Formation and destruction of magnetite in CO3 chondrites and other chondrite groups

Primitive CO3.00–3.1 chondrites contain ∼2-8 vol.% magnetite, minor troilite and accessory carbide and chromite; some CO3.1 chondrites have fayalite-rich veins, chondrule rims and euhedral matrix grains. All CO3.00–3.1 chondrites contain little metallic Fe-Ni (0.4–1.2 vol.%). CO3.2–3.7 chondrites contain 1–5 vol.% metallic Fe-Ni, minor troilite, accessory chromite and 0-0.6 vol.% magnetite. Magnetite is formed in primitive CO3 chondrites from metallic Fe by parent-body aqueous alteration, resulting in decreased metallic Fe-Ni and an increase in the proportion of high-Ni metal grains. The paucity or absence of magnetite in CO chondrites of subtype ≥3.2 suggests that magnetite is destroyed during thermal metamorphism; thermochemical calculations from the literature suggest that magnetite is reduced by H₂ and reacts with SiO₂ to form fayalite and secondary kamacite. Analogous processes of magnetite formation and destruction occur in other chondrite groups: (1) Primitive type-3 OC have opaque assemblages containing magnetite, carbide, Ni-rich metal and Ni-rich sulfide, but OC of subtype >3.4 contain little or no magnetite. (2) Primitive R3 chondrites and clasts (subtype ≲3.5) contain up to 6 vol.% magnetite, but most R chondrites contain no magnetite. The principal exception is magnetite with 9–20 wt.% Cr₂O₃ in a few R4-6 chondrites. Magnetite grains with high Cr₂O₃ behave like chromite and are more stable under reducing conditions. (3) CK chondrites average ∼4 vol.% magnetite with substantial Cr₂O₃ (up to ∼15 wt.%); these magnetite grains also are stable against reduction during metamorphism. (4) The modal abundance of magnetite decreases with metamorphic grade in CV3 chondrites. (5) Chromite occurs instead of magnetite in those rare samples classified CR6, CR7 and CV7.     

CCSD主孔高Ti榴辉岩非耦合的高Ti、低Nb（Zr）特征：对玄武质岩浆房中磁铁矿分离结晶作用的指示

利用XRF和HR-ICP-MS对中国大陆科学钻探工程(CCSD)主孔<700m深度高Ti榴辉岩进行了准确分析研究。结果表明高Ti榴辉岩以TFeO和Eu异常之间的相关性及非耦合的高TiO2(2.4-5.7%)、低Nb(<5.5μg/g)和Zr(<98μg/g)为特征。而且,这些榴辉岩的TiO2、V和TFeO之间正相关。高场强元素(Ti、Nb、Zr等)在不同矿物和玄武岩/安山岩熔体之间的分配系数研究表明,高Ti和低Nb、Zr之间的非耦合变化必须有磁铁矿结晶作用的参与才能够出现。斜长石的密度(p=2.61-2.76g/cm3)低于正常玄武岩熔体(p=2.8-3.0g/cm3),因此玄武岩岩浆房中结晶出的斜长石在岩浆演化早期不会和熔体分离而形成堆晶岩。磁铁矿的密度(p=5.1-5.2g/cm3)远远高于玄武岩熔体。磁铁矿的结晶分离会显著降低玄武岩熔体的局部密度而诱发斜长石晶体分离下沉并形成富集斜长石的高Fe堆晶岩。这种机制很好地解释了高Ti榴辉岩所具有的TFeO和Eu异常之间的相关性及非耦合的高TiO2(2.4-5.7%)、低Nb(<5.5μg/g)和Zr(<98μg/g)特征。本文研究表明在CCSD中的高Ti榴辉岩原岩应是由同一玄武岩岩浆房中富磁铁矿结晶作用形成的堆晶岩。高Ti榴辉岩的Ti矿化本质上源于磁铁矿结晶作用,而与其经历的超高压变质作用无关。     

沽源-红山子地区火山岩型铀矿床蚀变特征

本章着重对沽源-红山子地区几个典型铀矿床的近矿围岩蚀变特征、蚀变期次及蚀变带地球化学进行了研究,结果表明：红山子铀矿床与矿化关系密切的围岩发育碱性蚀变,主要包括钠长石化、赤铁矿化和绿泥石化;其它铀矿床与矿化关系密切的围岩则发育酸性蚀变,主要包括水云母化、硅化和萤石化。蚀变带的岩石地球化学分析表明,U与Pb、Zn、Mo的含量呈明显正相关,而与Cu的相关程度较低;蚀变带岩石出现Cd、Sn的含量异常。     

Hydrothermal alteration and magnetic properties of rocks in the Carolina de Michilla stratabound copper district,northern Chile

In the Carolina de Michilla district, northern Chile, stratabound copper mineralization is hosted by Jurassic volcanic rocks along the trace of the Atacama fault system. In this study, we present the overall effects of hydrothermal alteration on the magnetic properties of rocks in this district. Two types of metasomatic alteration associations occur, one of regional extent and the other of local hydrothermal alteration associated with copper mineralization (e.g., Lince–Estefanía–Susana). Regional alteration is interpreted as a low-grade “propylitic association” characterized by an epidote–chlorite–smectite–titanite–albite–quartz–calcite association. The local hydrothermal alteration is characterized broadly by a quartz–albite–epidote–chlorite–calcite mineral assemblage. The most pervasive alteration mineral is albite, followed by epidote and, locally, actinolite. These minerals contrast sharply against host rock minerals such as chlorite, calcite, zeolite, prehnite, and pumpellyite, but alteration is constrained to mineralized bodies as narrow and low contrast alteration halos that go outwards from actinolite–albite to epidote–albite, to epidote–chlorite, and finally to chlorite. Hydrothermal alteration minerals, compared to regional alteration minerals, show iron-rich epidotes, a lower chlorite content of the chlorite–smectite series, and a nearly total albite replacement of plagioclase in the mineralized zones. Opaque minerals associated with regional alteration are magnetite and maghemite, and those associated to hydrothermal alteration are magnetite, hematite, and copper sulphides. We present paleomagnetic results from nine sites in the Michilla district and from drill cores from two mines. Local effects of hydrothermal alteration on the original magnetic mineralogy indicate similar characteristics and mineralogy, except for an increase of hematite that is spatially associated with the Cu–sulphide breccias with low magnetic susceptibilities. Results indicate that it is impossible to magnetically differentiate mineralized bodies from unmineralized lavas, except for pyrite-rich hydrothermal breccias. In conclusion, for stratabound copper deposits of the Michilla type, the overall effect of hydrothermal alteration on the paleomagnetic properties of rocks is of low contrast, not clearly discernable even at a small scale. From an exploration point of view, magnetic exploration surveys should not discern mineralized bodies of Cu–sulphide breccias except in detailed ground surveys due to the small size of contrasting bodies. Unoriented drill cores with primary ore mineralization record a characteristic remanent magnetization of reverse polarity. Taking into account the azimuth and dip of the drill cores, we were able to compare the magnetization of the mineralized bodies with the characteristic directions from sites drilled in situ from Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous intrusives mostly. The characteristic direction recorded by the Pluton Viera is similar to the magnetization of the ore bodies of the Estefania mine. If copper mineralization mostly postdates the tilt of the volcanic flows, the low paleomagnetic inclinations suggest an age for the mineralization near 145 Ma, the time of the lowest paleolatitude for the South American plate during the Mesozoic.     

宁芜矿集区凹山铁矿床磁铁矿元素地球化学特征及其对成矿作用的制约

凹山铁矿床是一个典型的玢岩型铁矿床,成矿过程具有多阶段的特征,是宁芜矿集区凹山矿田成矿作用演化的典型代表。本次研究工作,在详细的野外地质调查研究和室内研究的基础上,将主要矿石矿物磁铁矿的形成划分为4个世代,分别为浸染状磁铁矿、角砾状磁铁矿、粗粒脉状磁铁矿和伟晶状磁铁矿,它们是四个成矿阶段的产物。电子探针和LA-ICP-MS原位分析表明,随着成矿作用的演化,磁铁矿主量元素中Ti、Mn、V含量变化微弱,Al、Mg含量增高;微量元素中Ga、Sn及高场强元素Zr、Hf、Nd、Ta含量变化较小;从角砾状矿石到伟晶状矿石Co含量逐渐增高、Sc含量逐渐降低。根据以上成矿各阶段中磁铁矿成分的变化,并结合前人研究成果得出,凹山铁矿床作为一个高温气液充填矿床,其成矿物质主要来自于岩浆演化晚期形成的高温富铁流体。在成矿过程中磁铁矿具有同源连续演化的特征,其中隐爆作用诱发了大规模铁沉淀,并为成矿提供了空间,形成了早期的浸染状和角砾状矿石;成矿过程中流体成分不断变化,后期大量挥发份的累积和外源流体的逐渐加入,形成了伟晶状矿石并使得磁铁矿具有了热液成因的特征。     

Hydrothermal alteration of plagioclase in granitic rocks from Proterozoic basement of SE Sweden

Petrographic examinations and electron microprobe analyses of Proterozoic granitic rocks, SE Sweden aimed to characterize and unravel the mechanisms and conditions of plagioclase alterations. These alterations include saussuritization, albitization and replacement of plagioclase by K‐feldspar. The hydrothermal alterations, which are inferred to have occurred at ca. 250–400°C, resulted in concomitant formation of Al‐rich titanite, epidote, calcite, pumpellyite, prehnite and iron oxides. Replacement of plagioclase by K‐feldspar occurs in red‐stained zones, which have developed close to thin fractures owing to the precipitation of tiny Fe‐oxide pigment particles within the altered plagioclase, whereas saussuritized plagioclase has less systematic spatial relationships to these fractures. Albitization of plagioclase occurred in rocks that are poor in biotite compared to rocks that suffered extensive saussuritization. The chemical and textural characterization of various types of plagioclase alterations allows elucidation of the granitic hydrothermal systems. Features of feldspar alteration in the granitic rocks are similar to those encountered in feldspathic sandstones and should hence be considered in studies on diagenetic changes of siliciclastic successions during basin evolution. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

含铀副矿物的热液蚀变：来自华南鹿井矿田碎裂蚀变岩型铀矿床的矿物学研究

花岗岩型铀矿中铀的来源问题,长期以来是铀矿床学研究的热点问题之一。大多数学者认为其成矿物质主要来源于花岗岩本身的含铀副矿物,然而对于含铀副矿物热液蚀变行为研究较少。鹿井铀矿田位于诸广山复式岩体的中部,是华南最主要花岗岩型铀矿田之一,碎裂蚀变岩型铀矿化在该矿田内占主导地位。小山铀矿床位于鹿井矿田中部,是近些年新发现的碎裂蚀变岩型矿床。本文以钻孔ZK1-1为研究对象,对热液蚀变带开展了精细矿物学研究。研究表明：蚀变带中发育有晶质铀矿、铀石—钍石、独居石、磷钇矿、锆石、磷灰石、金红石等含铀副矿物。晶质铀矿、铀石—钍石中铀含量高,热液蚀变条件不稳定,铀容易释放;独居石蚀变为直氟碳钙铈矿和磷钇矿蚀变为次生磷灰石过程中容易释放出铀;锆石因结构稳定,铀难以释放;磷灰石、金红石中铀含量较低,供铀能力差。综合分析认为花岗岩中晶质铀矿、铀石—钍石是主要铀源矿物,独居石、磷钇矿为次要铀源矿物。     

Geochemical control of magnetite dissolution in subarctic lake sediments and the implications for environmental magnetism

Geochemical and mineral magnetic studies of lake sediments from the Kårsa valley in north Sweden demonstrate that down-core variations in magnetic properties have been determined by post-depositional magnetite dissolution rather than by sediment source changes. A low sediment accumulation rate during times of climatic amelioration combined with a higher organic carbon content produced intense reducing conditions with almost complete magnetite loss. An increase in the sedimentation rate and a reduction in the organic carbon content, primarily due to glacier reformation, allowed magnetite preservation. Thus the mineral magnetic profiles record lake sediment palaeoredox conditions brought about by climate change. This new interpretation of mineral magnetic transformations in freshwater sediments may have far reaching implications for other mineral magnetic studies concerned with the alternation between glacial (stadial) and interglacial (interstadial) episodes during the Quaternary period.     

PIMA在斑岩型矿床蚀变带划分中的应用综述

便携式短波红外光谱分析仪(PIMA)自2002年引进我国以来在矿物填图和蚀变带划分工作中取得了很多成果。由于其在野外可以快速识别细粒矿物成分及含量,本文认为对于斑岩型矿床这一矿体与蚀变对应关系较为清晰的矿床类型来说,这一技术的应用具有方便快捷,节约人力、物力的明显优势。     

Constraints of stable isotopes on the origin of alunite from advanced argillic alteration systems in Bulgaria

Voluminous areas of advanced argillic alteration (AAA) constitute major exploration targets for surficial Cu–Au epithermal and potentially underlying porphyry-type deposits. In Bulgaria, more than 30 alunite occurrences are recognised, few of them being associated with a mineralised system. A mineralogical study combined with a stable isotopic (O, H, S) study has been carried out on nine alunite occurrences of advanced argillic zones hosted by volcanic rocks of Late Cretaceous age in the Srednogorie belt and of Oligocene age in the Rhodopes belt. This work was realised in order to constrain the origin of alunite and to define criteria to discriminate alunite from ore deposits and alunite from large barren alteration systems.Mineralogy of the nine occurrences consists of alunite + quartz + minor alumino-phospho-sulphates, associated with more or less kaolinite, dickite, pyrophyllite, diaspore and zunyite, depending on formation temperature. Alunite generally occurs as tabular crystals but is also present as fine-crystalline pseudocubic phases at Boukovo and Sarnitsa, in Eastern Rhodopes. In the advanced argillic alterations associated with economic ore, the presence of zunyite in the deeper parts indicates acid–fluorine–sulphate hydrothermal systems, whereas it is absent in uneconomic and barren advanced argillic alteration. All occurrences are formed at temperatures between 200 and 300 °C.(H, O, S) isotopic signatures of alunite combined with mineralogical features from all the studied occurrences, whatever their type, show characteristics of magmatic-hydrothermal systems. Sulphur data indicate essentially a magmatic origin for sulphur. Oxygen and hydrogen data suggest that hydrothermal fluids result from a mixing between magmatic fluids and an external component, which is identified as seawater-derived fluids or meteoric water in the vicinity of a sea. In most of the alunite occurrences, magmatic fluids are dominant and H₂S/SO₄ ratios are estimated to be higher than 2. Two exceptions exist in the Rhodopes. At Boukovo and Sarnitsa, where the estimated formation temperatures of alunite are the lowest, the external fluids are dominant and H₂S/SO₄ratios are estimated to be lower than or close to 1.At this stage of the work, the mineralogical and isotopic criteria do not enable a clear distinction between economic and uneconomic systems. However, some features are common in the economic ore deposits: the presence of zunyite in the deeper part of the system, the relatively high temperatures suggested by the zunyite + pyrophyllite + alunite + diaspore assemblages, the (O, H, S) signature of alunite, which is characteristic of dominant magmatic–hydrothermal acid–sulphate–fluorine systems.     

印尼某铁矿区岩浆岩与磁铁矿成因关系

通过对印尼某铁矿区岩浆岩与磁铁矿关系的研究,认为该区主花岗岩体是成矿物质的主要来源;接触交代型是矿区主要成矿类型;正长细晶岩是主花岗岩体成岩后期残余岩浆充分结晶分异的产物;正长细晶岩与花岗岩之间及其内部赋存的磁铁矿在成因上属接触交代型磁铁矿经后期残余气液充填交代叠加所形成.     

一种遥感蚀变提取方法在地质找矿中的应用

正目前国内外遥感蚀变信息提取主要采用比值法、主成分分析法、光谱角法(田淑芳等,2013),在对蚀变分量进行阈值分割时大多使用基于统计学模型的门限化方法(Zhang Yujun et al., 2007),然而掩膜后的区域会使得统计参数产生偏移,当数据不服从正态分布时,提取的蚀变信息会存在较大误差。     

Prediction of rock alteration patterns: A potential tool in mineral exploration

Hydrothermal alteration of a quartz‐K‐feldspar rock is simulated numerically by coupling fluid flow and chemical reactions. Introduction of CO₂ gas generates an acidic fluid and produces secondary quartz, muscovite and/or pyrophyllite at constant temperature and pressure of 300°C and 200 MPa. The precipitation and/or dissolution of the secondary minerals is controlled by either mass‐action relations or rate laws. In our simulations the mass of the primary elements are conserved and the mass‐balance equations are solved sequentially using an implicit scheme in a finite‐element code. The pore‐fluid velocity is assumed to be constant. The change of rock volume due to the dissolution or precipitation of the minerals, which is directly related to their molar volume, is taken into account. Feedback into the rock porosity and the reaction rates is included in the model. The model produces zones of pyrophyllite quartz and muscovite due to the dissolution of K‐feldspar. Our model simulates, in a simplified way, the acid‐induced alteration assemblages observed in various guises in many significant mineral deposits. The particular aluminosilicate minerals produced in these experiments are associated with the gold deposits of the Witwatersrand Basin.     

河南舞阳赵案庄铁矿床成因:来自磁铁矿和磷灰石的矿物学证据

河南舞阳赵案庄铁矿位于华北克拉通南缘,赋存于新早古元古界太华杂岩赵案庄组中,是舞阳铁矿的一部分。赵案庄铁矿在时空上与变质的超基性岩关系密切,矿石中的脉石矿物与其寄主岩石的主矿物一致,指示其成因方面的亲缘性。赵案庄铁矿石具有典型的海绵陨铁结构,其中的磁铁矿具有高V(1458×10-6~2524×10-6)、稍高Mg(2502×10-6~4674×10-6)和低Ti(395×10-6~3186×10-6)、Cr(3.30×10-6~66.1×10-6)、Ni(93.0×10-6~176×10-6)、Mn(259×10-6~937×10-6)的特征。磷灰石以粗粒(0.3~1.5mm)、等粒状分散在磁铁矿的粒间,具有高REE总量(4983×10-6~7038×10-6)、高F(2.69%~3.52%)、高F/Cl比值(21.5~78.8)和低Sr(215×10-6~241×10-6)的特征。磁铁矿和磷灰石的化学组成均指示岩浆成因,并携带热液信息。利用磷灰石的微量元素含量反演成矿岩浆的微量元素组成,表明成矿岩浆受到了地层物质的混染。橄榄石低Cr、Ni高Mg的特征也指示岩浆中富挥发分的特征。此外,矿石中大量的碳酸盐矿物指示岩浆中有来自地层的CO2加入,导致岩浆的氧逸度升高,促进了磁铁矿的结晶,并抑制了钛铁矿结晶,是磁铁矿低Ti的一个原因。此外,源区低Ti也是导致磁铁矿低Ti的原因。因此,本文认为赵案庄铁矿属与超基性岩有关的岩浆矿床但受到富CO2流体的影响。     

西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床围岩蚀变特征及成矿流体运移规律浅析

甲玛铜多金属矿床围岩蚀变发育,可分为四期八个阶段,其中矽卡岩化、绢英岩化与成矿时空关系密切。通过对绢英岩化蚀变岩的质量平衡计算发现,导致绢英岩化围岩蚀变的热液为晚期岩浆分异的富挥发份的含矿硅质富钾酸性流体;并随着蚀变的发生发展,蚀变岩的主元素及成矿元素显示不同的迁移规律但表现出相似的蚀变流体运移趋势,即:以则古郎地区为中心,分别向铜山、铅山及莫古郎地区运移,由于铜山滑覆体阻挡,使得铜山地区蚀变较强,莫古郎地区较弱。     

Trace element geochemistry of magnetite from the giant Beiya gold-polymetallic deposit in Yunnan Province,Southwest China and its implications for the ore forming processes

The Beiya gold–polymetallic deposit is one of the largest gold deposits in China and is considered to be a typical porphyry-skarn system located in the middle of the Jinshajiang–Ailaoshan alkaline porphyry metallogenic belt. Massive magnetite is widespread in the Beiya ore district but its genesis is still the subject of debate. Five representative magnetite types are present in the Beiya deposit, namely magmatic magnetite (M1) from the ore-related porphyry, disseminated magnetite (M2) from the early retrograde alteration, massive magnetite (M3) from the early quartz-magnetite stage, massive magnetite (M4) from the middle quartz-magnetite stage and magnetite (M5) from the late quartz-magnetite stage. Compared with the M1 magnetite, the magnetites from stages M2 to M5 are depleted in Ti, Al and high field strength elements, implying a hydrothermal origin, distinct from the magmatic accessory magnetite in the ore-related porphyry (M1). The concentrations of cobalt in the hydrothermal magnetites decrease gradually from M2 to M5, and can be used to discriminate the magnetite types. The Al + Mn and Ti + V contents of the successively precipitated magnetite grains (M2–M5) suggests that the ore forming temperature decreased from M2 to M4, but increased from M4 to M5, possibly as the result of a new pulse of magma entering the chamber, which may have triggered the gold mineralization. The V content in the hydrothermal magnetite suggests that the oxygen fugacity increased from M2 to M4 but decreased as soon as the sulfides entered the system (M5).     

豫西前河金矿热液蚀变地球化学研究

含矿热液在迁移过程中与围岩发生了广泛的流体-岩石反应而引起热液蚀变.前河金矿区内主要的热液蚀变有钾长石化、青磐岩化、绢云母化、硅化、黄铁矿化、碳酸盐化和萤石化等7种类型;划分了6个蚀变-成矿阶段,即黑云母-钾长石阶段→青磐岩阶段→绢英岩阶段→黄铁矿-石英阶段→石英-黄铁矿阶段→碳酸盐-卤化物阶段,以及外、中、内3个蚀变带.5种典型蚀变岩的常量和微量元素分析表明,绢英岩化蚀变中,Si、K大量迁入,Pb含量大大增加,在∑REE有所降低的情况下HREE有所富集:δ Eu和δ Ce在各蚀变阶段均呈现负异常:这些现象可能是导致金沉淀的元素地球化学响应.各阶段成矿流体-岩石的交代特点在绿泥石单矿物的矿物化学成分变化上也有所反映.     

201、325和706铀矿床蚀变带绿泥石研究

以岩矿鉴定结果和电子探针绿泥石分析数据为依据,将325、706花岗岩型铀矿床蚀变带绿泥石分为假象绿泥石和鳞片状绿泥石。后者由前者转变而成,转变过程中存在着铁的迁出与镁的加入,迁出的铁形成赤铁矿,可能是造成碱性蚀变带呈红色的原因之一。201、325铀矿床蚀变带绿泥石为铁镁绿泥石和蠕绿泥石,706铀矿床蚀变带绿泥石主要属密绿泥石和铁斜绿泥石,少数属铁镁绿泥石。研究发现绿泥石变种由蚀变带原岩的∑FeO与MgO比值大小决定,与铀矿蚀变带是否为酸性和碱性没有必然的对应关系;绿泥石晶胞中镁羟基和铝羟基相对比例大小不同,是导致其吸收位置在2259-2262nm和2348-2359nm的诊断性吸收峰发育程度存在差别的原因。     

西藏羊八井地热田水热蚀变的时空演化特征

西藏亚东—谷露裂谷中—北段的羊八井地热田是我国著名的高温地热田,研究其水热蚀变的时空演化有助于更好地认识藏南地热的发育特征。通过对羊八井地热田及其水热蚀变岩开展地表调查、显微特征与X衍射分析等工作,总结了其主要蚀变类型特征,划分出黄褐色蚀变中心带、灰白色中强蚀变带、灰白色中等蚀变带和浅灰白色弱蚀变带4个不同的水热蚀变带,并区分出红褐色—黄褐色蚀变期、灰白色蚀变期和淡黄色—灰色蚀变期共3期蚀变。研究结果揭示,羊八井地热田高温地热活动中心一直在北区硫磺沟区域,其水热蚀变活动主要受亚东—谷露裂谷内部的活动断裂构造控制,并与断裂构造活动具同步性;地热水的排泄方式早期为沿北东向断裂构造直接排泄,晚期为经浅层第四系径流后再排泄,由直接排泄向间接排泄转变;中高温地热水的排泄区由北区硫磺沟地区向南区藏布曲迁移。根据研究结果推断,硫磺沟区域的北东向断裂与北西向断裂交汇区可作为羊八井热田北区深部地热勘查的主要方向。