湘赣中、南部寒武系纽芬兰统-第二统沉积环境

为解决华南湘赣中、南部纽芬兰统-第二统沉积环境一直存在的深、浅海之争,通过对8条剖面岩石学特征、放射虫分布和岩相调查,结合地球化学数据等,分析了古水深等沉积环境特征.研究发现,湘赣中部娄底、邵阳、衡阳、萍乡地区可见疑似放射虫化石的分布,化石应沉积于当时的海盆中心区,且Si以生物来源为主.全区广泛发育弱水动力的水平层理,杂砂岩Td平均值为5.94,δ30Si平均值为0.1‰.本区牛蹄塘组、香楠组和牛角河组可划分5种岩相类型、3种岩相组合（海底扇中扇亚相、海底扇外扇亚相、陆隆亚相）.结合主量、微量和稀土元素数据等综合分析,认为湘赣中、南部纽芬兰统-第二统沉积时期海水滞留缺氧,以半深海陆坡-陆隆环境为主,东南部略浅.      

南海表层沉积物中放射虫多样性与丰度的分布与环境

采用定量分析方法, 较系统地探讨了整个南海不同环境表层沉积物中放射虫的分布特征及其环境指示意义.结果显示: 南海表层沉积物中放射虫的种类多样性和个体丰度随着水深而增加, 表明南海较深水处的放射虫壳体溶解现象不明显; 上升流活动和海底火山喷发有利于放射虫的大量繁殖, 产生区域性的沉积富集; 反之, 较深水的陆坡区沉积物中出现放射虫种类与丰度异常减少, 可能属浊流搬运再沉积的结果, 物源来自陆架或上陆坡; 种类组成以热带-亚热带特征为主, 还包含了一定数量的冷水种或极区种, 表明在特定海区的古环境分析中采用单一指标判断可能会造成误解.沉积物中放射虫的综合指标较好地反映了南海的生态与沉积环境特征.      

藏南江孜盆地下白垩统硅化层的地质地球化学特征及其成矿意义

西藏南部江孜盆地的下白垩统地层为一套浊积海底扇沉积序列。在沙拉岗一带, 这套地层中发育一段明显的硅化层。矿物学和岩石地球化学分析表明: 硅化层主要由硅化程度不等的硅化泥岩和硅化灰岩组成, 其矿物组成单调,主要包括石英、低温钠长石和被交代残余的方解石; 硅化泥岩的地球化学特征以继承原岩为主, 而硅化灰岩则受硅化流体改造的程度较大; 硅化灰岩中的微量元素随着硅化程度的递进表现出4种类型的迁移规律, 硅化灰岩的w(∑REE)和w(LREE) /w(HREE)等指标均与硅化程度成正相关关系。综合这些特征表明, 参与硅化层发育的流体可能是一种富SiO2 的偏碱性中低温热流体, 它的活动导致了硅化层的发育并可能和该区内锑矿的产生具有直接的成因联系。     

Groundwater level fluctuation in the Waimea Plains, New Zealand: changes in a coastal aquifer within the last 30 years

Data for the Waimea Plains, New Zealand indicate that the lower confined groundwater aquifer is hydraulically homogeneous and that shallow groundwater levels inland are affected mostly by anthropogenic processes, while those near the coast are affected more by sea level variation. Analysis of long-term data for New Zealand indicates that sea level has increased continuously, but trends are not spatially uniform. Results from non-parametric trend analysis show that rising trends for groundwater levels are predominant in the shallow aquifer both inland on the Waimea Plains and, for recent years, near the coast, while decreasing trends are evident in the underlying confined aquifer near the coast. Groundwater level change in the shallow aquifer appears to be more affected by climate change than the lower confined aquifer. Correlation analysis indicated that groundwater levels are more affected by rainfall during the rainy season than the dry season and more influenced by rainfall inland than near the coast. Groundwater level declines in the lower confined aquifer near the coast, which has its major recharge area inland in the catchment, may be substantially affected by groundwater abstraction in inland areas as well as sea level variation, but there are little evidences of seawater intrusion. Meanwhile, groundwater recharge over the catchment area has great influence on rising groundwater levels in the shallow aquifer and its recharge is estimated to be 417.8 mm/year using chloride concentrations of precipitation and groundwater.     

据地貌声图判读研究海底地貌和底质类型

侧向扫描声呐这项新技术方法及其在海洋地质调查中的应用问题,最近作者已作过介绍。1975年,我们应用侧向扫描声呐(侧扫声呐)、精密回声探测、海底采样等方法,对中国南海某浅海区进行了海底地质调查,了解海底地貌和底质类型及其包括砂矿等的分布。     

Mudstones of the Tanqua Basin, South Africa: an analysis of lateral and stratigraphic variations within mudstones, and a comparison of mudstones within and between turbidite fans

Permian deep‐water mudstones in the Tanqua Basin, South Africa, have been studied using geochemical and spectral gamma ray techniques. The mudstones occur as thick sequences between sand‐rich submarine fans, but also occur as thinner mud‐rich units within each fan. The interfan mudstones are interpreted to have accumulated during transgression and the consequent period of relatively high sea‐level, while the submarine fans and their intrafan mudstones were deposited during regression and relatively low sea‐level. Geochemical analyses revealed systematic differences between interfan and intrafan mudstones because the two types of mudstones have slightly different source lithologies. Differences between the two types of mudstone suggest that changes in relative sea‐level played a role in controlling exposure of sediment source areas. There are geochemical signals that display systematic stratigraphic trends within both interfan and intrafan mudstones. These are best explained by gradual denudation, exposure and weathering of different lithologies within a single sediment source area. Both interfan and intrafan mudstones have uniform geochemical signals along the flow direction except for the relative amount of uranium. It is most likely that the basinward increase in uranium in the mudstones is the result of reduced clastic dilution of uranium‐bearing pelagic fallout.     

湖北恩施太阳河奥陶纪-志留纪之交沉积间断的研究

依据湖北恩施太阳河灯草坪奥陶系—志留系剖面的生物地层学和岩石学的研究,该剖面的沉积间断发生在Paraorthograptus pacificus带至Coronograptus cyphus带之间,共缺失5个笔石带。奥陶系、志留系之间黏土岩矿物分析显示,在奥陶系、志留系之间出现有高岭土,推断在其间可能上升为陆地。具体演变...     

荔湾3-1气田管线路由海底峡谷段斜坡稳定性分析

针对南海荔湾3-1气田管线穿过的海底峡谷区6个典型斜坡剖面,分别采用有限元强度折减法和极限平衡法开展斜坡稳定性分析,模型考虑了土层强度随深度的变化。计算结果对比表明,有限元强度折减法与极限平衡法分析结果一致,其中与Spencer法结果最接近,稳定系数相对误差小于3.5%。重力作用下各斜坡基本处于相对稳定状态,峡谷中下部土强度较低且坡度较高的局部区域接近临界状态,峡谷头部因坡度相对较小且土体强度相对较大,其斜坡稳定系数相对较高。地震水平加速度能够明显降低该区斜坡的稳定系数,且随着加速度值的增大滑动深度逐渐变大。当水平加速度达到0.2g时峡谷中下部区域大部分会发生滑动。海底地形坡度和土层强度是影响峡谷区斜坡稳定性的主要因素,且稳定系数与滑动面对局部坡度和强度分布较为敏感,合理的稳定性评价依赖于精确的地形数据与土层力学参数。     

Submerged caves of Croatia: distribution,classification and origin

Presently, 235 submerged caves and pits have been recorded along the Croatian coast and islands, partly or completely submerged by sea water. Contrary to the inland situation, recorded submerged features are predominantly horizontal (60%), though there are indications that the real situation is similar to that of the continental part where 69% are vertical pits. Completely marine conditions are established in 126 caves and the rest are anchihaline caves and submarine springs. Speleothems are found in more than 140 caves. By their origin, the investigated caves are all continental features formed in Mesozoic and Palaeogene carbonates, subsequently submerged owing to sea transgression. Due to the relatively low wave energy, rapid sea level rise and maturity of the host rock, they do not fit into concepts of a sea cave or a flank margin cave development, but they fulfil several conditions for being the blue holes. Since the term ‘blue hole’ is mainly associated with the Bahamian karst, our attempt is only to show the possible similarities with no intention of ascribing that term to the Croatian caves. Beside karstological issues, Croatian submerged caves are unique environmental, archaeological and tourism assets.     

Submarine and coastal karstic groundwater discharges along the southwestern Mediterranean coast of Turkey

A 120 km-long part of the southwestern coast of Turkey, with well-developed karst terrain in contact with the sea, has been investigated by systematic diving surveys to determine the submarine groundwater discharges (SGDs). The physical, chemical and isotopic data have been used to determine the rate of the fresh groundwater end member (FEM) and its temporal dynamics. About 150 SGDs have been detected by diving surveys employed mostly up to a depth of 30 m below sea level (bsl). Among those, 15 SGDs are in the form of coastal or submarine caves with entrances ranging between sea surface and 40 m bsl. The FEM contribution in SGDs ranges from a few percent to more than 80%. Stable isotope data suggest a range of mean recharge area elevations extending from the coast to more than 1,000 m inland. In many of the SGDs, the FEMs are characterized by tritium-based residence times ranging from recent to several decades. Hypothetical geochemical calculations of mixing between freshwater and seawater end members reveal that more than 45% of freshwater contribution is required for karst development in the SGDs. Models suggest a threshold pH of 7.6 or lower for the carbonate rock dissolution.     

Submarine and onshore end moraines in southern Newfoundland: implications for the history of late Wisconsinan ice retreat

Recessional positions of the Newfoundland ice sheet 14-9 ka BP are represented by fjord-mouth submarine moraines, fjord-head emerged ice-contact marine deltas, and inland moraine belts. The arcuate submarine moraines have steep frontal ramparts and comprise up to 80 m of acoustically incoherent ice-contact sediment (or till) interfingered distally with glaciomarine sediment that began to be deposited c. 14.2 ka BP. The moraines formed by stabilization of ice that calved rapidly back along troughs on the continental shelf. The ice front retreated to fjord-heads and stabilized to form ice-contact delta terraces declining in elevation westward from +26 m to just below present sea level. Stratified glaciomarine sediments accumulated in fjords, while currents outside fjords eroded the upper part of the glaciomarine deposits, forming an unconformity bracketed by dates of 12.8 and 8.5 ka BP. The delta terraces are broadly correlated with the 12.7 ka BP Robinson's Head readvance west of the area. The ice front retreated inland, pausing three or four times to form lines of small bouldery stillstand moraines, heads of outwash, sidehill meltwater channels, and beaded eskers. Lake-sediment cores across this belt yield dated pollen evidence of three climatic reversals to which the moraines are equated: the Killarney Oscillation c. 11.2 ka BP, the Younger Dryas chronozone 11.0-10.4 ka BP, and an unnamed cold event c. 9.7 ka BP. Relative sea level fell in the early Holocene because of crustal rebound, so that outwash and other alluvium accumulated in deltas now submerged due to relative sea-level rise.     

祁连山黑河干流山区水文模拟研究进展

流域水文模拟是在认识水文规律的基础上, 对流域水文过程的一种数学描述.黑河流域作为典型的内陆河流域历来是研究寒区、 旱区水文过程的热点区域.祁连山黑河干流山区的水文模拟研究也备受学者们的关注, 经验模型、 概念模型和分布式水文模型在该区域均有应用, 虽然都对出山径流做出了准确的模拟, 但是引进的模型对高寒山区水文过程的刻画不够详细.内陆河高寒山区流域的水文模拟要充分考虑冰川、 积雪、 冻土等因素所引起的特殊寒区水文过程, 准确刻画这些水文过程是高寒山区流域水文模拟成功的关键.今后应该继续加强野外观测, 深入开展冻土水文过程、 冰雪水文过程的模拟研究, 发展真正适合于高寒山区流域水文过程的分布式水文模型.     

海南岛海砂资源的分类特征及成矿特点分析

海南岛海砂资源丰富,质量较好,储量位居全国前列,其中钛铁矿、锆英石和独居石是海南岛的优势滨海砂矿资源。根据其用途主要分为3类: 锆钛砂矿、石英砂矿和建筑用砂矿。通过资料收集和整理,分别研究了海南岛不同类型海砂资源的分布范围、勘查程度、资源储量、形成环境和资源潜力等。研究结果表明: 锆钛砂矿开发程度最高,主要分布于琼东沿海及水下阶地一带的全新统,规模较大,品位较高,开发条件较好; 琼西则以建筑用砂矿和石英砂矿为主,海砂质量好,杂质含量较低; 位于浅海区的潮流沙脊和河口三角洲,工作程度不高,但其海砂分布广、厚度大、砂质好,是今后海砂勘查的重点区域,具有良好的资源开发前景。总结海南岛海砂资源的主要成矿特点为: ①分布广泛,规模巨大,开发条件好; ②主要产于全新世地层; ③沉积厚度较大,纵向连续性好; ④海砂质量较好,并富含重矿物。     

南海表层沉积物中放射虫的组合特征与海洋环境

南海拥有较齐全的边缘海地理地貌与生态环境, 沉积物中保存的放射虫种类繁多, 个体丰富.本文采用数理统计与聚类分析方法, 对表层沉积物中放射虫的组合特征进行了较为详细的定量分析, 以期获得可靠的放射虫组合与分布的特征.聚类分析结果显示, 放射虫组合在南海表层沉积物中的分布大致可区分为5种类型: 陆架浅水区型、陆坡珊瑚礁区型、中央海盆区型、南部富营养区型和夏季上升流区型, 它们分别对应于特有的海洋环境, 并由含有某些优势种类的放射虫群落所组成.进一步分析还表明, 南海的北部、中部和南部分别表现为3个不同生态环境的海区: 北部海区受陆源影响较为明显; 中部海区被中央水团、海底火山活动和夏季上升流活动所控制; 南部海区总体上属于典型的珊瑚礁海洋环境, 生态与沉积环境明显优越于北部海区.南海表层沉积物中放射虫的组合分布特征较好地响应和反映了所在海区的生态环境与沉积条件, 是探讨古海洋环境的重要依据.      

Evolution of the Nile deep‐sea turbidite system during the Late Quaternary: influence of climate change on fan sedimentation

This paper presents an overview of the evolution of the Nile deep‐sea turbidite system during the last 200 kyr, over a series of glacial to interglacial cycles. Six individual deep‐sea fans were identified from an extensive field data set. Each fan comprises a canyon, channel system and terminal lobes. Two of these fan systems were possibly active at the same time, at least during some periods. Large‐scale slope failures destroyed channel segments and caused the formation of new submarine fan systems. These slope failures thus played an important role in the overall evolution of the turbidite system. During the last glacial maximum (ca 25 to 14·8 ka) the central and eastern parts of the Nile deep‐sea turbidite system were relatively inactive. This inactivity corresponds to a lowstand in sea‐level, and a period of arid climate and relatively low sediment discharge from the Nile fluvial system. Rapid accumulation of fluvial flood‐derived deposits occurred across the shallower part of the submarine delta during sea‐level rise between ca 14·8 and 5 ka. The most recent deep‐sea channel–lobe system was very active during this period of rising sea‐level, which is also associated with a wetter continental climate and increased sediment and water discharge from the Nile. Increased sediment deposition in shallower water areas led to occasional large‐scale slope failure. The Nile deep‐sea turbidite system was largely inactive after ca 5 ka. This widespread inactivity is due to retreat of the coastline away from the continental shelf break, and to a more arid continental climate and reduced discharge of sediment from the Nile. The Nile deep‐sea turbidite system may be more active during periods of rising and high sea‐level associated with wetter climates, than during lowstands, and may rapidly become largely inactive during highstands in sea‐level coupled with arid periods. These acute responses to climate change have produced sedimentary/stratigraphic features that diverge from traditional sequence models in their nature and timing. This large‐scale sedimentary system responded to monsoon‐driven climate change and sea‐level change in a system‐wide and contemporaneous manner.     

Transgressive dune formation along a cliffed coast at 75 ka in Sardinia,Western Mediterranean: a record of sea‐level fall and increased windiness

Transgressive dunes develop frequently along strandplain coastlines; however, they may also form along rocky coasts dominated by cliffs and embayments. Two lithified transgressive dune systems developed along the cliffed Alghero coast (NW Sardinia, Italy) have been investigated. One aeolian system forms a cliff‐front anchored aeolian dune accumulation; the other is a valley‐head anchored sand‐ramp system. Optically stimulated luminescence ages indicate that both systems formed around 75 ka. This period, which corresponds to the beginning of MIS 4, was characterized by a relatively low sea‐level stand (15 m below the present sea level) and was preceded by a sea‐level highstand (+1 m asl) around 81 ka (MIS 5a). Our results show that this rapid sea‐level fall exposed an enormous amount of marine sand, which was transported inland by strong northerly winds and deposited in front of cliffs or in valley heads. Therefore, sediment supply and sea‐level fall seem to be critical factors controlling dune formation along rocky coasts, which generate time‐transgressive aeolianites. Terra Nova, 00, 000–000, 2010     

Provenance and accumulation rates of opaline silica,Al, Ti,Fe, Mn,Cu, Ni and Co in Pacific pelagic sediments

Accumulation rates and chemical compositions have been obtained for pelagic sediments for 73 locations in the Pacific and for 11 in the Indian Ocean. The data for the Pacific show that many elements accumulate rapidly close to the continents and slowly in the central part of the ocean. This pattern is interrupted by two major zones of relatively high accumulation rates, one along the Equator and one along the East Pacific Rise. Deposition of opaline silica is almost completely restricted to areas of known high biological productivities at the Equator and at very high latitudes. Cu and Ni show stronger tendencies than Fe and Mn to precipitate with opaline silica. The highest accumulation rates of Fe and Mn in the open Pacific occur along the East Pacific Rise, to some extent also Cu and Ni are enriched there due to volcanic processes. Al and Ti show high accumulation rates only close to the continents; these elements appear to be almost completely terrigenous.Provenance studies of minerogen fractions, using the relations between Fe, Ti, Al and Mn, show that significant quantities of basaltic matter (oceanic crust) are incorporated into the sediments only in areas of very low total sedimentation rates in the vicinity of oceanic island groups such as Polynesia and Hawaii, whereas hydrothermal processes act as a major sediment source only on the East Pacific Rise. Sediments in the north as well as in the southernmost part of the Pacific are nearly entirely terrigenous. A balance estimate of the minerogen fraction of the deep-sea sediments from the open Pacific suggests that between 75 and 95% of all sediments in the Pacific are terrigenous and that submarine weathering (and release of basaltic debris in general) and submarine exhalations each account for only a small fraction of the sediments.     

Fe Isotope Compositions of Cyprus Umbers

Submarine metalliferous sedimentary rocks are chemical precipitates resulted from hydrothermal exhalation near mid‐ocean ridge or faults. They record the submarine hydrothermal activity between lithosphere and hydrosphere and are critical for understanding Fe cycling in marine environment. Fe was expelled from the hydrothermal vent systems and was oxidized and precipitated in the ambient seawater, where the precipitation of hydrothermal Fe is largely controlled by oxidation state of seawater and is potentially revealed by its Fe isotope compositions. This hydrothermal process in modern hydrothermal vent systems have been well observed, but that for the ancient ones are still not well known. Umbers, or ferromanganoan sediments, overlying Troodos ophiolite in Cyprus of Mid‐Cretaceous age thus provides an excellent example for understanding the Fe cycles in ancient submarine hydrothermal process. Samples were collected from Margi village in Troodos and are mostly amorphous Fe‐Mn oxy‐hydroxides with very minor quartz, goethite, smectite and silicates such as clinopyroxene derived from the volcanic rocks. There is no terrestrial, detrital component. Samples were analyzed for their whole‐rock element and Fe isotope compositions. The results show that samples are composed mainly of SiO₂ (13～80 wt%), Fe₂O₃ (9～54 wt%) and MnO (1.5～10.4 wt%), with minor Al₂O₃ (0.7～4.3 wt%). PAAS‐normalized REE patterns are near flat with significantly negative Ce anomalies (Ce/Ce* is from 0.2 to 0.5) and slightly positive Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* is around 1.1), indicating a source from the oxidized seawater and the high‐temperature hydrothermal fluids. δ⁵⁶FeIRMM‐014 values of samples are ‐0.32‰ to ‐0.15‰, with an average of ‐0.20‰, which are consistent with those of the hydrothermal fluids previously reported. The narrow Fe isotope compositions of Cyprus umbers that are close to those of submarine hydrothermal fluids indicates near complete oxidation of hydrothermal Fe²⁺ during its expulsion from the hydrothermal vent.     

Glacial history of western Norway 15,000–10,000 B.P.

The deglaciation patterns of the Bergen and Nordfjord-Sunnmøre areas in western Norway are described and correlated. In the Bergen area the coast was first deglaciated at 12,600 B.P., with a succeeding re-advance into the North Sea around 12,200 B.P. Later, during the Allerød, the inland ice retreated at least 50 km, but nearly reached the sea again during the Younger Dryas re-advance, ending at 10,000 B.P. Sunnmøre was ice-free during an interstadial 28,000–38,000 B.P. Later the inland ice reached the sea. The final deglaciation is poorly dated in Sunnmøre, while further south in Nordfjord, it started slightly before 12,300 B.P., followed by a major retreat. No large re-advance of the inland ice occurred during the Younger Dryas. However, in the Sunnmøre-Nordfjord area many local glaciers formed outside the inland ice during the Younger Dryas. Limnic sediments outside one such cirque glacier have been cored and dated, proving that the glacier did not exist at 12,300-11,000 B.P., and that it was formed and disappeared in the time interval 11,000–10,000 B.P. (Younger Dryas). The erosion rate of the cirque glacier was 0.9 mm/year.     

四川呷村VHMS矿床：从矿石化学分析到地球化学模型

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