1951-2002年长江流域降水特征

The monthly, seasonal, and annual precipitation trends in the Yangtze river catchment have been detected through analysis of 51 meteorological stations‘ data between 1950-2002 provided by National Meteorological Administration. Results reveal that: 1) Summer precipitation in the Yangtze river catchment shows significant increasing tendency. The Poyanghu lake basin, Dongtinghu lake basin and Taihu lake basin in the middle and lower reaches are the places showing significant positive trends. Summer precipitation in the middle and lower reaches experienced an abrupt change in the year 1992; 2) The monthly precipitation in months just adjoining to summer shows decreasing tendency in the Yangtze river catchment. The upper and middle reaches in Jialingjiang river basin and Hanshui river basin are the places showing significant negative trends; 3) Extreme precipitation events show an increasing tendency in most places, especially in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze river catchment.     

鄱阳湖流域水文变化特征成因及旱涝规律

本研究分析了1960-2008年鄱阳湖流域的气候和水文变化特征,用水量和能量平衡关系解释和印证了这些特征,并由此揭示了鄱阳湖流域水文变化特征的成因及干旱和洪涝发生的规律.得到以下主要结论:1)正常或偏湿年份鄱阳湖流域6月份容纳水量能力已达到饱和,若6-7月降水量超出正常年份,则流域超饱和,洪涝发生.长江中上游降水量7月份的异常偏多会对鄱阳湖流域的洪涝起触发和强化作用.2)鄱阳湖流域7-10月蒸发量大于降水量,特别是7-8月蒸发量大于降水量的一倍以上,所以若4-6月流域降水量少于平均年同期量的20％以上,则累积效应使秋旱发生.当初冬(11月)降水偏少时,秋旱可持续到来年的初春,形成严重的春旱.长江中上游降水量对鄱阳湖流域的春旱没有直接影响,但7-8月降水量偏少时则对秋旱起重要的强化作用.3)长江对鄱阳湖流域的水文过程和旱涝的发生、发展的影响主要在7-8月的“长江与鄱阳湖耦合作用”时期和9-10月的“弱长江作用”期.     

Temporal and spatial trends of precipitation and river flow in the Yangtze River Basin, 1961–2000

The suspected impact of climate warming on precipitation distribution is examined in the Yangtze River Basin. Daily precipitation data for 147 meteorological stations from 1961–2000 and monthly discharge data for three stations in the basin have been analyzed for temporal and spatial trends. The methods used include the Mann–Kendall test and simple regression analysis. The results show (1) a significant positive trend in summer precipitation at many stations especially for June and July, with the summer precipitation maxima in the middle and lower Yangtze River basin in the 1990s; (2) a positive trend in rainstorm frequency that is the main contributor to increased summer precipitation in the basin; and (3) a significant positive trend in flood discharges in the middle and lower basin related to the spatial patterns and temporal trends of both precipitation and individual rainstorms in the last 40 years. The rainstorms have aggravated floods in the middle and lower Yangtze River Basin in recent decades. The observed trends in precipitation and rainstorms are possibly caused by variations of atmospheric circulation (weakened summer monsoon) under climate warming.     

石羊河流域1961-2005年蒸发皿蒸发量变化趋势及原因初探

 利用1961—2005年石羊河流域上、中、下游当地气象站的逐月20 cm口径蒸发皿蒸发量、平均气温、平均相对湿度、降水量、平均风速、日照时数、最高气温和最低气温资料,研究了近45 a石羊河流域蒸发皿蒸发量变化趋势及原因。结果表明,45 a来,石羊河流域及上、下游年蒸发皿蒸发量呈上升趋势,中游年蒸发皿蒸发量呈下降趋势,上游上升趋势最明显。四季中,春、秋、冬季蒸发皿蒸发量呈上升趋势,上升最明显的是冬季,其次为秋季,春季变化不明显,夏季蒸发皿蒸发量变化呈下降趋势。石羊河流域在不同时段不同区域年蒸发皿蒸发量都存在明显的6～7 a周期和1～2 a的短周期,并都发生了突变。相关系数法分析表明,影响石羊河流域及中、下游年蒸发皿蒸发量变化的主要影响因子是相对湿度和降水,上游的主要影响因子是相对湿度和气温。四季中,春季的主要影响因子是相对湿度和降水;夏季影响石羊河流域及上、中蒸发皿蒸发量变化的主要因子是相对湿度和气温,下游的主要影响因子是相对湿度和降水;秋季影响石羊河流域及中、下游蒸发皿蒸发量变化的主要影响因子是相对湿度和气温日较差,上游其主要影响因子是相对湿度和降水;冬季的主要影响因子是气温和相对湿度。影响年以及春、夏、秋最显著的因子是相对湿度,冬季最显著的影响因子是气温。     

Changing features of extreme precipitation in the Yangtze River basin during 1961-2002

The total precipitation of the highest 1 day, 3 day, 5 day and 7 day precipitation amount (R1D, R3D, R5D and R7D) in the Yangtze River basin was analyzed with the help of linear trend analysis and continuous wavelet transform method. The research results indi-cated that: 1) Spatial distribution of R1D is similar in comparison with that of R3D, R5D and R7D. The Jialingjiang and Hanjiang river basins are dominated by decreasing trend, which is significant at >95% confidence level in Jialingjiang River basin and insignificant at >95% con-fidence level in Hanjiang River basin. The southern part of the Yangtze River basin and the western part of the upper Yangtze River basin are dominated by significant increasing trend of R1D extreme precipitation at >95% confidence level. 2) As for the R3D, R5D and R7D, the western part of the upper Yangtze River basin is dominated by significant increasing trend at >95% confidence level. The eastern part of the upper Yangtze River basin is dominated by decreasing trend, but is insignificant at >95% confidence level. The middle and lower Yangtze River basin is dominated by increasing trend, but insignificant at >95% confidence level. 3) The frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events are intensified over time. Pre-cipitation anomalies indicated that the southeastern part, southern part and southwestern part of the Yangtze River basin are dominated by positive extreme precipitation anomalies be-tween 1993–2002 and 1961–1992. The research results of this text indicate that the occurrence probability of flash flood is higher in the western part of the upper Yangtze River basin and the middle and lower Yangtze River     

雅鲁藏布江流域1961-2005年气候变化趋势

The Yarlung Zangbo River (YR) is the highest great river in the world, and its basin is one of the centers of human economic activity in Tibet. Using 10 meteorological stations over the YR basin in 1961–2005, the spatial and temporal characteristics of temperature and precipitation as well as potential evapotranspiration are analyzed. The results are as follows. (1) The annual and four seasonal mean air temperature shows statistically significant increasing trend, the tendency is more significant in winter and fall. The warming in Lhasa river basin is most significant. (2) The precipitation is decreasing from the 1960s to the 1980s and increasing since the 1980s. From 1961 to 2005, the annual and four seasonal mean precipitation is increasing but not statistically significant, especially in fall and spring. The increasing precipitation rates are more pronounced in Niyangqu and Palong Zangbo river basins, the closer to the upper YR is, the less precipitation increasing rate would be. (3) The annual and four seasonal mean potential evapotranspiration has decreased, especially after the 1980s, and most of it happens in winter and spring. The decreasing trend is most significant in the middle YR and Nianchu river basin. (4) Compared with the Mt. Qomolangma region, Tibetan Plateau, China and global average, the magnitudes of warming trend over the YR basin since the 1970s exceed those areas in the same period, and compared with the Tibetan Plateau, the magnitudes of precipitation increasing and potential evapotranspiration decreasing are larger, suggesting that the YR basin is one of the most sensitive areas to global warming.     

长江流域1961-2002年极端降水特征

The total precipitation of the highest 1 day, 3 day, 5 day and 7 day precipitation amount （R1 D, R3D, R5D and R7D） in the Yangtze River basin was analyzed with the help of linear trend analysis and continuous wavelet transform method. The research results indicated that： 1） Spatial distribution of RID is similar in comparison with that of R3D, R5D and R7D. The Jialingjiang and Hanjiang river basins are dominated by decreasing trend, which is significant at 〉95% confidence level in Jialingjiang River basin and insignificant at 〉95% confidence level in Hanjiang River basin. The southern part of the Yangtze River basin and the western part of the upper Yangtze River basin are dominated by significant increasing trend of RID extreme precipitation at 〉95% confidence level. 2） As for the R3D, R5D and R7D, the western part of the upper Yangtze River basin is dominated by significant increasing trend at 〉95% confidence level. The eastern part of the upper Yangtze River basin is dominated by decreasing trend, but is insignificant at 〉95% confidence level. The middle and lower Yangtze River basin is dominated by increasing trend, but insignificant at 〉95% confidence level. 3） The frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events are intensified over time. Precipitation anomalies indicated that the southeastern part, southern part and southwestern part of the Yangtze River basin are dominated by positive extreme precipitation anomalies between 1993-2002 and 1961-1992. The research results of this text indicate that the occurrence probability of flash flood is higher in the western part of the upper Yangtze River basin and the middle and lower Yangtze River basin, esp. in the southwestern and southeastern parts of the Yangtze River basin.     

实施流域生态管理的长江中下游湿地保护探讨

长江中下游地区湿地分布广泛且类型多样,是我国淡水湖泊分布最集中和最具有代表性的地区。为了从根本上解决长江中下游湿地利用面临的问题,实现湿地资源的可持续利用,保护湿地环境,解决区内上、下游用水的供需矛盾,实现水资源的优化配置,调动区域湿地保护的积极性和主动性,有必要遵循湿地流域分布规律,应用流域生态学最新理论与实践成果,进行流域生态管理。一方面,要从流域角度处理好几大江湖关系、蓄泄关系、湖垸关系和山湖(河)关系等;另一方面,在流域内建立统一协调机制,对流域湿地进行保护与合理利用、合理布局和统一规划;同时在保护的前提下,科学合理地利用长江中下游湿地资源,开拓新的生产力。     

1962-2011年长江流域极端气温事件分析

根据1962-2011 年长江流域115 个气象站点的逐日最高气温、日最低气温资料,利用线性倾向估计法、主成分分析及相关分析法,并根据选取的16 个极端气温指标,分析了该地区极端气温的时间变化趋势和空间分布规律。结果表明:(1) 冷昼日数、冷夜日数、冰冻日数、霜冻日数、冷持续日数分别以-0.84、-2.78、-0.48、-3.29、-0.67 d·(10a)^-1的趋势减小,而暖昼日数、暖夜日数、夏季日数、热夜日数、暖持续日数、生物生长季以2.24、2.86、2.93、1.80、0.83 、2.30 d·(10a)^-1的趋势增加,日最高(低) 气温的极低值、日最高(低) 气温的极高值和极端气温日较差的倾向率分别为0.33、0.47、0.16、0.19、-0.07 ℃·(10a)^-1;(2) 冷指数(冷夜日数、日最高气温的极低值、日最低气温的极低值)的变暖幅度明显大于暖指数(暖夜日数、日最高气温的极高值、日最低气温的极高值),夜指数(暖夜日数、冷夜日数) 的变暖幅度明显大于昼指数(暖昼日数、冷昼日数);(3) 空间分布上,长江上游区域冷指数的平均值大于其中下游区域,而暖指数和生物生长季则是中下游多年平均值大于上游区域(暖持续日数除外);(4) 因子分析的结果表明,除了极端气温日较差之外,各极端气温指数之间均呈现很好的相关性。     

1961-2016年渭河流域极端降水事件研究

基于1961-2016 年渭河流域26 个气象站点的逐日降水数据,选取与极端降水事件密切相关的9 个指数,利用线性趋势法、Mann-Kendall突变点检验和方差分析等方法,揭示渭河流域极端降水事件的变化趋势、突变情况以及渭河流域上、中、下游降水情况的差异特征,对研究区未来极端降水事件提供科学预测和理论参考。结果表明：① 渭河流域上、中、下游地区及整个流域的年总降水量分别以16.588 mm/10a、8.319 mm/10a、6.703 mm/10a和9.544 mm/10a的速率下降,表明渭河流域56 a来降水总量存在逐年减少的趋势,整个渭河流域地区呈现变干的趋势。② 降水强度(SDII)、强降水总量(R95PTOT)和极端降水总量(R99PTOT)在整体上均呈现上升趋势,极端降水总量的上升趋势高于强降水总量,上游地区的上升趋势高于中下游地区,表明渭河流域极端降水强度有所增强,极端降水事件发生频率有所增大。③ 渭河流域出现极端降水事件的年份集中在20世纪90年代和21世纪初期,且降水情况的年际差异较大,中游地区的变化更为明显。④ 相关分析显示中下游地区对整个流域极端降水事件的发生情况起到较大的贡献。     

Climate change over the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin during 1961–2005

The Yarlung Zangbo River (YR) is the highest great river in the world, and its basin is one of the centers of human economic activity in Tibet. Using 10 meteorological stations over the YR basin in 1961–2005, the spatial and temporal characteristics of temperature and precipitation as well as potential evapotranspiration are analyzed. The results are as follows. (1) The annual and four seasonal mean air temperature shows statistically significant in-creasing trend, the tendency is more significant in winter and fall. The warming in Lhasa river basin is most significant. (2) The precipitation is decreasing from the 1960s to the 1980s and increasing since the 1980s. From 1961 to 2005, the annual and four seasonal mean precipi-tation is increasing but not statistically significant, especially in fall and spring. The increasing precipitation rates are more pronounced in Niyangqu and Palong Zangbo river basins, the closer to the upper YR is, the less precipitation increasing rate would be. (3) The annual and four seasonal mean potential evapotranspiration has decreased, especially after the 1980s, and most of it happens in winter and spring. The decreasing trend is most significant in the middle YR and Nianchu river basin. (4) Compared with the Mt. Qomolangma region, Tibetan Plateau, China and global average, the magnitudes of warming trend over the YR basin since the 1970s exceed those areas in the same period, and compared with the Tibetan Plateau, the magnitudes of precipitation increasing and potential evapotranspiration decreasing are larger, suggesting that the YR basin is one of the most sensitive areas to global warming.     

Trend analysis of major hydroclimatic variables in the Langat River basin,Malaysia

Trend analyses of monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall, air temperature, and streamflow were performed using Mann‐Kendall test within the Langat River basin to identify gradual trends and abrupt shifts for 1980 − 2010. Annual rainfall showed an increasing trend in upstream flow, a combination of decreasing and increasing trends in middle stream flow, and a decreasing trend in downstream flow. Monthly rainfall in most months displayed an insignificant increasing trend upstream. Stations with significant increasing trends showed larger trends in summer than those of other seasons. However, they were similar to the trends observed in annual rainfall. Annual minimum air temperature showed a significant decreasing trend upstream and significant increasing trends in the middle stream and downstream areas. Annual maximum air temperature portrayed increasing trends in both upstream and middle stream areas, and a decreasing trend for the downstream area. Both monthly and seasonal maximum air temperatures exhibited an increasing trend midstream, whereas they demonstrated trends of both decreasing and/or increasing temperatures at upstream and downstream areas. Annual streamflow in upper, middle and lower catchment areas exhibited significant increasing trend at the rates of 0.036, 0.023 and 0.001 × 10³ m³/y at α = 0.01, respectively. Seasonal streamflow in the upstream, midstream and downstream areas displayed an increasing trend for spring (0.55, 0.33 and 0.013 m³/y respectively) and summer (0.51, 0.37, 0.018 m³/y respectively). The greatest magnitude of increased streamflow occurred in the spring (0.54 m³/y). Significant increasing trends of monthly streamflow were noticed in January and August, but insignificant trends were found in May, September and November at all stations. Annual streamflow records at the outlet of the basin were positively correlated with the annual rainfall variable. This study concludes that the climate of the Langat River basin has been getting wetter and warmer during 1980‐2010.     

1960―2015年长江流域风速的时空变化特征

基于1960―2015年长江流域128个站点的月风速观测数据,结合地形特点将长江流域分成5个子区域,并运用一元线性回归、相关分析和修正的Mann-Kendall（MMK）检验对长江流域风速变化趋势的时空特征进行研究,结果表明：1）1960―2015年长江流域年平均风速以-0.006 5 m/s·a的速率显著下降,5个子区域中,区域中下游丘陵与平原区（R1）下降最显著,上游青藏高原区（R5）次之,上游盆地区（R3）变化最小。2）季节上,全区风速春季下降最快,夏季最慢。而子区域除R1冬季降幅最大外,其余区域季节风速变化速率也为春季降幅最大,夏季最小。逐月变化上,流域整体风速3月下降最快,8月最慢,各子区域风速最大降幅也集中在3月。3）空间分布上,长江流域年平均风速降幅呈现东部大、中部小、西部较大的特点,全区50%的站点下降趋势显著,且这些站点集中分布于R1地区。此外,4个季节风速与年风速的变化趋势呈现相似的空间分布特征。4）长江流域风速下降与北极涛动（AO）指数上升、区域气候变暖和城市化加速等有关。     

长江上游降水对三峡水库蓄水关键月入库流量的影响

论文基于长江上游271个气象站点1961—2017年逐日降水量数据及三峡水库日入库流量资料,辅以差异t检验、合成分析、相关分析和聚类分析等方法,就长江上游降水对三峡水库入库流量的影响进行了分析,结果表明：① 三峡水库蓄水期关键月的入库流量受同年8月及9月的降水影响最为明显;② 依据降水特征将长江上游进行分区的结果是在沿江及以南遵循自然流域划分,长江以北则不同,6个区分别为：I区(嘉陵江流域南部)、II区(金沙江上游、岷沱江北部、嘉陵江北部)、III区(重庆—宜昌)、IV区(乌江)、V区(宜宾—重庆)、VI区(金沙江流域中下游);③ 6个区对三峡水库蓄水关键月的入库流量贡献：I区和III区的降水量最大,汇流距离短,相较其他4个区,贡献最大;II区站点稀疏,降水量最少,汇流距离长,贡献最小;其他3个区(IV、V、VI区)贡献相近;④ 分析2003年以来蓄水期遭遇的3次流量峰值超50000 m³/s的洪水过程,其中2014年9月11—18日I区出现连续强降水,同时叠加III区过程性强降水,导致了19—20日三峡水库入库出现超过50000 m³/s的超大洪峰,证实了I区和III区降水对三峡入库流量的高贡献影响分析结论可靠,该结论也对三峡水库合理蓄水调度具有一定的参考价值。     

The water-balance model of the monthly runoff dynamics (Exemplified by the Kuda River Basin)

Relationships have been formulated and the software developed in support of the construction the model for the temporal dynamics of the monthly mean water flow rate in the lower measuring section of catchment. In terms of the model, the runoff observed is formed depending on the monthly mean air temperature and monthly precipitation amount characteristic for catchment. It is suggested that the resulting flow rate comprises three types of river alimentation: the now, rain and subterranean types. The parameters of the postulated runoff formation mechanism are estimated for three catchments on the territory of the Kuda river basin.     

呼伦湖近年水情变化原因分析

流域水量平衡变化机制及其效应的认识是理解湖泊水情变化与制定缓解措施的根本依据.针对2000年后呼伦湖持续水位的急剧下降,并考虑到流域监测资料稀缺的实际情况,借助遥感反演降水和蒸散时空数据序列,利用时空模式分解、趋势分析等方法揭示了流域降水时空变化特征及其引起的蒸散效应.结果表明:流域降水变化主要由空间分布及过程强弱互补...     

黄河下游河川径流的变化趋势与对策

黄河下游河川年径流量有逐年减少的趋势,花园口站90年代实测年径流量为80年代的65.1%,这与上中游年降水量减少、用水量增加有关。河川年最大流量逐年减少,花园口站90年代平均最大流量为80年代的68.6%,并出现了“小流量、高水位、大漫滩”的发展态势。河川小流量或断流日趋严重,利津站90年代累计断流天数为80年代的8.2倍,文中分析了缓解其影响的可行对策。     

Distribution of winter-spring snow over the Tibetan Plateau and its relationship with summer precipitation in Yangtze River

The distribution of winter-spring snow cover over the Tibetan Plateau(TP) and its relationship with summer precipitation in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River Valley(MLYRV) during 2003–2013 have been investigated with the moderate-resolution imaging spectrometer(MODIS) Terra data(MOD10A2) and precipitation observations. Results show that snow cover percentage(SCP) remains approximately 20% in winter and spring then tails off to below 5% with warmer temperature and snow melt in summer. The lower and highest percentages present a declining tendency while the middle SCP exhibits an opposite variation. The maximum value appears from the middle of October to March and the minimum emerges from July to August. The annual and winter-spring SCPs present a decreasing tendency. Snow cover is mainly situated in the periphery of the plateau and mountainous regions, and less snow in the interior of the plateau, basin and valley areas in view of snow cover frequency(SCF) over the TP. Whatever annual or winter-spring snow cover, they all have remarkable declining tendency during 2003–2013, and annual snow cover presents a decreasing trend in the interior of the TP and increasing trend in the periphery of the TP. The multi-year averaged eight-day SCP is negatively related to mean precipitation in the MLYRV. Spring SCP is negatively related to summer precipitation while winter SCP is positively related to summer precipitation in most parts of the MLYRV. Hence, the influence of winter snow cover on precipitation is much more significant than that in spring on the basis of correlation analysis. The oscillation of SCF from southeast to northwest over the TP corresponds well to the beginning, development and cessation of the rain belt in eastern China.     

近50 a渭河流域洪水成因分析及防治对策

 通过对近50 a渭河流域洪水的年际变化、月际变化和潼关高程变化的综合分析得出，造成该流域洪水灾害的原因有降水量年内分配不均和年际变化大，滩面淤积加重，支流河口淤塞以及河势、流态的恶化等。针对这些原因，根据渭河流域洪水灾害的特点，提出了相应的防治措施，即降低下游高程，减少河道的淤积，增大河道泄洪能力；利用水库进行调水调沙，引进客水冲刷渭河下游；防洪工程要除险加固，提高防洪标准与抗洪能力；恢复林草植被，遏止水土流失，从源头上控制泥沙入河等。     

长江流域国土空间开发适宜性综合评价

国土空间开发适宜性评价是国土开发格局优化与区域协调发展的科学基础,开展长江 流域国土空间综合评价,可以加强和深化对流域国土空间合理开发的科学认知,指导流域治 理与可持续发展实践。根据“3步骤4原则”首次界定长江流域覆盖的县级行政区域范围,从 长江流域实际出发,采用Delphi与AHP方法,构建国土空间开发适宜性综合评价指标体系, 建立以724个县级行政区为基本单元的长江流域综合数据库。在此基础上,结合专业知识与 GIS 空间聚类方法进行单因子分级评价,运用动态加权求和法建立测度模型开展综合评价,构 建耦合差系数模型进行人口-经济空间耦合度分析。研究结果表明：全流域开发约束总体水 平较高,高值区 (V~VIII级) 主要分布在上中游地区。开发强度和开发潜力的空间集中度高, 区域发展差异呈继续扩大态势。综合评价分级高值区土地面积比重为22.95%,表明适宜开发 区域仅占少部分流域国土面积;人口-GDP耦合差系数 (D值) 为8.70,流域人口与经济空间 耦合度较低;上中下游开发适宜性存在显著差异,适宜性高值区主要包括长江三角洲、合肥 与皖江沿线地区、武汉城市圈、荆州-宜昌长江沿线地区、襄阳-南阳地区、长株潭城市 群、南昌-九江-新余地区、成渝城市群、贵阳-安顺地区、昆明市及大部分地级城市。