影响广西热带气旋与海洋大气低频振荡的关联性分析

使用1951—2020年热带气旋资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析、PDO指数、NOAA OLR、副热带高压指数等资料,从海洋大气低频振荡角度分析影响广西热带气旋气候异常可能原因。结果表明,90年代以来影响广西热带气旋年际变化幅度增大,表现出向极端异常变化的趋势。从印度洋到西太平洋存在明显的MJO向东传播,对流抑制位相较弱、持续时间短,对流增强位相较强,影响广西热带气旋偏多。反之,从印度洋到西太平洋无MJO活动或强度较弱,存在较强的低频对流抑制带向东传播、持续时间长,较强的低频对流带位于东太平洋,影响广西热带气旋偏少。影响广西热带气旋减少趋势与PDO指数增大有密切的联系,可能与在印度洋、太平洋海温增暖背景下副热带高压强度偏强及西伸脊点偏西有关。     

热带大气季节内振荡对江西5月降水的影响

利用实时的热带大气季节内振荡(MJO)指数和江西省83个台站降水资料,通过位相合成方法分析了MJO对江西5月降水的影响。(1) 在强MJO第4～5位相(MJO活动中心位于赤道印度洋东部印尼群岛附近)江西降水为正异常,在第6～8位相(MJO活动中心位于西太平洋以东)和第1～3位相(MJO活动中心位于赤道印度洋)为负异常,其中以第4位相的正异常和第7位相的负异常最明显。(2) 当MJO对流中心位于印尼群岛附近时,副高西伸脊点偏西,处于异常西南风控制,从西太平洋副热带地区向江西输送的水汽加强,位于水汽辐合区内,受上升运动控制,有利于江西出现降水。当MJO传播至西太平洋地区时,江西转为受异常偏北风控制,水汽输送减弱,为水汽辐散区,受下沉运动控制,不利于江西出现降水。      

热带大气季节内振荡对华西秋雨的影响

热带大气季节内振荡(MJO)对中国的降水具有明显的调节作用,研究MJO对华西秋雨的影响对于提高华西秋雨的季节内预测能力具有重要的意义。利用1979 2012年9 10月澳大利亚气象局提供的实时多变量MJO指数、中国台站逐日降水资料以及NCEP再分析资料,通过异常合成分析的方法研究了MJO对华西秋雨的影响以及相应环流背景场的变化。研究表明,在MJO对流主体自西向东传播的过程中,华西地区的秋季降水量呈先增加后减少的趋势。当MJO对流主体位于印度洋中西部(1~2位相)时,华西秋雨偏多,当MJO对流主体位于印度洋东部至太平洋中西部(3~8位相)时,华西秋雨偏少。其中MJO对流主体位于中东印度洋(第2位相)和西太平洋(第7位相)时,华西地区秋季有降水最大正异常和最大负异常。与此同时,对应分析MJO不同位相上的高空形势场和中低空流场、水汽输送、垂直运动的异常变化发现:第1、2位相时,我国上空出现两槽一脊、西低东高的环流形势,此时华西地区冷空气活动频繁,且孟加拉湾、南海和西太平洋对华西地区的水汽输送较强,有利于干冷与暖湿气流在华西地区交汇,水汽辐合、上升运动亦显著,从而造成降水偏多;第7位相时,我国上空受较强的西风带长波脊控制,并且三个海区对华西地区的水汽输送较弱,水汽辐散、下沉运动亦较强,造成降水偏少。     

热带印度洋MJO对4—6月长江中下游地区降水的影响

利用站点降水资料、美国气候预测中心(CPC)的MJO指数和NCEP/DOE AMIP-II再分析资料,研究了热带印度洋MJO对4—6月长江中下游地区降水的影响及可能机制。(1) 热带印度洋MJO对长江中下游地区降水有显著影响:热带印度洋MJO偏强(偏弱)时,同期以及滞后1～2候时该地区降水偏多(偏少)。(2) 热带印度洋MJO处在不同位相时,大尺度背景场有明显的差别:热带印度洋MJO偏强(偏弱)时,同期以及滞后1～2候时MJO活跃对流中心位于热带印度洋(西太平洋),西太平洋副热带地区表现为反气旋性(气旋性)环流异常,孟加拉湾为气旋性(反气旋性)环流异常,长江中下游地区出现了异常上升(下沉)运动,水汽辐合增强(减弱);伴随MJO的东传,水汽输送异常来源有所变化。(3) 热带印度洋MJO通过激发Gill型响应和Rossby波列,对长江中下游地区降水产生影响。      

热带MJO对2009年11月我国东部大范围雨雪天气的可能影响

结合对历史资料的分析,研究了2009年11月热带地区一次强的热带大气季节内振荡（MJO）过程与11月我国东部大范围雨雪天气的可能联系,结果表明2009年11月强的MJO过程是我国东部大范围雨雪天气的一个重要的影响因子。MJO对流11月上中旬在印度洋地区异常活跃,尤其是MJO对流中心在第3位相（印度洋中东部）维持了9天（7—16日）,对应了11月两次最强的降水（雪）过程。对MJO历史事件的合成分析显示,当MJO对流位于印度洋时,我国东部大部地区降水概率明显增加,温度偏低,与2009年11月的实况一致。中高纬地区大气环流的异常有可能受到热带MJO对流强迫的影响,这种影响可能通过遥相关的方式来实现。当MJO对流位于印度洋时,有利于欧亚中高纬环流维持两脊一槽的分布,同时西太平洋副热带高压偏强偏西,东亚东部地区维持一条显著的对流活跃带,这些环流异常形势与2009年11月的实况也较一致,体现了MJO对热带外地区环流异常影响的一般特征。热带地区MJO对流的异常通过对流加热强迫,除引起大尺度纬向环流异常外,同样会引起经向环流异常,从而影响热带外地区环流。当MJO对流位于印度洋时,西太平洋地区为异常的下沉运动控制,东亚东部辐合上升,在热带和中纬度地区之间形成一个异常的经向环流圈,经向环流的存在进一步有利于低层低纬度水汽的向北输送,造成东部降水偏多。利用MJO的发展和演变,对于把握类似2009年11月这样的大范围雨雪气候异常很有帮助。      

夏季MJO持续异常的主要特征分析

在MJO传播过程中,其活动中心并不总是规律地沿赤道东传。本文通过资料分析发现,夏季MJO的活动中心会出现东传停滞的情况,表现为MJO在赤道太平洋持续异常活跃或者在印度洋持续异常活跃两种形式。为更好描述MJO这种东传不明显的异常特征,本文定义了一个描述MJO持续异常的指数,并据此对夏季MJO持续异常的主要特征进行分析。通过小波分析的方法,发现夏季MJO持续异常时其振荡周期会出现缩短或变弱。通过对MJO持续异常状况下的大气环流进行合成对比分析后发现,夏季MJO的持续异常会对热带大气环流造成显著的影响。具体表现为:MJO夏季在赤道太平洋（印度洋）持续活跃的时候,赤道沃克环流减弱（增强）,西太平洋哈得来环流增强（减弱）,西太平洋副高位置偏北（偏南）,赤道太平洋（印度洋）高层辐散且对流活跃。     

全球海表温度年代际尺度的空间分布及其对长江中下游梅雨的影响

使用统计诊断的方法,探讨了近百年全球海表温度年代际尺度的空间分布结构与长江中下游梅雨异常变化的可能联系.采用三次样条函数拟合的方法将1885～2000-全球海表温度场和长江中下游梅雨雨量百分比序列的年代际变化分量分离出来,在分析各自年代际变化特征基础上,研究了全球海表温度的年代际尺度分布结构对长江中下游梅雨异常变化的影响.结果表明(1) 全球海表温度年代际尺度变化分量清晰地表征出气候背景的分布状态,其中太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)型态表现突出,特别是1976年以后太平洋的气候背景呈现暖事件增强的趋势.同时,印度洋及大西洋中部海域的海表温度也表现出明显的升温趋势.(2) 长江中下游梅雨年代际尺度变化趋势与全球海表温度的年代际变化趋势基本一致,特别是与PDO典型分布型态的变化趋势有很好的对应,当PDO暖事件趋势处于较强时期时,长江中下游梅雨为偏多的趋势,反之亦然.其中20世纪70胩代中期PDO出现暖位相增强的突变,长江中下游梅雨也在此时期转入增多的趋势.同时,印度洋、大西洋部分地区的海表温度的年代际变化与梅雨的年代际变化之间也有一定的关联.(3) PDO指数与西太平洋副热带高压面积指数的年代际变化趋势一致的统计事实,从一个侧面说明海洋的-代际变化最终通过副热带高压的变动影响梅雨的异常变化的可能性.     

不同太平洋年代际振荡和ENSO位相下大气水分收支变化对北半球冬季太平洋蒸发量的影响

本文利用OAFlux资料研究了1958~2015年北半球冬季太平洋蒸发量在不同厄尔尼诺—南方涛动（ENSO）和太平洋年代际振荡（PDO）位相下的分布特征,并从水汽收支的角度分析了蒸发量异常的成因,结果表明:ENSO主要影响热带东太平洋、副热带西北太平洋和中纬度北太平洋中部的蒸发量。El Ni?o（La Ni?a）时水汽在北太平洋中部异常辐散（辐合）,有利于当地大气水汽含量减小（增大）,造成蒸发量增大（减小）;副热带西北太平洋异常的水汽辐合（辐散）有利于蒸发量减小（增大）;除此以外,蒸发量在热带东太平洋蒸发量增大（减小）则主要是降水量增大（减小）导致。与此同时,ENSO对上述海区蒸发量的影响还受到PDO的调控,当PDO处于暖（冷）位相时,El Ni?o（La Ni?a）造成蒸发量异常程度在中纬度北太平洋中部显著增大,这主要是由降水量增大（减小）引起的大气水汽含量减小（增大）所致,此时对应着风暴轴异常增大（减小）;当PDO处于冷（暖）位相时,El Ni?o（La Ni?a）造成的蒸发量异常程度在副热带西北太平洋和热带东太平洋显著增大,而这与湿度变化引起的水汽平流异常程度增大紧密相关。     

太平洋年代际振荡对中国冬季最低气温年代际变化的贡献

基于1961—2013年中国台站的均一化气温数据、NOAA月平均海温资料和CMIP5气候模式数据,利用气候统计手段,定量分析太平洋年代际振荡（PDO）对中国冬季最低气温年代际变化的贡献。结果表明：PDO的年代际序列与年代际滤波后的最低气温场在全国大部分地区呈显著正相关,即PDO负位相时中国冬季最低气温偏低,反之偏高。2006年后中国冬季最低气温变暖减缓,造成这一现象的主要原因是自然变率起到的降温作用,而自然变率又主要由PDO起主导作用,约占自然变率贡献的40%左右。PDO对温度的贡献呈现出明显的年代际变化,在变暖减缓期对升温有明显的负贡献,且负贡献逐渐增大至超过50%。     

印度洋偶极子对中国南海夏季西南季风水汽输送的影响

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和中科院大气物理研究所PIAP3大气环流模式,分析了印度洋偶极子对夏季中国南海西南季风水汽输送的影响。结果表明,印度洋偶极子正位相期间夏季中国南海西南水汽输送较强,负位相期间则较弱。原因可归结为以下:正位相期间,MJO（Madden-Julian Oscillation）多活动于热带西印度洋,其向东传播受到阻碍,但经向传播明显,通常可传播至孟加拉湾地区,同时PIAP3显示印度洋季风槽位置偏北,且印尼以西过赤道气流较强,从而使得这一地区气旋性环流得到建立与加强。孟加拉湾地区对应着较强的对流活动以及深厚积云对流加热,从而通过对流加热的二级热力响应使西太平洋副热带高压位置向北推进,进而使得南海地区西南季风水汽输送得到建立与加强。在此期间孟加拉湾、中南半岛至南海地区对流活动较强,而苏门答腊沿岸对流活动受到抑制,由此增强了Reverse-Hadley环流,使低层经向风较强,进而增强了南海西南季风的水汽输送,PIAP3大气环流模式证实了Reverse-Hadley环流的增强。负位相期间,MJO多活动于热带东印度洋,在东传过程中受到Walker环流配置影响,在140°E赤道附近形成东西向非对称积云对流加热热源,其东侧Kelvin波响应加强了东风异常并配合副热带高压南缘东风压制了中国南海的西南季风水汽输送。在此期间,MJO在南海地区的经向传播较强,但经向传播常止步于南海地区15°N附近,虽携带大量水汽,但深厚积云对流强烈地消耗水汽使大气中水汽含量降低,PIAP3大气环流模式证实负位相期间深厚积云对流对水汽消耗加大,从而使得负位相期间南海地区水汽含量与正位相期间大体相近,但由于经向风不足使水汽向北输送较弱。     

ENSO对MJO传播特征演变的影响

利用TRMM降水和ERA-Interim温度、比湿、环流场等再分析资料, 探讨了在1998-2018年冬季年际尺度海温变化对MJO的强度、结构和传播特征的影响。主要结论如下: 通过一种追踪MJO的方法在研究时间范围内共可挑选出50个MJO事件, 其中有14个MJO事件发生在El Ni?o期间, 25个发生在La Ni?a期间, 11个发生在ENSO正常年。El Ni?o年MJO会传播至更远的中东太平洋附近, 而La Ni?a年MJO事件趋于在西太平洋地区消亡, 这主要与东太平洋地区持续的季节内尺度的经向水汽输送有关。此外, 在印度洋和太平洋地区, El Ni?o年的MJO活动更强, 而在海洋性大陆附近, La Ni?a年的MJO活动略强一些。ENSO对MJO强度的影响主要通过影响MJO对流中心东侧水汽的输送, 水汽在异常东风气流的输送下穿过对流中心东边界进入对流中心, 进而造成MJO活动强度的差异。      

THE CONTRASTS BETWEEN STRONG AND WEAK MJO ACTIVITY OVER THE EQUATORIAL WESTERN PACIFIC IN WINTER

This paper investigates the contrasts between strong and weak Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) activity over the equatorial western Pacific during winter using the NCEP reanalysis data. It is shown that the MJO over the equatorial western Pacific in winter shows significant interannual and interdecadal variabilities. During the winters with strong MJO activity, an anomalous cyclonic circulation lies east of the Philippines, strong anomalous easterlies control the equatorial eastern Pacific, and anomalous westerlies extend from the Indian Ocean to the western Pacific in the lower troposphere, which strengthens the convergence and convection over the equatorial western Pacific. The moisture convergence in the lower troposphere is also enhanced over the western Pacific, which is favorable to the activity of MJO. Eastward propagation is a significant feature of the MJO, though there is some westward propagation. The space-time spectral power and center period of the MJO are higher during strong MJO activity winters. The anomalous activity of MJO is closely related to the sea surface temperature (SST) and East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM). During strong MJO activity winters, there are positive/negative anomalies at high/low latitudes in both sea level pressure and 500 hPa geopotential height, and the temperature is lower over the central part of the Chinese mainland, which indicates a strong EAWM. China experiences more rainfall between the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers, but less rainfall south of the Yangtze River. The SSTA is negative near the Taiwan Island due to the impact of strong EAWM and shows a La Ni?a pattern anomaly over the eastern Pacific. During the weak MJO activity winters, the situation is reversed.     

MJO活动对云南5月降水的影响

本文分析了1979～2008年5月MJO(Madden and Julian Oscillation)不同位相上大尺度环流对流和水汽输送的异常情况及其对云南5月降水的影响。按MJO活动中心位置从西向东分为8个位相, 在不同位相上, 云南5月降水呈现出明显的差异:第4～6位相(MJO对流中心位于赤道印度洋中部至西太平洋)降水偏多, 而第7～8位相(赤道太平洋中部以东)和第1～3位相(赤道印度洋中西部)降水偏少, 其中以第6位相的降水正异常和第2位相的负异常最为显著。在MJO 1～8位相中, 对流主体从热带印度洋东移。在第1～3位相, 孟加拉湾还未形成西南向水汽输送, 而云南又处于水汽辐散区, 降水较少;第4位相时对流主体到达90°N附近, 部分对流云系向孟加拉湾北传, 并在孟加拉湾生成气旋性环流, 向云南输送水汽, 云南降水增多;第5位相时对流主体传到南海, 部分对流云系在南海北传, 同时在南海形成北传的气旋性环流;第6位相时赤道MJO对流主体虽然东移出孟加拉湾, 但孟加拉湾和南海的两个气旋性环流依然继续北传, 孟加拉湾气旋东部的西南风和南海气旋西部的东北风在云南交汇, 云南被强烈的水汽辐合区控制, 降水最充沛。第7～8位相时, 对流主体减弱, 东移到南海和西太平洋一带, 孟加拉湾转向为偏北风, 停止向云南输送水汽, 且云南处于水汽辐散区控制, 降水偏少。因此, MJO主体在东传过程中, 激发了热带对流在孟加拉湾和南海两条通道上的北传, 强盛的水汽输送和两个海区气旋环流的有利配置是造成云南5月降水的重要原因。     

Impacts of the MJO on Winter Rainfall and Circulation in China

Impacts of the MJO on winter rainfall and circulation in China are investigated using a real-time multivariate MJO index.Composite results using the daily rainfall anomalies and "rainy day" anomalies according to eight different MJO phases show that the MJO has considerable influence on winter rainfall in China. Rainfall anomalies show systematic and substantial changes(enhanced/suppressed) in the Yangtze River Basin and South China with the eastward propagation of the MJO convective center from the Indian Ocean to the western Pacific.When the MJO is in phase 2 and 3(MJO convective center is located over the Indian Ocean),rainfall probability is significantly enhanced.While in phase 6 and 7(MJO convective center is over the western Pacific),rainfall probability is significantly reduced. MJO in winter influences the rainfall in China mainly through modulating the circulation in the subtropics and mid-high latitudes.For the subtropics,MJO influences the northward moisture transport coming from the Bay of Bengal and the South China Sea by modulating the southern trough of the Bay of Bengal and the western Pacific subtropical high.For the mid-high latitudes,the propagation of the low frequency perturbations associated with the eastward-propagating MJO convection modulate the circulation in the mid-high latitudes,e.g.the East Asian winter monsoon and the low trough over central Asia.     

热带大气季节内振荡对西南地区东部夏季降水的影响及其可能机制

利用1979~2013年6~8月的西南地区东部20个台站日降水量资料、逐日MJO(Madden-Julian Oscillation)指数、全球OLR(Outgoing Longwave Radiation)逐日格点资料以及NCEP/NCAR再分析日资料,采用合成分析和线性回归等方法,对夏季MJO不同位相活动影响西南地区东部夏季降水的原因及其可能机制进行了初步分析。研究表明,MJO与西南地区东部夏季降水之间存在着显著的关系,当MJO处于第4(第6)位相时,由于西太平洋副高位置偏南(偏北)、向西南地区东部的水汽输送偏多(偏少),在异常上升(下沉)气流影响下,西南地区东部夏季降水偏多(偏少)。MJO影响西南地区东部夏季降水的可能原因是:当MJO处于第4位相时,赤道东印度洋地区上空大气释放凝结潜热,其激发东北向传播的异常波动,进而影响东亚环流,使得西南地区东部出现夏季降水偏多的环流形势,西南地区东部夏季降水增多;但在第6位相时,西太平洋地区上空对流释放的凝结潜热,其激发PJ(太平洋-日本)型Rossby波列,出现不利于西南地区东部夏季降水的环流形势,西南地区东部夏季降水偏少。     

大气季节内振荡对印度洋—西太平洋地区热带低压/气旋生成的影响

文中利用EOF分析大气季节内振荡 (MJO)的时空变化的方法 ,研究了 1996年 9月～ 1997年 6月间的MJO活动对生成在印度洋—西太平洋海域的热带低压 /气旋的影响。结果发现 ,除西北太平洋之外 ,发生在其他区域的热带低压 /气旋有半数以上生成在向东移动的MJO的湿位相中。伴随MJO的向东传播 ,热带低压 /气旋平均生成位置也随之向东移动 ,而生成在西北太平洋的热带低压 /气旋分别受到向东和向西传播的MJO影响     

Modulation of Madden-Julian Oscillation Activity by the Tropical Pacific-Indian Ocean Associated Mode

In this study, the impacts of the tropical Pacific–Indian Ocean associated mode(PIOAM) on Madden–Julian Oscillation(MJO) activity were investigated using reanalysis data. In the positive(negative) phase of the PIOAM, the amplitudes of MJO zonal wind and outgoing longwave radiation are significantly weakened(enhanced) over the Indian Ocean, while they are enhanced(weakened) over the central and eastern Pacific. The eastward propagation of the MJO can extend to the central Pacific in the positive ...     

Application of UTCI in China from tourism perspective

This paper investigates the processes and mechanisms by which the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) affects the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) over the equatorial western Pacific in boreal winter (November–April). The results show that both the EAWM and MJO over the equatorial western Pacific have prominent interannual and interdecadal variabilities, and they are closely related, especially on the interannual timescales. The EAWM influences MJO via the feedback effect of convective heating, because the strong northerlies of EAWM can enhance the ascending motion and lead the convection to be strengthened over the equatorial western Pacific by reinforcing the convergence in the lower troposphere. Daily composite analysis in the phase 4 of MJO (i.e., strong MJO convection over the Maritime Continent and equatorial western Pacific) shows that the kinetic energy, outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), moisture flux, vertical velocity, zonal wind, moist static energy, and atmospheric stability differ greatly between strong and weak EAWM processes over the western Pacific. The strong EAWM causes the intensity of MJO to increase, and the eastward propagation of MJO to become more persistent. MJO activities over the equatorial western Pacific have different modes. Furthermore, these modes have differing relationships with the EAWM, and other factors can also affect the activities of MJO; consequently, the relationship between the MJO and EAWM shows both interannual and interdecadal variabilities.     

The interannual variability of the Madden–Julian Oscillation in an ensemble of GCM simulations

The interannual variability of the Madden– Julian Oscillation (MJO) is investigated in an ensemble of 15 experiments performed with the ECHAM4 T30 general circulation model (GCM). The model experiments have been performed with AMIP conditions from January 1979 to December 1993. The MJO signal has been identified applying a principal oscillation pattern (POP) analysis to the 200-mb tropical velocity potential. The results obtained from the model ensemble are compared with 15?y of ECMWF re-analysis and OLR observations. The results suggest that the warm and cold phases of El Niño have some influence on the spatial propagation of the oscillation. Both in the re-analysis and in the model ensemble, the results indicate that during La Niña conditions the MJO is mostly confined west of the date line, with the largest activity located over the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific. In warm El Niño conditions, the convective anomalies associated with the oscillation appear to penetrate farther into the central Pacific. These changes in the MJO convective forcing seem to affect the zonal mean of the rotational component of the flow anomaly, which tends to weaken during warm El Niño periods. Some weak reproducibility of the interannual variability of the MJO activity is found. The results obtained from four-member and eight-member subsamples of the ensemble indicate that the reproducibility of the interannual behaviour of the MJO can be detected by choosing an ensemble of a larger size. Corresponding to the emergence of reproducibility with the increasing size of the sample, the correlation between the MJO activity and the Niño-3 SST anomaly appears to in-tensify.     

Interactions between the 30–60 day oscillation,the walker circulation and the convective activities in the tropical western pacific and their relations to the interannual oscillation

In this paper, interactions between the 30-60 day oscillation, the Walker circulation and the convective activities in the tropical western Pacific during the Northern Hemisphere summer are analyzed by using the observed data of wind fields and high-cloud amounts for the period from 1980 to 1989.The analyzed results show that the 30-60 day oscillation (hereafter called LFO) may be largely affected by the convective activities in the tropical western Pacific. The LFO in the tropical western Pacific during the strong convective activities around the Philippines stronger than those during the weak convective activities around the Philippines. Moreover, in the case of strong convective activities around the Philippines, the LFO in the tropical west-ern Pacific and tropical eastern Indian Ocean generally propagates westward, and it is intensified by the LFO with a westward propagating center of maximum oscillation from the east to 140oE. However, in the case of weak convective activities around the Philippines, the LFO gradually becomes stronger with a eastward propagating center of maximum oscillation from the eastern Indian Ocean to the tropical western Pacific.Corresponding to the 30-60 day oscillation, the Walker circulation is also in oscillation over the tropical Pacific and its circulation cell seems to shift gradually westward from the tropical western Pacific to the tropical eastern In-dian Ocean with strong convective activities around the Philippines. This may maintain the intensification of convective activities there. However, during the weak convective activities around the Philippines, the Walker circula-tion gradually moves eastward and an ascending flow may appear in the equatorial central Pacific. This may cause convective activities to be intensified over the equatorial central Pacific.The analyzed results also show that the LFO in the tropical western Pacific and East Asia may be associated with the interannual oscillation of the SST anomaly in the tropical western Pacific.