Use of GEMAS data for risk assessment of cadmium in European agricultural and grazing land soil under the REACH Regulation

Over 4000 soil samples were collected for the “Geochemical Mapping of Agricultural and Grazing Land Soil of Europe” (GEMAS) project carried out by the EuroGeoSurveys Geochemistry Expert Group. Cadmium concentrations are reported for the <2 mm fraction of soil samples from regularly ploughed fields (agricultural soil, Ap, 0–20 cm, N = 2218) and grazing land soil (Gr, 0–10 cm, N = 2127). The samples were collected in 33 European countries, covering 5.6 million km² at a sample density of 1 sample each per 2500 km² and were analysed in an aqua regia extraction followed by an ICP-MS finish. The median Cd value is 0.181 mg/kg for the Ap and 0.202 mg/kg for the Gr soil samples. The data allow a directly comparable country-specific regional exposure and risk characterisation for all EU countries covered. Direct risks of Cd for terrestrial organisms are only predicted for a few isolated sample sites: 2.3% of the Ap and 4.5% of the Gr sites, respectively.     

Mercury in European agricultural and grazing land soils

Agricultural (Ap, A_p-horizon, 0–20 cm) and grazing land soil samples (Gr, 0–10 cm) were collected from a large part of Europe (33 countries, 5.6 million km²) at an average density of 1 sample site/2500 km². The resulting more than 2 × 2000 soil samples were air dried, sieved to <2 mm and analysed for their Hg concentrations following an aqua regia extraction. Median concentrations for Hg are 0.030 mg/kg (range: <0.003–1.56 mg/kg) for the Ap samples and 0.035 mg/kg (range: <0.003–3.12 mg/kg) for the Gr samples. Only 5 Ap and 10 Gr samples returned Hg concentrations above 1 mg/kg. In the geochemical maps the continental-scale distribution of the element is clearly dominated by geology. Climate exerts an important influence. Mercury accumulates in those areas of northern Europe where a wet and cold climate favours the build-up of soil organic material. Typical anthropogenic sources like coal-fired power plants, waste incinerators, chlor-alkali plants, metal smelters and urban agglomerations are hardly visible at continental scales but can have a major impact at the local-scale.     

Arsenic in agricultural and grazing land soils of Europe

Arsenic concentrations are reported for the <2 mm fraction of ca. 2200 soil samples each from agricultural (Ap horizon, 0–20 cm) and grazing land (Gr, 0–10 cm), covering western Europe at a sample density of 1 site/2500 km². Median As concentrations in an aqua regia extraction determined by inductively coupled plasma emission mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) were 5.7 mg/kg for the Ap samples and 5.8 mg/kg for the Gr samples. The median for the total As concentration as determined by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) was 7 mg/kg in both soil materials. Maps of the As distribution for both land-use types (Ap and Gr) show a very similar geographical distribution. The dominant feature in both maps is the southern margin of the former glacial cover seen in the form of a sharp boundary between northern and southern European As concentrations. In fact, the median As concentration in the agricultural soils of southern Europe was found to be more than 3-fold higher than in those of northern Europe (Ap: aqua regia: 2.5 vs. 8.0 mg/kg; total: 3 vs. 10 mg/kg). Most of the As anomalies on the maps can be directly linked to geology (ore occurrences, As-rich rock types). However, some features have an anthropogenic origin. The new data define the geochemical background of As in agricultural soils at the European scale.     

岩溶地区不同利用方式土壤土力学特性垂直变化特征

以黔中岩溶地区不同利用方式的土壤为研究对象,采用野外调查和室内试验相结合的方法,研究了土壤黏聚力c、内摩擦角φ及紧实度随不同土壤利用方式、不同土层深度的变化特征。结果表明:土壤黏聚力c总体随土层深度不断增大,在0-35 cm内受不同土壤利用方式的影响比较明显;土壤内摩擦角φ在0-50 cm土层内,呈“S”形变化,受母质影响显著,三种不同土壤利用方式总体变化趋势基本一致;林地、灌草地、坡耕地土壤在垂直剖面上都存在着上松下紧的状况,在0-20 cm内,坡耕地土壤紧实度均小于林地和灌草地,20 cm以下坡耕地和灌草地土壤紧实度基本一致,但均大于林地,三者均保持着不断增大的趋势。研究表明:植被生长对于改善土壤力学性能具有一定的影响。因而通过加强植被保护与管理和调整坡耕地利用方式是改善土壤力学性能,防治土壤侵蚀和控制石漠化的主要手段。      

广东揭阳市土壤铜的分布特征及其影响因素

以广东省揭阳市土壤为研究对象,测定了1 330个表层土壤样(0~20 cm)和331个深层土壤样(150~200 cm)的Cu含量,据此研究土壤Cu的分布特征和影响因素。利用富集因子、GIS空间分析和方差分析等方法,综合分析了研究区土壤铜富集特征、空间分布特征及其影响因素,遵循国家标准评价了土壤铜污染风险。结果表明:表层土壤铜含量均值为9.49 mg/kg,远低于《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》(GB15618—2018)中Cu风险筛选值(50 mg/kg);表层土壤铜的富集程度处于未富集和轻微富集水平,不存在明显的铜富集情况;表层土壤铜高值区主要分布在榕城区中部、揭西县东南部以及惠来县西部和北部;成土母质和土地利用方式是研究区表层土壤铜含量的主要影响因素,土壤类型对其也有一定影响,不同成土母质中,第四纪沉积物土壤铜含量最高;不同土地利用方式下,建筑用地土壤铜含量显著高于其他土地利用方式;不同土壤类型中,水稻土土壤铜含量最高。     

贵州省镇宁县耕地土壤地球化学背景值研究

贵州西部茅口组石灰岩地层广泛分布,岩溶发育强烈。通过收集资料、野外地质调查、试验和钻探等手段,运用统计学方法,对贵州西部茅口组岩溶发育特征进行了分析与探讨。分析结果表明岩溶发育在平面上和垂向上都具有不均匀性。平面上呈现研究区中部的六盘水区域岩溶发育十分强烈,西部的威宁地区发育相对较弱的规律;垂向上呈现随着茅口组灰岩埋深的增大,岩溶发育程度先增强后减弱的规律。该研究结果对今后贵州西部岩溶区重大工程建设、岩溶灾害的治理及岩溶地质环境的保护具有一定的指导作用和参考价值。     

Local-scale spatial variability of soil organic carbon and its stock in the hilly area of the Loess Plateau, China

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is one of the key components for assessing soil quality. Meanwhile, the changes in the stocks SOC may have large potential impact on global climate. It is increasingly important to estimate the SOC stock precisely and to investigate its variability. In this study, Yangjuangou watershed was selected to investigate the SOC distribution under different land uses. We found that SOC concentration decreased with increasing soil depth under all land uses and was significantly different across the vertical soil profile (P < 0.01). However, considering effect of land use on SOC, it is only significant (P < 0.01) in the topsoil (0-5 cm) layer. This indicated that land use has a large effect on the stocks of SOC in the surface soil. The stratification ratio of SOC > 1.2 may mean that soil quality is improving. The order of the SOC density (0-30 cm) under different land uses is forestland > orchard land > grassland > immature forestland > terraced cropland. The SOC stock is found to be as large as 2.67 × 10³ t (0-30 cm) in this watershed. Considering time effect of restoration, the slope cropland just abandoned is more efficient for SOC accumulation than trees planted in the semi-arid hilly loess area.     

Continental-scale patterns in soil geochemistry and mineralogy: Results from two transects across the United States and Canada

In 2004, the US Geological Survey (USGS) and the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) initiated a pilot study that involved collection of more than 1500 soil samples from 221 sites along two continental transects across Canada and the United States. The pilot study was designed to test and refine protocols for a soil geochemical survey of North America. The two transects crossed a wide array of soil parent materials, soil ages, climatic conditions, landforms, land covers and land uses. Sample sites were selected randomly at approximately 40-km intervals from a population defined as all soils of the continent. At each site, soils representing 0 to 5 cm depth, and the O, A, and C horizons, if present, were collected and analyzed for their near-total content of over 40 major and trace elements. Soils from 0–5 cm depth were also collected for analysis of organic compounds. Results from the transects confirm that soil samples collected at a 40-km spacing reveal coherent, continental- to subcontinental-scale geochemical and mineralogical patterns that can be correlated to aspects of underlying soil parent material, soil age and climate influence. The geochemical data also demonstrate that at the continental-scale the dominance of any of these major factors that control soil geochemistry can change across the landscape. Along both transects, soil mineralogy and geochemistry change abruptly with changes in soil parent materials. However, the chemical influence of a soil’s parent material can be obscured by changing climatic conditions. For the transects, increasing precipitation from west to east and increasing temperature from north to south affect both soil mineralogy and geochemistry because of climate effects on soil weathering and leaching, and plant productivity. Regional anomalous metal concentrations can be linked to natural variations in soil parent materials, such as high Ni and Cr in soils developed on ultramafic rocks in California or high P in soils formed on weathered Ordovician limestones in central Kentucky. On local scales, anomalous metal concentrations recognized in soil profiles, such as high P in soils from animal confinement sites, are consistent with local anthropogenic disturbances. At a larger scale, the distribution of Hg across the west to east transect demonstrates that it can be difficult to distinguish between natural or anthropogenic contributions and that many factors can contribute to an element’s spatial distribution.Only three samples in a subset of seventy-three 0–5 cm depth soil samples from the north to south transect had organochlorine pesticides values above the method detection limit, apparently related to historic usage of the pesticides DDT and dieldrin.     

Spatial distribution characteristics and main controlling factors of germanium in soil of northern Dabie Mountains,China

With the increasing application of germanium (Ge) elements in modern industry, military and medical health industries, especially with the growing demand for Ge-rich agricultural products, the study of Ge-rich soil has become particularly important, but the enrichment pattern and control factors of Ge-rich soil are still not well understood due to the high dispersion and high migration of Ge-rich soil. In this paper, 495 surface soil (0–20 cm) and 149 deep soil (150–200 cm) samples were collected from the northern foothills of Dabie Mountain using a double-layer grid layout, and the spatial distribution and enrichment characteristics of Ge were studied by high-resolution method, and the controlling factors affecting the distribution of Ge-rich soil was analyzed by geo-statistics and spatial analogy. The results show an average Ge content of 1.34 mg/kg for the surface and 1.36 mg/kg for the deep soil. In the assessment grade classification of surface and deep soil for Ge, the abundant and sub-abundant grades account for 37.97% and 31.70%, respectively, covering 752 km² and 634 km². Surface Ge-rich regions are distributed in concentrated strips in the north-central part of the studied region, and there is no clear pattern in the spatial distribution of deep soils. In the areas under study, such as Fenlukou, Dingji, and Jiangjiadian, the surface soil is very rich in Ge and has a high enrichment factor, which is valuable for agricultural development. In surface soils, river deposits and shallow metamorphic rock parent materials have the highest content of Ge, while in deep soils, the highest content has been found in the parent material of moderately acidic rock. Both surface and deep soils have the highest Ge content in purple paddy soils and plain areas. The source of Ge in the soils of the study area is most influenced by the lithology of the soil-forming parent material, while the distribution of Ge in the surface soils is jointly influenced by pH, SiO₂, TFe₂O₃, and Al₂O₃ in the soil. This study has implications for understanding the enrichment pattern of Ge in soil and its controlling factors as well as for the development of Ge-rich agricultural products.     

Evaluation of diffuse and preferential flow pathways of infiltrated precipitation and irrigation using oxygen and hydrogen isotopes

Subsurface-water flow pathways in three different land-use areas (non-irrigated grassland, poplar forest, and irrigated arable land) in the central North China Plain were investigated using oxygen (¹⁸O) and hydrogen (²H) isotopes in samples of precipitation, soils, and groundwater. Soil water in the top 10 cm was significantly affected by both evaporation and infiltration. Water at 10–40 cm depth in the grassland and arable land, and 10–60 cm in poplar forest, showed a relatively short residence time, as a substantial proportion of antecedent soil water was mixed with a 92-mm storm infiltration event, whereas below those depths (down to 150 cm), depleted δ¹⁸O spikes suggested that some storm water bypassed the shallow soil layers. Significant differences, in soil-water content and δ¹⁸O values, within a small area, suggested that the proportion of immobile soil water and water flowing in subsurface pathways varies depending on local vegetation cover, soil characteristics and irrigation applications. Soil-water δ¹⁸O values revealed that preferential flow and diffuse flow coexist. Preferential flow was active within the root zone, independent of antecedent soil-water content, in both poplar forest and arable land, whereas diffuse flow was observed in grassland. The depleted δ¹⁸O spikes at 20–50 cm depth in the arable land suggested the infiltration of irrigation water during the dry season. Temporal isotopic variations in precipitation were subdued in the shallow groundwater, suggesting more complete mixing of different input waters in the unsaturated zone before reaching the shallow groundwater.

     

牧压梯度下高寒杂草类草甸土壤持水能力及影响因素分析

以祁连山南麓坡地夏季牧场高寒杂草类草甸为研究对象,进行了封育对照（CK,禁牧）、轻度放牧（LG）、中度放牧（MG）和重度放牧（HG）下土壤持水能力及影响因素的分析. 结果表明：牧压梯度下0～10 cm层土壤最大持水量和毛管持水量均在LG最大,土壤自然贮水量LG略小于HG;而在10～20 cm和20～40 cm持水量均在HG最大,说明放牧对表层土壤的持水能力影响比深层更明显. 0～10 cm层土壤容重随牧压强度增加而增大,较深层次土壤容重基本一致,表明放牧对较深层土壤容重造成的影响远小于表层. 牧压梯度下植被地上地下生物量、枯落物、地表半腐殖质随放牧强度增大而减少;0～10 cm土壤有机质含量在MG最大,CK最小,10～20 cm和20～40 cm层土壤的有机质含量CK最大,说明不同土层有机质含量对牧压梯度的响应有所不同. 土壤持水量与多种因素有关,主要受到地下生物量、有机质和容重等因素的影响,表明随放牧强度增大,践踏使土壤表面硬度增加,土壤空隙度减少,同时家畜过度采食使地面植被覆盖降低而增加土壤水分的蒸发. 这些综合作用下引起放牧地土壤持水能力降低.     

Effects of grazing and livestock exclusion on soil physical and chemical properties in desertified sandy grassland,Inner Mongolia,northern China

Heavy grazing is recognized as one of the main causes of vegetation and soil degradation and desertification in the semiarid Horqin sandy grassland of northern China. Soil physical and chemical properties were examined under continuous grazing and exclusion of livestock for 8 years in a representative desertified sandy grassland. Exclosure increased the mean soil organic C, total N, fine sand and silt + clay contents, inorganic C (CaCO₃), electrical conductivity, and mineral contents (including Al₂O₃, K₂O, Na₂O, Fe₂O₃, CaO, MgO, TiO₂, MnO), microelements (Fe, Mn, Zn, B, Cu, Mo), and heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Ni, As, Hg, Cd, Se), and decreased the coarse sand content, bulk density, and SiO₂ in the top 100 cm of the soil. Livestock exclusion also improved available N, P, K, Fe, Mn, and Cu, exchangeable K⁺, and the cation exchange capacity, but decreased pH, exchangeable Na⁺, and available S, Zn, and Mo in the top 20 cm of the soil. The greatest change in soil properties was observed in the topsoil. The results confirm that the desertified grassland is recovering after removal of the livestock disturbance, but that recovery is a slow process.     

珠江三角洲经济区土壤碳储量及有机碳时空变化规律研究

土壤碳库是陆地碳库生态系统的主体,在全球碳平衡中具有重要的作用。通过开展珠江三角洲经济区多目标区域地球化学调查,获得了土壤全碳及有机碳数据,采用"单位土壤碳量"方法计算土壤碳储量,显示珠江三角洲经济区土壤有机碳总体分布:表层(0～0.2 m)土壤有机碳为9.71×107 t,碳密度为2271.34 t/km2;中层(0～1.0 m)土壤有机碳为3.71×108 t,碳密度为8666.05 t/km2;深层(0～1.8m)土壤有机碳为5.87×108 t,碳密度为13722.73 t/km2。对比其他地区,珠江三角洲土壤碳密度处于较低水平。分析了土壤、土地利用、地貌类型与成土母质对区域土壤碳库的影响程度,不同土壤单元有机碳储量分布特征。与第二次土壤普查比较,20年期间珠江三角洲表层土壤有机碳总体减少0.22×108 t,损失幅度达19.20%,仅惠州等地区有所增加。不同生态系统土壤有机碳减少程度不同。     

广东揭阳土壤镉含量的空间分布特征及影响因素

以广东省揭阳市土壤为研究对象,采集了1 330个表层土壤(0~20 cm)样品和331个深层土壤(150~200 cm)样品,通过 GIS 空间分析技术、半变异函数拟合和方差分析等方法对研究区土壤镉含量的富集特征、空间分布、结构特征以及影响因素进行了系统分析。结果表明,研究区表层土壤镉含量的均值为0.09 mg/kg,高于该区土壤背景值,但低于GB 15618—2018《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》的标准值。通过富集因子法研究表明,研究区表层土壤镉主要为轻微污染和中度污染。从结构特征来看,研究区表层土壤镉含量呈中等空间相关性。揭阳市表层土壤镉含量高值区主要分布在人类活动密集的东部和南部地区。土地利用类型、成土母质和土壤类型是影响表层土壤镉含量的重要因素,在不同土地利用方式下,建筑用地土壤镉含量最高;不同成土母质中,第四纪沉积物土壤镉含量显著高于其他母质;不同土壤类型中,水稻土的镉含量相对较高。     

Variations in soil properties and their effect on subsurface biomass distribution in four alpine meadows of the hinterland of the Tibetan Plateau of China

To understand and predict the role of soils in changes in alpine meadow ecosystems during climate warming, soil monoliths, extending from the surface to the deepest roots, were collected from Carex moorcroftii, Kobresia humilis, mixed grass, and Kobresia pygmaea alpine meadows in the hinterland of the Tibetan Plateau, China. The monoliths were used to measure the distribution with depth of biomass, soil grain size, soil nutrient levels, and soil moisture. With the exception of the K. pygmaea meadow, the percentages of gravel and coarse sand in the soils were high, ranging from 37.7 to 57.8% for gravel, and from 18.7 to 27.9% for coarse sand. The texture was finest in the upper 10 cm soil layer, and generally became coarser with increasing depth. Soil nutrients were concentrated in the top 15 cm soil layer, especially in the top 10 cm. Soil water content was low, ranging from 3 to 28.4%. Most of the subsurface biomass was in the top 10 cm, with concentrations of 79.8% in the K. humilis meadow, 77.6% in the mixed grass meadow, and 62.3% in the C. moorcroftii meadow. Owing to deeper root penetration, the concentration of subsurface biomass in the upper 10 cm of K. pygmaea soil was only 41.7%. The subsurface biomass content decreased exponentially with depth; this is attributed to the increase in grain size and decrease in soil nutrient levels with depth. Soil water is not a primary factor influencing the vertical and spatial distribution of subsurface biomass in the study area. The lack of fine material and of soil nutrients resulted in low surficial and subsurface biomass everywhere.     

岩溶山区土地利用方式对土壤活性有机碳及其分布的影响

对重庆中梁山不同土地利用方式下的0～50cm土壤活性有机碳含量和分布进行研究。结果表明:不同利用方式土壤有机碳(SOC)含量大小顺序为:竹林＞菜地＞草地＞林地＞园地＞弃耕地,且均表现为0～20cm层大于20～50cm层;土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量平均值大小顺序为:林地＞竹林＞弃耕地＞草地＞园地＞菜地,土壤溶解性有机碳占土壤有机碳的比例随土层深度增加而增加;土壤易氧化有机碳(EOC)含量及其剖面分布与土壤有机碳含量变化相一致,相关分析表明,两者的相关性达到极显著水平(R=0.852,P＜0.0001),对土壤有机碳变化反应敏感。      

A study of the water and energy transfer at the soil surface in cropped field on the Loess Plateau of northwestern China

In this study, we tried to model the processes of moisture and heat transfers in the soil–vegetation–atmosphere system in an integrated comprehensive way. The purpose of the study is to simulate profiles of soil water content and temperature at root active zone (i.e., 0–50 cm), taking the root water uptake, soil evaporation, and canopy transpiration into account. The water and heat transfer equations are solved by an iterative Newton–Raphson technique and a finite difference method is used to solve the governing equations. Soil water content and soil temperature dynamics could be simulated rather accurately in a cropped field on Loess Plateau area. The water and heat transfer flux predicted by the classical theory of Philip and de Vries (Tans Am Geophys Union 38:222–232, 1957) slightly overestimated near the surface and underestimated at the deeper depths, as a result of the overestimated soil evaporation at the top soil layer (0–10 cm) and underestimated crop canopy transpiration at the deeper depths (10–50 cm). Water content tended to be underestimated for the entire profile at the soil surface (from 0 to 50 cm). Soil temperatures during the simulated period was slightly overestimated in the nighttimes and underestimated in the daytimes, as a result of the underestimated soil water content at the top soil layer (0–10 cm) and overestimated at the deeper depths (10–50 cm). Soil temperatures tended to be underestimated for the entire profile at the soil surface (from 0 to 50 cm). While the sum of the water and heat regimes yielded a much better match with the soil water content and soil temperature obtained from the field observations. The results obtained show that the model coupled water and heat transfer is able to capture the dynamics of soil water content.     

Investigation of spatial variability and pattern analysis of soil properties in the northwest of Iran

Analysis of the spatial variability of soil properties is important to explain the site-specific ecosystems. Spatial patterns of some soil properties such as soil texture, exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), electrical conductivity (ECe), soil pH and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were analyzed in salt and sodic affected soils in the south of the Ardabil province, in the northwest of Iran, to identify their spatial distribution for performance of a site-specific management. Soil samples were collected from 0 to 30, 30 to 60, 60 to 90, 90 to 120 and 120 to 150 cm soil depths at sampling sites. Data were investigated both statistically and geostatistically on the basis of the semivariogram. The spatial distribution model and spatial dependence level varied in the study area. Among the considered parameters, maximum and minimum spatial variability were observed in EC and pH parameters, respectively. Soil properties showed moderate to strong spatial dependence, except for a few. ECe was strongly spatially dependent in the total soil depth and clay was strongly spatially dependent at the first depth. Sand and pH were moderately spatially dependent for three of the five depths. ESP was strongly spatially dependent and silt was moderate in the total soil depths, except at 90–120 cm depth. Furthermore, CEC had strong spatial dependence for three of the five depths. All geostatistical range values were >1,389 m in this study. It was concluded that the strong spatial dependency of soil properties would lead to extrinsic factors such as bedrock, agricultural pollution, drainage and ground water level.     

Spatial variability of soil moisture at typical alpine meadow and steppe sites in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau permafrost region

Permafrost degradation has the potential to significantly change soil moisture. The objective of this study was to assess the variability of soil moisture in a permafrost region using geostatistical techniques. The experiment was conducted in August 2008 in alpine steppe and meadow located in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau permafrost region. Four soil depths (0–10, 10–20, 20–30 and 30–40 cm) were analyzed using frequency domain reflectometry, and sampling made of 80 points in a 10 m × 10 m grid were sampled. Soil moisture was analyzed using classical statistics to appropriately describe central tendency and dispersion, and then using geostatistics to describe spatial variability. Classical statistical method indicated that soil moisture in the permafrost region had a normal distribution pattern. Mean surface soil moisture in alpine meadow was higher than that in alpine steppe. The semivariograms showed that soil moisture variability in alpine cold steppe was larger than that in alpine meadow, which decreased with depths. Nugget values in alpine steppe were low (0.1–4.5), in contrast to alpine cold meadow. Soil moisture in alpine steppe had highly structured spatial variability with more than 93.4% spatial heterogeneity, and the range decreased with depth. Soil moisture content in alpine cold meadow had a moderate spatial dependence with a range of 51.3–169.2 m, increasing with depth.     

广东省普宁市土壤硒的分布特征及影响因素研究

开展了广东省普宁市区域土壤硒调查研究,采集了413个表层土壤样品(0～20 cm)和103个深层土壤样品(> 150 cm),测定了土壤全硒含量,据此研究土壤硒分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明,普宁市土壤全硒含量变化于0. 16～2. 01 mg/kg,平均值为0. 63 mg/kg,总体上处于中硒及高硒水平,不存在缺硒和硒过剩土壤。砂页岩风化形成的赤红壤全硒含量较高,平均值达0. 86 mg/kg,以侏罗系页岩母质发育的土壤全硒含量最高,平均值达0. 89 mg/kg;三角洲第四系沉积物发育形成的水稻土全硒含量最低,平均值为0. 41 mg/kg。回归分析表明,土壤全硒含量与铁铝含量、有机碳含量具有极显著正相关,与p H呈极显著负相关。影响普宁市土壤硒含量的主要因素是成土母质,土壤p H、有机碳和铁铝含量及土地利用方式对土壤全硒含量分布与富集也有一定的影响。