可以考虑土体特性的影响,更为科学。此研究为临沂地区提供了一种简便预估剪切波速的方法,对相关地区的工程建设和科学研究也具有参考价值。     

合肥形变台短水准测量资料趋势及震例分析

前言 合肥形变台位于安徽省肥东县桥头集。测量场地所在区域是我国东部一个特殊的构造部位,处于新华夏系第二隆起带和秦岭纬向构造带,淮阳山字形东翼弧的复合部位,也是华北、华南两个地史发展特点不同的构造单元的接壤过渡地带。在区域应力场作用下断层发     

Using near-surface seismic refraction tomography and multichannel analysis of surface waves to detect shallow tunnels: A feasibility study

Near-surface seismic refraction and surface wave data were collected at a site to determine the feasibility and limitations of using these seismic methods to detect and localize a shallow tunnel in unconsolidated sediments. Data sets were collected both before and after the construction of the tunnel. We were able to detect the air-filled cavity using multichannel analysis of surface waves. The refraction tomography results showed the tunnel location in the raypath coverage plots, but only small velocity variations were observed. In tandem the two methods would reduce false positives, but individually the false alarm rate would likely be high due to non-uniqueness of the results. In this geologic setting, these methods are not the best choice of geophysical methods to detect clandestine tunnels and should be combined with other geophysical techniques to improve and constrain interpretations.     

利用静态、动态应力降比值判断东北地震震后趋势

统计分析2005年以来黑龙江及周边地区中强地震的频谱特征,分别计算各地震的应力降,利用静态与动态应力降比值,判断该区中强地震震后趋势。研究发现,2005年以来该区中强震Y值较大,在0.3—0.6,以孤立型地震为主。     

Sensitivity of tidal sand wavelength to environmental parameters: A combined data analysis and modelling approach

An integrated field data-modelling approach is employed to investigate relationships between the wavelength of tidal sand waves and four environmental parameters: tidal current amplitude, water depth, tidal ellipticity and median grain size. From echo sounder data at 23 locations on the Dutch continental shelf, the average wavelengths of observed sand waves are determined and compared with the wavelengths obtained with a process-based model. The latter describes the initial formation of these bedforms due to feedbacks between the tidal current and the erodible bed and uses environmental parameters for the 23 locations as input. Good agreement between observed and modelled wavelengths is found if the bottom stress experienced by tidal currents is adequately quantified. Model results show that the wavelength of sand waves increases with increasing water depth, tidal ellipticity and grain size (coarse sand), whilst it decreases with increasing tidal current amplitude and grain size (fine sand). Due to the limited number of stations and the fact that all four parameters change from location to location, the modelled relationships are only partly supported by the field observations.     

Slab foundation subjected to thrust faulting in dry sand: Parametric analysis and simplified design method

Motivated by recent case histories of faulting-induced damage to structures (Chi-Chi, 1999; Wenchuan 2008), this paper applies a thoroughly validated finite element analysis methodology to study the response of slab foundations subjected to thrust faulting. A parametric study is conducted, investigating the effect of key response parameters. It is shown that the stressing of the foundation, and consequently of the superstructure, stems mainly from loss of support. Depending on the geometry, loss of support takes place either under the edges or under the middle of the foundation, generating hogging or sagging deformation, respectively. Increasing the weight of the structure and/or decreasing soil stiffness leads to less stressing of the foundation. Surprisingly, even when the fault rupture emerges beyond the structure, completely avoiding the foundation, substantial foundation distress may still be generated. Exploiting the results of the parametric study, a simplified design method is developed, calling for conventional static analysis of a slab on Winkler supports, “simulating” the fault rupture by removing Winkler springs from equivalent area(s) of loss of support. The latter can be estimated with the help of design charts, further facilitating its use in practice. The proposed simplified method should not be viewed as a general design tool, but as a first idea of a practical solution to the investigated problem.     

An automated cross‐correlation based event detection technique and its application to a surface passive data set

In studies on heavy oil, shale reservoirs, tight gas and enhanced geothermal systems, the use of surface passive seismic data to monitor induced microseismicity due to the fluid flow in the subsurface is becoming more common. However, in most studies passive seismic records contain days and months of data and manually analysing the data can be expensive and inaccurate. Moreover, in the presence of noise, detecting the arrival of weak microseismic events becomes challenging. Hence, the use of an automated, accurate and computationally fast technique for event detection in passive seismic data is essential. The conventional automatic event identification algorithm computes a running‐window energy ratio of the short‐term average to the long‐term average of the passive seismic data for each trace. We show that for the common case of a low signal‐to‐noise ratio in surface passive records, the conventional method is not sufficiently effective at event identification. Here, we extend the conventional algorithm by introducing a technique that is based on the cross‐correlation of the energy ratios computed by the conventional method. With our technique we can measure the similarities amongst the computed energy ratios at different traces. Our approach is successful at improving the detectability of events with a low signal‐to‐noise ratio that are not detectable with the conventional algorithm. Also, our algorithm has the advantage to identify if an event is common to all stations (a regional event) or to a limited number of stations (a local event). We provide examples of applying our technique to synthetic data and a field surface passive data set recorded at a geothermal site.