基于局部均值分解的地震信号时频分解方法

在分析地震资料时,因吸收和衰减等原因,地震信号往往呈现出非稳态性。时频分解方法能将地震信号分解成多个稳态的子成分,从而为描述和分析地震信号的属性提供了便利,如短时傅里叶变换、小波分析、经验模式分解(EMD)等方法。本文引入了一种新的时频分析方法——局部均值分解(LMD)。该方法将地震信号按其时频属性分解成多个乘积分量信号(PFs),较EMD分解所得的固有模态函数(IMFs)保留了更多的局部信息,同时模态混叠效应更少。对模型数据和实际数据的处理结果验证了LMD方法能够合理地分解地震信号,更准确地描述地震资料中不同时间尺度的构造信息,为进一步的地震数据处理和解释提供参考。     

Non-Isothermal Kinetic Analysis of Thermal Decomposition of the Ca-Bentonite from Santai,China

The thermal decompositions of Ca-bentonites (CaB) from Santai ,Shichuan Province, China over the temperature rage of 30-1100℃ were investigated by simultaneous thermal analyzer. Non-isothermal Kinetic analysis were employed to study the thermal decomposition mechanism by using Netzsch Thermokinetics software. The dependence of the activation energy on conversion degree were evaluated by isoconversional methods. The probably mechanism and the corresponding kinetic parameters were determined by multivariate non-linear regression program.     

新疆巴里坤湖粒度组分分解及其环境指示意义

选择位于西风影响区的天山东段巴里坤湖湖泊岩芯样品,对沉积物粒度组分进行经验正交函数(EOF)分解,并探讨各分量的环境意义.结果显示,EOF1组分与沉积物粒度小于2μm组分相关系数达0.64以上,并与代表区域有效湿度的碳酸盐氧同位素指标有很好的对应关系,故将EOF1解译为区域有效湿度的替代指标.EOF2组分与粒级为45-...     

苏鲁造山带东部荣成榴辉岩中蓝晶石及绿辉石的分解——一种可能的新成因解释

在麻粒岩相条件下，荣成含蓝晶石榴辉岩发生退变质，其中的绿辉石退变质成透辉石＋中长石组成的后成合晶，蓝晶石大部分被冠状体取代，基于详细探针分析结果的成分迁移估算显示，冠状体的形成需要从绿辉石的分解中获取CaO,MgO,FeO，绿辉石的分解包含两个反应：一个为绿辉石中的硬玉分子与石英结合形成钠长石；另一个发生在绿辉石内部各端员组分之间，后者不但形成后成合晶，而且为蓝晶石周围冠状体的形成提供CaO,MgO,FeO，蓝晶石的分解未能给后成合晶的形成提供SiO2，绿辉石与蓝晶石在分解时并冰形成一个封闭体系，它们均从周围环境中获取SiO2。     

微波消解ICP-AES法测定石油样品中镍钒铝硅

Ni、V、Al、Si是石油的天然组分。其中Ni和V来源于形成石油的原始物质,它们易形成大而复杂的分子,从而使沸点非常高。含Ni和V的化合物在提炼过程中无法蒸馏,不能很经济地从燃料中去除。Ni、V、Al、Si在燃烧时会生成不同的氧化物,沉积在化学反应器(如发动机)的冷却器表面,形成黏着物并引起腐蚀;另外这些元素可能灭活提炼过程中的催化剂。可见,测定Ni、V、Al、Si对于炼油工业非常重要。1仪器样品消解采用奥地利安东帕公司(Anton Paar GmbH)生产的Multiwave 3000微波消解系统,配有8位超高压转子。消解后的样品中痕量元素的分析用Optima 3000电感耦合等离子体发射光     

频谱分解在碳酸盐岩储层中的应用研究

本文详细描述了频谱分解技术的原理和方法,利用模型正演模拟分析缝洞储层,对缝洞尺度和裂隙密度变化频谱特征进行分析和总结,得出溶洞尺度、裂缝密度与最大振幅谱呈同向变化趋势,与最大振幅谱对应频率呈反向变化趋势.实际地质资料的应用结果表明该结论对碳酸盐岩缝洞的认识较为有效,而为进一步的碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层研究提供了有效的方法途径.     

Decomposition of alkyl dixanthogens in aqueous solutions

Alkyl dixanthogens, (ROCSS)₂, decompose in aqueous solution in the presence of nucleophiles in many ways.It is proposed here that in alkaline solution the principal methods of decomposition of ethyl dixanthogen are by simultaneous attack of OH^? ions on the sulphur-sulphur bond to give products which include xanthate ion (ROCSS^?) and peroxide (H₂O₂) and on the carbon-sulphur bond to give products which include monothiocarbonate ion (ROSCO^?), sulphide ion (S^2?), and sulphur (S⁰). Above pH 12 reaction is complete in a few minutes, and more monothiocarbonate than xanthate is formed. At pH 9 the reaction takes over 20 h and more xanthate than monothiocarbonate is formed.The primary products react further to give various ions which depend in part on the pH of the system. In alkaline solution some of the xanthate and peroxide react to give perxanthate (ROCSSO^?). In acid solution both xanthate and monothiocarbonate decompose rapidly; CS₂ is formed from xanthate and OCS from monothiocarbonate.In the presence of other nucleophiles at pH 9.2, dissolved dixanthogen decomposes much more quickly than with OH^? alone, and other reactions occur. With thiosulphate a higher proportion of xanthate is formed together with some xanthyl thiosulphate and monothiocarbonate but no perxanthate. With sulphite (in the absence of oxygen) or cyanide the products include xanthate and monothiocarbonate but no perxanthate. With sulphite in the presence of oxygen, perxanthate is also formed.Suspensions of dixanthogens react slowly but in a similar fashion to dissolved dixanthogens.Longer-chain dixanthogens are much less soluble than ethyl dixanthogen but, in general, react in a similar way. Higher temperatures increase the rate of decomposition by OH^?.This work has various implications in operating plants.     

多子波分解在地震反射系数研究中的应用

反射系数反演是高分辨率地震解释的常用技术之一,广泛使用的是基于奇偶分解的谱反演技术.本文采用基于匹配追踪(Matching Pursuit,MP)的多子波分解技术,将地震信号分解成一系列包含时间、频率、振幅的子波集,然后进行井震能量标定,选定研究层段内最强能量处,将分解的振幅比例到对应的反射系数.楔形正演模型表明,该思路可以得到准确的反射系数,实际资料表明对反射系数求取相对阻抗,能准确识别气层边界,拓展了多子波分解技术的应用领域.     

Physical Controls on Spatial Variability in Decomposition of Organic Matter in Lake Kinneret,Israel

High resolution chemical data collected during summer 2003 indicate that the lower water mass (LWM) of the thermally stratified Lake Kinneret (LK) can be subdivided into three layers: a benthic boundary layer (BBL), overlain by the hypolimnion (HYP), and on top, the lower part of the metalimnion (ME-L). After onset of thermal stratification, the BBL is the first layer that turns anoxic, followed shortly afterward by the ME-L, while the HYP remains oxic and has relatively higher pH until later in summer. Thus, during the early summer, the HYP forms an oxygen-containing layer in-between two DO-deficient layers. Somewhat later, the HYP is characterized by still having significant levels of nitrate NO₃, while in both adjacent layers nitrate is already removed through denitrification. The mechanisms controlling the gradual decline of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the HYP during the summer were studied. The seasonal mean lake-wide vertical eddy diffusion coefficient in this layer, evaluated from heat flux measurements, is approximately 4 × 10⁻⁶ m² s⁻¹. The vertical oxygen flux due to diffusion from within the HYP toward its oxygen-deficient upper and lower boundaries accounts for most of the slow summer decline in DO in this layer. A smaller portion of this decline can be attributed to in-layer respiratory processes. The low turbidity, relatively high pH, and slow accumulation rate of NH₄ in the HYP support the notion that the slower mineralization processes occurring in this layer result from relatively low ambient concentrations of biodegradable organic matter, most probably due to the short residence time of the particles settling through this layer.     

微波消解ICP—AES法测定石油样品中镍钒铝硅

Ni、V、Al、Si是石油的天然组分。其中M和V来源于形成石油的原始物质,它们易形成大而复杂的分子,从而使沸点非常高。含Ni和V的化合物在提炼过程中无法蒸馏,不能很经济地从燃料中去除。     

Modern Sedimentation of Phosphorus and Its Microbial Decomposition and Concentration: An Example from Dianchi Lake, Yunnan, China

Dianchi Lake is one of the lakes with the richest phosphorus source in the world, in which the P2O5 content in the bottom sediments reaches averagely 0.51 wt % and maximally 1.92%. Studies indicate that this: extremely P-rich state is attributed mainly to the large volume (as high as hundred thousands of tons) of phosphatic matter coming into the lake as many rivers feeding the lake pass through a vast area of phosphate-mining districts, which then undergo weathering and particularly some human activities, including waste water discharge. When phosphatic matter enters the lake, its grained parts are firstly decomposed by phosphorus-decomposing bacteria, and finally accumulated in some geographically special parts of the lake, such as a bay area where water flow is much more slower than elsewhere in the lake. With the involvement of phosphorus-concentrating bacteria, the accumulated phosphates in the bottom sludge ultimately form phosphate minerals through deep-burial diagenesis.     

基于热重分析的菱镁矿分解动力学解析

本文利用热重(TG)分析方法,探讨了菱镁矿的热分解过程。根据热微商(DTG)曲线峰顶温度,结合Kissinger及Ozawa-Doyle方法拟合计算得到菱镁矿热分解的活化能和指前因子(lgA)分别为211.55 kJ/mol和11.07s-1。依次采用单曲线拟合、多元非线性拟合及Malek方法判定得出菱镁矿热分解过程属于三维相界反应模型(R3),其动力学方程为:dα/d T=(1011.07/β)·e-211.55×103/(8.314×T)·3(1-α)2/3。     

Application of Spectral Decomposition to Detection of Fracture-Cavity Carbonate Reservoir Beds in the Tahe Oilfield, Tarim Basin, NW China

Ordovician fracture-cavity carbonate reservoir beds are the major type of producing formations in the Tahe oilfieid, Tarim Basin. The seismic responses of these beds clearly changes depending on the different distance of the fracture-cavity reservoir bed from the top of the section. The seismic reflection becomes weak or is absent when the fracture-cavity reservoir beds are less than 20 ms below the top Ordovician. The effect on top Ordovician reflection became weaker with deeper burial of fracture-cavity reservoir beds but the developed deep fracture-cavity reservoir beds caused stronger reflection in the interior of the Ordovician. This interior reflection can be divided into strong long-axis, irregular and bead string reflections, and was present 80 ms below the top Ordovician. Aimed at understanding reflection characteristics, the spectral decomposition technique, which uses frequency to "tune-in" bed thickness, was used to predict Ordovician fracture-cavity carbonate formations in the Tahe oilfield. Through finely adjusting the processing parameters of spectral decomposition, it was found that the slice at 30 Hz of the tuned data cube can best represent reservoir bed development. Two large N-S-trending strong reflection belts in the mid-western part of the study area along wells TK440- TK427-TK417B and in the eastern part along wells TK404-TK409 were observed distinctly on the 30 Hz slice and 4-D time-frequency data cube carving. A small N-S trending reflection belt in the southern part along wells T403-TK446B was also clearly identified. The predicted reservoir bed development area coincides with the fracture-cavities connection area confirmed by drilling pressure testing results. Deep karst cavities occur basically in three reservoir bed-development belts identified by the Ordovician interior strong reflection. Spectral decomposition proved to be a useful technique in identifying fracture-cavity reservoir beds.     

Application of Spectral Decomposition to Detection of Fracture-Cavity Carbonate Reservoir Beds in the Tahe OUfield,Tarim Basin,NW China

Ordovician fracture-cavity carbonate reservoir beds are the major type of producing formations in the Tahe oilfield,Tarim Basin.The seismic responses of these beds clearly changes depending on the different distance of the fracture-cavity reservoir bed from the top of the section.The seismic reflection becomes weak or is absent when the fracture-cavity reservoir beds are less than 20 ms below the top Ordovician.The effect on top Ordovician reflection became weaker with deeper burial of fracture-cavity reservoir beds but the developed deep fracture-cavity reservoir beds caused stronger reflection in the interior of the Ordovician.This interior reflection can be divided into strong long-axis, irregular and bead string reflections,and was present 80 ms below the top Ordovician.Aimed at understanding reflection characteristics,the spectral decomposition technique,which uses frequency to"tune-in"bed thickness,was used to predict Ordovician fracture-cavity carbonate formations in the Tahe oilfield.Through finely adjusting the processing parameters of spectral decomposition,it was found that the slice at 30 Hz of the tuned data cube can best represent reservoir bed development.Two large N-S-trending strong reflection belts in the mid-western part of the study area along wells TK440- TK427-TK417B and in the eastern part along wells TK404-TK409 were observed distinctly on the 30 Hz slice and 4-D time-frequency data cube carving.A small N-S trending reflection belt in the southern part along wells T403-TK446B was also clearly identified.The predicted reservoir bed development area coincides with the fracture-cavities connection area confirmed by drilling pressure testing results. Deep karst cavities occur basically in three reservoir bed-development belts identified by the Ordovician interior strong reflection.Spectral decomposition proved to be a useful technique in identifying fracture-cavity reservoir beds.     

Application of Spectral Decomposition to Detection of Fracture-Cavity Carbonate Reservoir Beds in the Tahe Oiifieid, Tarim Basin, NW China

Ordovician fracture-cavity carbonate reservoir beds are the major type of producing formations in the Tahe oilfield, Tarim Basin. The seismic responses of these beds clearly changes depending on the different distance of the fracture-cavity reservoir bed from the top of the section. The seismic reflection becomes weak or is absent when the fracture-cavity reservoir beds are less than 20 ms below the top Ordovician. The effect on top Ordovician reflection became weaker with deeper burial of fracture-cavity reservoir beds but the developed deep fracture-cavity reservoir beds caused stronger reflection in the interior of the Ordovician. This interior reflection can be divided into strong long-axis, irregular and bead string reflections, and was present 80 ms below the top Ordovician. Aimed at understanding reflection characteristics, the spectral decomposition technique, which uses frequency to ＂tune-in＂ bed thickness, was used to predict Ordovician fracture-cavity carbonate formations in the Tahe oilfield. Through finely adjusting the processing parameters of spectral decomposition, it was found that the slice at 30 Hz of the tuned data cube can best represent reservoir bed development. Two large N-S-trending strong reflection belts in the mid-western part of the study area along wells TK440- TK427-TK417B and in the eastern part along wells TK404-TK409 were observed distinctly on the 30 Hz slice and 4-D time-frequency data cube carving. A small N-S trending reflection belt in the southern part along wells T403-TK446B was also clearly identified. The predicted reservoir bed development area coincides with the fracture-cavities connection area confirmed by drilling pressure testing results. Deep karst cavities occur basically in three reservoir bed-development belts identified by the Ordovician interior strong reflection. Spectral decomposition proved to be a useful technique in identifying fracture-cavity reservoir beds.     

间接平差与矩阵QR分解

间接平差是最常用的平差方法,在采用法方程式进行解算时,由于各种客观原因可能会导致病态性的产生。主要探讨了采用QR分解进行误差方程式进行直接解算的算法,给出了等精度情况下、不等精度情况下和附有限制条件下间接平差的解算公式和精度评定公式,得出的计算公式对于测量平差的直接解算具有一定的参考意义。     

K-Feldspar Decomposition Using CaO by Hydrothermal Method

The decomposition of K-Feldspar is significant to the development and utilization of K-feldspar as potassium resources. Potassium feldspar powder was decomposed successfully by hydrothermal method using CaO additive. Tobermorite solid and KOH solution were obtained as a result of the hydrothermal decomposition.     

硫酸盐还原菌粘附作用对硬石膏分解的影响

硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)分解硫酸盐矿物对C、S、Fe、Sr、Ba等元素的循环起着重要制约作用,二者相互作用机制的阐明具有重要的矿物学、地球化学及地质微生物学意义。通过设计厌氧实验,本文探讨了SRB与硬石膏的作用过程及机理。结果表明,较之无菌体系,SRB体系中氧化还原电位(EORP)显著降低;可挥发性硫(AVS)与蛋白质浓度则不断增大;硬石膏中总溶出硫含量增加;硬石膏表面SRB粘附位置出现明显溶蚀现象。分析表明SRB通过两种机制促进硬石膏分解:SRB还原代谢消耗溶解态SO42-,降低SO42-浓度,进而促使硬石膏持续溶解;SRB粘附于硬石膏表面,其自身及代谢产物通过络合硬石膏中的Ca加速矿物分解,此种机制在前人的研究中被普遍忽略,而通过此机制SRB亦可促进难溶硫酸盐(天青石、重晶石等)及铁氧化物的溶解,进而制约相关元素的地球化学行为。     

Microstructure and Photocatalytic Decomposition of Methylene Blue by TiO2-Mounted Halloysite, a Natural Tubular Mineral

On the basis of analysis of structure and properties, halloysite, a natural tubular mineral, was developed for an environmental treatment. TiO2 was mounted into halloysite by using hydrolysis of tetrabutyl titanate at room temperature. The adsorption and photocatalytic performance of halloysite and TiO2-mounted halloysite have been examined in methylene blue aqueous solution in the dark and under ultraviolet ray irradiation, respectively. Their performance of adsorption and photodecomposition was evaluated from the adsorbed and degraded amounts of methylene blue （MB）. Due to the mixture of adsorption and photodecomposition, the concentration of MB, organic pollution, in water decreased rapidly with TiO2-mounted halloysite powder, which is a faster reaction than that with halloysite-only adsorption. This new use of halloysite is leading to many interesting applications in the decomposition and elimination of various pollutants in air and water.     

北极斯瓦尔巴特群岛及邻区天然气水合物分解对气候、海洋环境和生物的影响

天然气水合物是一种潜在的巨量能源,但其分解释放的甲烷可能对全球气候与海洋环境产生巨大影响。然而,人们目前对天然气水合物分解产生的环境和生物效应的了解还不够全面。北极地区的斯瓦尔巴特群岛及邻区的海底和冻土层中蕴含大量甲烷,对气候变化十分敏感,是人们研究天然气水合物对气候变化的响应机制和其分解对生态环境影响的绝佳场所。系统总结了斯瓦尔巴特群岛及邻区水合物分解的气候与环境效应,发现目前研究区水合物分解产生的甲烷进入大气的年际通量不大,对全球气候的影响可能有限;水合物分解对海底滑坡起到催化剂的作用,但不是首要因素;海底水合物分解释放的甲烷能打破原有的化学平衡、生产力分布规律与输送机制、生物耦合关系甚至不同栖息地间的连通性,进而影响底栖生物群落。这些认识对研究天然气水合物开采对生态环境可能造成的影响和采取相应防治措施具有一定的借鉴意义。