广州2010年亚运会暑热压力监测系统吵

主要介绍了广州2010年亚运会暑热压力监测系统的组成结构,包括系统的数据采集、数据传输、数据监控和故障报警等.并阐述了建设暑热压力监测系统的必要性,论述了其在广州2010年亚运会马术比赛的气象服务工作中的重要作用.     

广州2010年亚运会暑热压力监测系统

主要介绍了广州2010年亚运会暑热压力监测系统的组成结构,包括系统的数据采集、数据传输、数据监控和故障报警等。并阐述了建设暑热压力监测系统的必要性,论述了其在广州2010年亚运会马术比赛的气象服务工作中的重要作用。     

系统压力测试和性能分析在气象网站中的应用

介绍B/S系统的压力和性能测试的方法,分析其架构的稳定性、可靠性。通过对浙江三农网(由浙江农网开发,平台部署在信息网络中心)、浙江气象网、浙江农网3个平台进行测试对比,阐述各平台技术架构的优劣。     

流量可调燃气发生器压力闭环模糊控制算法

为了改进流量可调燃气发生器的调节精度,引入燃气发生器压力闭环控制,针对流量可调燃气发生器压力闭环控制特点,在压力闭环中引入了模糊积分控制,此控制算法响应速度快,超调量较小,不同工况及长时间工作下系统仍然有较好的动态特性。      

可降水量与地面水汽压力的关系

根据对 30 8组不同地点不同季节的气候数据分析 ,证实可降水量W与地面水汽压力e存在良好线性关系 ,其公式是W =1 74e。     

新疆水汽压力的铅直分布规律

用新疆地区12个探查气象站10年平均的气象资料，计算了四季的水汽压力与高度的关系。它现它们符合负指数函数。     

城市内涝监测技术的应用研究

根据城市内涝监测预警的需求,提出在城市河流的关键点,将高精度压力水位器与区域自动气象站组成内涝监测系统,并从系统架构、测量原理、参数设置、误差补偿等方面阐述设计方法.系统每分钟采集一组数据,水位测量精度达到0.1％.通过与国家标准水文站对比分析,该站水位与天文潮位涨落趋势一致,相位落后1h,观测误差平均为0.06 m.通过分析,得到结论,当茅洲河流域日平均面雨量大于40 mm,测站水位达到1.5m,并维持4h以上时,极易发生城市内涝.将水位监测与面雨量实况结合,对提高城市内涝预警预报能力有较大的帮助.     

QDQ2-1型电解水制氢设备压力系统的风险防控

QDQ2-1型电解水制氢,是目前我国高空气象探测站使用氢气的主要来源之一。基于制氢用氢工作的安全角度,通过分析QDQ2-1型电解水制氢设备压力系统在实际运行中容易出现的风险因素,从技术规定、安全管理、现场处置措施、应急预案的实施等方面,提出相应的风险防控措施,以确保设备在安全状态中运行,有效地遏制了安全事故的发生。     

XDY—02型振筒气压仪的检测

1　检测标准仪器及工作环境　　YMN谐振筒标准压力仪。环境要求温度0～40oC;湿度<90%(湿度大、灰尘多的地方须加除湿除尘器);交流稳压电源(220V、50HZ)。室内空气流通,标准仪与被检仪均放置在无振动的平台上。2　压力检测操作程序2.1　操作准备用三通管连接标准压力仪、XDY-02型振筒气压仪和压力微调。连接检定用真空胶管的规格为:外径10mm,内径5mm,插接时可将少量酒精涂抹在胶管口,严禁将胶管直接蘸入酒精等溶液中,防止酒精等液体进入到振动筒内。打开XDY-02型气压仪的外壳,在记录表中记录K1、K2、K3、K4的值后,将K2、K3、K4的值全…     

应用压力中心法确定农田空气动力参数

利用小麦、水稻、大豆及玉米作物叶面积密度和冠层内外风廓线等的实测资料，作者首先在大田条件下根据压力中心法计算了上述农田的空气动力参数，并导出了一个计算零平面位移（ｄ）的物理模式。通过与实测资料的比较得出，压力中心法不仅完全可以用于野外的大田作物，而且结果的稳定性基本上不受大气层结的影响，精度在非中性层结下通常高于常用的对数廓线法和拽力系数法。本文结果还表明，通常情况下ｄ，Ｚ０与作物高度（ｈ）之比值是随作物群体结构和大气层结、湍流状况等的不同而变化的，而不是人们所普遍接受的常数值。随群体中最大密度层的相对分布高度和风速递减指数的增大，ｄ／ｈ增大。只有对于矮杆的大田作物，在其群体处于中等密度时，以下关系ｄ≈０．６４ｈ，Ｚ０≈０．０８ｈ才较稳定。对于高杆作物或密度稀疏的群体，土壤表面湍流通量的增加以及叶子的拽力系数随风速的变化指数的选取都对压力中心法的结果产生一定的影响。     

Laboratory Studies Of Wind Stress Over Surface Waves

Simultaneous laboratory observations of wind speed, wind stress, and surfacewind-wave spectra are made under a variety of wind forcing patterns using cleanwater as well as water containing an artificial surfactant. Under typical experimentalconditions, more than half of the total stress is supported by the wave-induced stressrather than by the surface viscous stress. When the surfactant reduces the shortwind-wave spectra, the wind stress also decreases by as much as 20–30% at agiven wind speed. When the wind forcing is modulated in time, the wind stresstends to be higher under decreasing wind than under increasing wind at a givenwind speed, mainly because the response of short wind-wave spectra to varyingwind forcing is delayed in time. These examples clearly demonstrate that therelationship between the wind speed and the wind stress can be significantlymodified if the surface wave field is not in equilibrium with the wind forcing.Next, we examine whether the wind stress is estimated accurately if the wave-inducedstress by all surface wave components is explicitly evaluated by linear superpositionand is added to the surface viscous stress. It is assumed that the surface viscous stressis uniquely related to the wind speed, and that the wind input rate is determined by thelocal, reduced turbulent stress rather than the total stress. Our wind stress estimatesincluding the wave contributions agree well with observed wind stress values, evenif the surface wave field is away from its equilibrium with the wind in the presenceof surface films and/or under time-transient wind forcing. These observations stronglysuggest that the wind stress is accurately evaluated as a sum of the wave-induced stressand the surface viscous stress. At very high winds, our stress estimates tend to be lowerthan the observations. We suspect that this is because of the enhancement of wind stressover very steep (or breaking) short wind-waves.     

Meridional Wind Stress Anomalies over Tropical Pacific and the Onset of El Nino. Part Ⅰ: Data Analysis

对热带太平洋海表经向风应力异常与EI Nino事件之间的关系进行了诊断分析。结果表明，超前的经向风应力距平场与NINO3区(150°-90°W，5°S-5°N)的海面温度异常(SSTA)有显著的超前相关，这种相关性在超前6个月甚至更早一些就有显示。利用奇异值分解方法分析超前的经向风应力距平场与太平洋海表温度异常场之间的耦合模，结果表明对应于赤道中东太平洋的海面温度异常升高，大气风应力场在超前6个月甚至更早的时候，在赤道中东太平洋表现为辐合的经向异常风应力场，即赤道以北为北风异常应力，赤道以南为南风异常应力。这种耦合模的时间系数与NINO3 SSTA指数所表示的El Nino事件有很好的对应关系，表明这种耦合模反映的正是超前的经向风应力异常与El Nino事件所对应的海表温度异常之间的相关模态。通过与热带西太平洋纬向风应力异常的比较，赤道中东太平洋辐合的经向风应力异常与El Nino事件发生的同样具有重要的联系。     

Meridional Wind Stress Anomalies over the Tropical Pacific and the Onset of El Ni?o Part Ⅱ: Dynamical Analysis

The data analyses in the first part of this study have shown that the sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) in the eastern equatorial Pacific are significantly correlated with the preceding anomalous convergence of the meridional wind stress near the equator. In order to understand the dynamical role of the convergent meridional wind stress anomalies in the El Nino occurring, an ideal wind stress which converges about the equator is set up based on the observations revealed in the first part. A simple dynamical model of tropical ocean is used to study the response of the tropical ocean to the convergent meridional wind stress. The results show that the convergent wind stress in the eastern equatorial Pacific is favorable for the occurrence of El Nino. When the convergent wind stress exerts on the tropical ocean, the westward propagating Rossby wave is excited, which, on the one hand, makes the mixed layer near the equator become thicker. On the other hand, the westward oceanic currents associated with the Rossby wave appear in the vicinity of the equator. The oceanic currents can drive the upper layer sea water to transfer to the west, which is favorable for the sea water to pile up in the western equatorial Pacific and to accumulate energy for the upcoming warm event.     

THE ROLE OF MERIDIONAL WIND STRESS IN THE TROPICAL UNSTABLE AIR-SEA INTERACTION

1INTRODUCTIONAsshowninobservationalfacts,theevolutionofElNi駉displaysastheamplitudeexpansionandmigrationofanomalousdisturbancesinair-seacouplingsystems.Theoreticaladdressofthephenomenonhasbeenattemptedfromtheaspectofcouplingdynamics.Theresultsshowthattheair-seainteractionsystemincludesakindofunstablemode,whichispropagatingindirectionsdeterminedbyfactorsgoverningSSTchanges.Withanair-seacouplingmodel,Lau[1]wasamongtheearliestpeoplewhodiscoveredunstablestationarywavemodesintheair-seaintera…     

水分胁迫对华北平原冬小麦地上部分及产量的影响

以“济麦-22”为供试品种,利用中国气象局固城生态环境与农业气象试验站大型根系观测系统,研究冬小麦在重度干旱胁迫（≤40.0%）、轻中度干旱胁迫（40.1%-55.0%）和适宜（55.1%-80.0%）3种水分胁迫条件下地上部分对水分胁迫的响应,以探索水分胁迫对华北平原冬小麦产量的影响,分析不同水分胁迫对冬小麦产量的影响程度。结果表明：华北平原冬小麦在轻中度干旱胁迫和重度干旱胁迫下,小麦全生育期的天数缩短,株高、叶面积及灌浆速率均呈不同程度的减少。3种水分胁迫的株高增长量为适宜>轻中度胁迫>重度胁迫,灌浆速率为适宜>轻中度胁迫>重度胁迫。土壤水分胁迫引起冬小麦物质分配更多地向支持生长的茎秆转移,在生长发育过程中受到水分胁迫,小麦产量将降低,重度胁迫条件下小麦产量为适宜水分条件的69%。     

ENSO对黑潮海区风应力异常影响的初步探讨

利用近50a黑潮海区风应力场与Nino3区海温指数序列进行相关分析后发现,ENSO对黑潮海区经向风应力影响的“关键时段”为秋、冬季至次年初夏时期,对纬向风应力影响的“关键时段”为冬季至次年春季。黑潮海区风应力距平场与赤道中东太平洋SSTA场的扩展SVD分析及相应的合成分析揭示了ENSO期间黑潮海区风应力异常结构的演变：秋季,中国的东海、琉球群岛附近海域首先出现南风应力异常;冬季,吕宋岛以北、台湾以东的海域出现西南风应力异常,其影响范围和强度在次年2月前后达到最强,其后迅速减弱,至5月,风应力异常基本消失。赤道中东太平洋SSTA对黑潮海区经向风应力异常的影响范围较大,强度更显著。     

水分胁迫对燕麦生理指标的影响

通过在燕麦拔节期到穗期设置6种不同浇水量试验,研究了水分胁迫对燕麦根冠比、叶片过氧化氢酶活性、叶片脯氨酸含量、叶片丙二醛含量、叶片组织水势等生理生化指标的影响。结果表明随着水分胁迫的加剧根冠比增加,过氧化氢酶活性、脯氨酸及丙二醛含量呈增加趋势,植物组织水势呈下降趋势。根据燕麦生理指标与水分胁迫的关系,在生产上可用生理生化方法进行燕麦品种抗旱性鉴定,可为农业生产提供参考依据。      

与ENSO相联系的热带太平洋典型风应力异常场结构

利用多年逐月海温距平和风应力距平观测资料,运用线性回归和EOF分析方法,分析了与ENSO相联系的热带太平洋典型风应力异常场结构。结果显示,与ENSO线性相关的风应力异常场在时间尺度上表现为低频变化,在水平结构上主要表现为四个典型分布。其中,分布型1主要表现为日界线以东赤道地区东风异常和赤道风应力场辐散;分布型2主要表现为日界线以东赤道地区西风异常和经向异常风应力向赤道气流;分布型3主要表现为日界线以东赤道偏南地区西风异常和风应力场辐合,日界线以西为东风异常;分布型4主要表现为160°W以东的弱东风异常和160°W以西的西风异常。与ENSO线性无关的风应力场主要表现为高频过程,在水平空间结构上其典型场主要位于赤道外地区。还用与ENSO有关的那部分回归风应力异常场强迫海洋距平模式,成功地再现了ENSO的主要信号。这表现观测揭示的典型风应力异常型对于El Nino的产生是根本性的。      

Interpreting Reynolds stress from perspective of eddy geometry

Geometric features in oceanic mesoscale eddies such as tilt and anisotropy can influence the properties of the Reynolds stress that provides feedback between the eddies and the background flow. By regarding an eddy as a wave, previous studies have parameterized the Reynolds stress based on the equivalence in the tilt angle between the phase of the eddy stream functions and the variance ellipse for the Reynolds stress (RS-ellipse). However, the wave assumption cannot predict the anisotropy of the RS-ellipse, and also largely simplifies the eddy geometry, which would naturally be an ellipsoid rather than a wave. The present study explores the shape relation between elliptical eddies and the RS-ellipse, by mathematically reformulating the Reynolds stress based on the eddy shape. The new formula reveals that the shape relation is regulated by the horizontal extent of the occurrence probability distribution (PDF) of the eddy, and that the shape of the eddy and RS-ellipse are identical at the place of maximum PDF when the horizontal scale of the PDF is sufficiently larger than the size of the eddy. A similar tendency is found in eddies detected by satellite altimetry in the Kuroshio Extension jet region. A detailed analysis of the PDF in this region shows that the tilts of the eddies are likely to be consistent with the destabilization effect on the jet, suggesting a strong relation between the eddy geometry and the jet's stability in this region. These findings may open a path toward a new method to parameterize the Reynolds stress with the background state, exploiting the shape equivalence between the eddies and the RS-ellipse.     

有限水分胁迫对小麦生长状况的影响及合理灌溉的土壤相对湿度指标

在人工控制水分条件下 ,通过田间小间隔不同水分等级和持续时间试验 ,分析了水分胁迫对小麦生理、生态及产量的影响 ,探讨了小麦对不同水分胁迫后复水的滞后作用和补偿效应 ,得出了有利于小麦高产、高效的轻度水分胁迫临界土壤相对湿度指标为 55% .