港珠澳大桥青州航道桥桥墩基础冲刷试验研究

桥墩基础冲刷是桥梁毁坏的重要因素,是桥梁基础设计的关键指标之一。目前国内外对于桥墩基础在复杂动力条件下冲刷深度的研究常采用物理模型试验方法,利用正态系列模型方法,在波流水槽中研究了水流、潮流和波流共同作用下青州航道桥索塔基础周围流态变化和局部冲刷特征。研究结果表明,桥墩最大冲刷深度和冲淤范围与水流流速、桥墩轴线与水流夹角和波浪等因素有关;在潮流最大流速和恒定流流速一致情况下,桥墩局部冲刷深度达到平衡后,将会达到与恒定流基本一致的最大冲深;波流共同作用下的最大冲刷深度比恒定流增加10%左右。设计桥墩形状在100年一遇水流和波浪共同作用下桥墩基础局部最大冲刷深度为13.7 m。     

New formula of local scour depth of the near-shore sand waves covcred areas: Sutong Bridge

利用多波束水深仪、浅地层剖面仪和多普勒流速仪对长江口苏通大桥南、北主墩区域现场测量,结果显示主墩周围最大冲刷深度为8.3m和19.6m.建墩前后河床形态变化显著,建墩后桥墩所在床面由平床改变为典型不对称沙波发育,平均波长为30.8m和23.1m,平均波高为4.2m和9.4m,陡坡朝向下游.基于实测水文条件和地形资料,以沙波起动流速和落急最大流速分别取代单向流作用下“平床”假定的桥墩局部冲刷计算公式中单颗粒泥沙的起动流速和墩前流速,获得河口涨落潮双向流作用下沙波底床桥墩局部冲刷计算公式.且该公式计算的苏通大桥南、北主墩局部冲刷深度为9.5m和22.1m,非常接近实测值.     

长江口沙波分布区桥墩局部冲刷深度计算公式的改进

利用多波束水深仪、浅地层剖面仪和多普勒流速仪对长江口苏通大桥南、北主墩区域现场测量,结果显示主墩周围最大冲刷深度为8.3 m和19.6 m。建墩前后河床形态变化显著,建墩后桥墩所在床面由平床改变为典型不对称沙波发育,平均波长为30.8 m和23.1 m,平均波高为4.2 m和9.4 m,陡坡朝向下游。基于实测水文条件和地形资料,以沙波起动流速和落急最大流速分别取代单向流作用下"平床"假定的桥墩局部冲刷计算公式中单颗粒泥沙的起动流速和墩前流速,获得河口涨落潮双向流作用下沙波底床桥墩局部冲刷计算公式。且该公式计算的苏通大桥南、北主墩局部冲刷深度为9.5 m和22.1 m,非常接近实测值。     

波浪水流共同作用下人工岛周围局部冲刷的研究

本文采用系列模型延伸法研究粉砂质海床上的人工岛在波浪和水流共同作用下的局部冲刷问题。对两个不同比尺的模型岛进行动床实验，测得模型岛周围底砂的冲刷深度及冲刷范围，将这两个比尺模型的实验结果经延伸而获得原体人工岛周围可能发生的最大冲刷深度。同时，在理论上探讨了模型与原体之间最大冲刷深度的比尺关系。研究中对三种不同方向组合的波流作用下人工岛周围的局部冲刷进行了实验，结果表明，以波流同向时的冲刷最为严重。     

山东海阳海上风电场桩基冲刷计算与选址

针对海上风电桩基受波浪、海流长期冲刷而造成的局部冲刷问题。本文选取海阳海上风电场为研究区,基于实测表层沉积物、长期气象、波浪和潮流数据,通过利用桩基局部冲刷经验公式计算了海阳海上风电场区桩基在不同动力条件、布设方案和环境条件下的冲刷特征,进而分析了桩基选址的考虑因素。结果表明,风电场区为局部弱冲刷区域,在1年一遇波浪情况3个常波浪方向2 m和6 m桩墩直径的条件下,场区桩墩冲刷深度最大值2.23 m,冲刷深度范围0.62～2.25 m。桩柱直径也与冲刷深度呈正相关特征,风机直径为8 m时对区域冲淤环境影响较小。此外,由于风电场区波浪对于海床具有显著影响,应采用考虑风、浪、流较全面的公式计算桩基的冲刷深度,同时在桩墩的布设位置选择时应综合考虑布设区域海床稳定性、风能大小、桩柱的直径、海床土层稳定性等特征要素。     

波浪水流共同作用下人工岛周围局部冲刷的研究

本文采用系列模型延伸法研究粉砂质海床上的人工岛在波浪和水流共同作用下的局部冲刷问题，对两个不同比尺的模型岛进行动床实验，测得模型岛周围底砂的冲刷深度及冲刷范围，将这两个比尺模型的实验结果经延伸而获得原体人工岛周围可能发生的最大冲刷深度，同时，在理论上探讨了模型与原体之间最大冲刷深度的比尺关系，研究中对三种不同方向组合的波流作用下人工岛周围的局部冲刷进行了实验，结果表明，以波流同向时的冲刷最为严重。     

淤泥质海岸近海风电塔基局部冲刷计算研究

在淤泥质海岸修建近海风电塔基时,局部冲刷深度是设计的主要参数,目前相关研究成果较少。针对苏北淤泥质海岸拟建的响水近海风电塔基,选取自然条件相似的胜利埕岛油田海洋平台桩基局部冲刷现场观测资料,对常用的三种桩基局部冲刷公式进行了验证比较,推荐较为适宜的计算公式。在此基础上,提出了考虑波浪作用的改进方法,并对响水近海风电塔基的局部冲刷深度进行了计算。研究结果表明:1)经过对比分析,韩海骞公式较为适宜用来计算淤泥质海岸近海风电塔基的局部冲刷深度;2)对于淤泥质海岸近海风电塔基来说,波浪作用较为重要,不可忽略,可以采用波生流的方法加以考虑。     

大尺度圆柱墩群周围的波流场的数值模拟

本文对波流共同作用下大尺度圆柱墩群周围的波流场进行了数值研究。利用波浪弥散关系的迭代计算求得波向与流向的夹角以及波浪的相对频率。流场通过求解浅水环流方程得到,波浪场通过求解含流的缓坡方程得到,通过二者的迭代计算得到大尺度圆柱墩群周围的波流场的耦合解。用有限元法建立了数值模型,并将本文的计算数据与试验数据以及其他学者计算数据进行了比较,结果较为合理。     

辽东湾近海波流作用下的泥沙浓度特征分析研究

海岸和河口地区是波浪和潮流相互作用最复杂的区域,在潮流和波浪作用下,该区域泥沙运动是当下的研究热点,也是难点。为探究波浪和潮流共同作用下的泥沙悬浊度的分布情况,本文采用辽东湾近海区域实测水文及泥沙悬浊度数据,进行波流作用下的泥沙浓度特征分析研究。分析显示:观测期间,潮流呈现半日潮性质,呈现东北-西南走向,涨潮流流速略大于落潮流流速;观测期间波浪以西南向波浪为主;泥沙浓度与垂向水深呈正比关系,且与流速相关性较好,而与波高、波浪周期相关性较差;利用窦国仁公式对辽东湾近岸泥沙浓度与动力条件关系进行拟合分析,得到α、β分别为0.0045和0.00037,相关系数γ=0.76。     

基于FLOW-3D的三维数值波流水槽的构建及应用研究

为获得具有自由液面的三维波流水槽,基于FLOW-3D有限差分程序,选用RNG?-?紊流模型,基于线性波速度入口法造波,采用VOF方法对自由液面进行追踪。构建具有自由液面的三维波流联合作用数值水槽,对比压力出流边界与Sammerfeld辐射边界发现,在波流水槽内采用压力出流边界能够保持流体体积守恒,波形稳定;加入的孔隙结构,不仅能保证良好的消波效果,而且流体能够顺利通过,对消除反射波影响效果良好;与实验结果对比发现,垂向时均流速与实验数据拟合较好。波流场中桩柱前形成明显下潜水流及漩涡,是形成局部冲刷主要原因。本文所构建的波流数值模型波形稳定、具有良好的波流特性,能较好反应波浪与水流之间的相互作用,可进一步模拟波流场与结构物之间的相互作用或波流作用下泥沙冲刷等研究。     

Measurement of scour in cohesive soils around a vertical pile - simplified instrumentation and regression analysis

The flow-structure interaction in an ocean environment, for a pile placed in an erodible bed where currents and waves are of prime concern, changes the bed elevation due to scour in the vicinity of the obstruction. There are certain difficulties in predicting the scour depth, as the particulate movement of sediments due to scour is time-dependent. Considering the complexity of the problem, an instrumentation system has been developed for measuring scour depth with time. This paper outlines the experimental laboratory techniques used to measure scour around pile foundations in silty-clay sediments. Detailed laboratory testing on model piles having a diameter of 50-110 mm was carried out in a wave flume having a length of 30 m and a width of 2.0 m. The motivation of these studies is to obtain observational experience of scour rate in silty-clay soil. Scour depths were monitored continuously for different combinations of wave characteristics and current velocities, and scour-time history is measured. Based on the measurements, a relationship for the scour depth in terms of duration of flow, soil properties, model characteristics, and fluid parameters is presented.     

A simplified instrumentation for measuring scour in silty clay around a vertical pile

The obstruction to flow around a pile placed in an erodible seabed causes scour leading to changes in the bed elevation in the vicinity of the pile. In the present investigation, scour around piles induced by the seabed current has been studied in a wave flume using model piles of diameters 50, 90 and 110 mm embedded in a silty clay soil bed. The particulate movement due to scour is time dependent and in case of sediments with particle sizes ranging upto clay fractions, the measurement of scour becomes extremely difficult. This paper presents a simplified experimental technique for the measurement of scour depth with time around a pile foundation in a silty clay soil.     

A wave-flume study of scour at a pile breakwater: Solitary waves

Understanding the sediment transport and the resulting scour around coastal structures such as pile breakwaters under local extreme wave conditions is important for the foundation safety of various coastal structures. This study reports a wave-flume experiment investigating the scour induced by solitary waves at a pile breakwater, which consists of a row of closely spaced large piles. A wave blacking gate with a simple operation procedure in the experiment was designed to eliminate possible multiple reflections of the solitary wave inside the flume. An underwater laser scanner and a point probe were used in combination to provide high-resolution data of the bed profile around the pile breakwater. Effects of incident wave height and local water depth on the maximum scour depth, the maximum deposition height and the total scour and deposition volumes were examined. An existing empirical formula describing the evolution of the scour at a single pile in current or waves was extended to describe the scour at the pile breakwater under the action of multiple solitary waves, and new empirical coefficients were obtained by fitting the formula to the new experimental data to estimate the equilibrium scour depth. It appears that the maximum scour depth and the total scour volume are two reliable quantities for validation of numerical models developed for the scour around pile breakwaters under highly nonlinear wave conditions.     

湛江某海上风电桩基局部冲刷特征研究

海上风电场桩基局部冲刷是工程设计与运行阶段的重要参数之一。基于湛江某海上风电场桩基3次现场局部冲刷实测数据,进行冲刷坑最大深度、冲刷坑半径和冲淤变化特征的分析与研究;根据桩基局部冲刷经验公式,采用工程海域实测海洋水文动力学数据进行最大冲刷深度与冲刷半径的计算,并进行公式计算值的对比与分 析。结果表明:桩基础在防冲刷设施的保护下,3次实测最大冲刷深度基本稳定为4.0 m,最大冲刷深度与桩径之比为0.57。而经验公式的最大冲刷深度与桩径之比均超过了1.1,说明桩基防冲刷设施取得了一定的效果,冲刷坑半径的计算值与现场实测值吻合较好。建议海上风电场在运行阶段进一步加强桩基冲刷坑监测与防护。     

潮流作用下海上风电群桩基础局部冲刷与防护试验研究

海上风电基础局部冲刷会影响风电结构的稳定,对海上风电的安全运行至关重要。以四腿群桩导管架基础为研究对象,对潮流条件下基础局部冲刷开展试验研究。试验结果表明：0°水流条件下,最大冲刷深度为1.05倍桩径;45°水流条件下,最大冲刷深度为0.97倍桩径。并探索了新型蜂巢结构在群桩基础防冲刷中的应用,设计了蜂巢格室防护方案,发现在蜂巢防护情况下,两个流向作用于四腿群桩基础时最大冲刷深度仅为无防护情况下的27.3%和25.9%,表明蜂巢格室在海上风电基础的冲刷防护方面具有良好效果,在实际工程中具有较大的应用潜力。     

Current-induced scour around a vertical pile in cohesive soil

Stability of many ocean structures is affected by seabed scour induced by under-currents. The depth of scour is an important parameter for determining the minimum depth of foundations as it reduces the lateral capacity of the foundations. A review of the literature reveals that there is not much information available in the field of scour in cohesive soils. Hence, a detailed laboratory testing programme on model piles of diameters 50 mm to 110 mm embedded in soft silty clay soil was carried out in a wave flume of 30 m long, 2.0 m wide and 1.7 m deep, which has the capability of simulating steady currents. Scour around the pile due to steady streaming is monitored by using special instrumentation. A procedure has been suggested to predict the ultimate scour depths based on the observed variation in scour depth over a limited time period. The study indicates that the ultimate scour depth is controlled by diameter of obstruction, current velocity, model Reynolds number, flow Froude number, shear stress, and soil characteristics. Based on these results, a few functional relationships are suggested between scour depth and other parameters like Reynolds number, Froude number, and strength of the soil bed.     

波浪作用下桶形基础冲刷特性试验研究

在设计结构和考虑有效的海洋工程基础的冲刷防护工程时,了解和预测海洋结构周围的冲刷发展机理是非常重要的。通过波流水槽研究规则波作用下桶形基础的冲刷特性,试验主要考虑波高与结构尺寸对桶形基础周围局部冲刷的影响,并分析波浪冲刷过程中模型周围的时程地形、波浪作用后的冲刷坑性状、冲刷影响要素以及不同结构间的冲刷差异。结果表明:桶形基础的冲刷过程是震荡加深发展,最大冲刷深度与冲刷宽度随波高增大而增加,随上部结构直径增大而增加,最大冲刷深度位置随波高与结构尺寸变化而变化;不同结构间的冲刷坑形态与冲刷后的地形不同,最大冲刷深度相差可高达4倍;桶形基础结构直径比范围为0.2～0.5时,结构自身具有防冲刷能力。     

Local Scour Around Piles Under Wave Action

The model tests are performed with regular waves, and the effect of wave height, wave period, water depth, sediment size and pile diameter is evaluated. The shape and size of local scour around piles are studied. There are three typical scour patterns due to wave action. It is found that a relationship exists between the erosion depth and the wave number. An empirical formula of the maximum local scour is thus derived.