基于模糊数学法评价滇西保山地区麻榔河泥石流沟的危险性

通过野外实地调查云南省保山市怒江东岸麻榔河泥石流的发育特征,并对其洪积物进行光释光（OSL）测年,认为是一个年轻的泥石流沟,危险性较大。在此基础上,依据泥石流发生的影响因素具有复杂性和模糊性的特点,采用模糊数学法对其危险性进行综合评判。选取7个因子作为泥石流危险度评价的主要关联因子,评价结果与野外调查的实际情况相符,属于中度危险（Ⅲ）。同时指出了评价过程中的2个关键点：建立权重集和确定隶属度。建立权重集的方法采用＂理想点＂的距离之和极小化为目标来优化确定,隶属度利用半梯形分布模型原理设计隶属函数来实现。经过反复的实验计算,证实此方法可操作性强,结果更符合实际。     

因子分析法在泥石流危险性评价中的应用

为研究因子分析法在泥石流危险性评价中的应用,在建立科学合理的评价指标基础上,利用因子分析法得到影响泥石流危险性的主因子,并进行主、次影响因子的重要性等级排序,得到泥石流主要影响因子对泥石流危险性的贡献度。根据主客观赋权理论,将多目标规划模型所得的客观赋权值与考虑组态偏好要求时的主观均衡度变权值线性组合,得到关于泥石流危险性评价的主客观赋权法主因子权重。选择2种主要分级标准对泥石流危险性指标进行标准化处理,结合权重与影响因子的贡献度建立了多因子综合评价模型,并以保山市后山10条典型泥石流沟基础数据为例,评价了该地区的泥石流危险性。研究表明,利用该方法进行泥石流危险性评价是合理可行的,评价结果与实际情况具有较好的一致性,该方法是泥石流危险性评价的一种新思路。     

浅层采空区塌陷危险性评价方法研究

鉴于浅层采空区的复杂性、不确定性,目前缺乏针对浅层采空区塌陷危险性的有效评价方法。在对浅层采空区详尽客观调查探测基础上,提出了基于层次分析法的模糊综合评判定量评价方法评价采空塌陷危险性。首先,在研究区工程地质条件、采空区塌陷机理和塌陷影响因素分析基础上建立采空塌陷评价因子体系及标准;其次,针对离散型和连续型变量因子的不同,分别采用专家评定法和适宜的隶属度函数模型构建隶属度评价矩阵,同时采用层次分析法中的特征向量法确定因子权重;最后,通过权重矩阵和隶属度矩阵的合成运算得到评价结果向量,按贴近度原则确定危险性等级。研究结果表明,模糊综合评判方法在评价浅层采空区塌陷危险性方面是可行并有效的。     

典型金属矿山泥石流潜势度的模糊层次综合评判

针对金属矿山泥石流发育与潜势度的关系,对影响矿山泥石流发育的主要因素进行综合分析,确定其隶属函数,采用层次分析法确定各影响因素的权重系数,并应用模糊数学理论的方法来判定金属矿山泥石流发育潜势度的级别,通过确定潜势度的级别对矿区内地质灾害进行定量化评价确定灾害等级,为金属矿山泥石流地质灾害的防治提供依据。     

“8·3”鲁甸地震背景下甘沟流域泥石流危险性评价

2014年8月云南省鲁甸县发生6.5级地震,位于震源中心地带的甘沟流域受地震影响,诱发大量次生地质灾害,流域内松散堆积物质增加,泥石流灾害的潜在危险增大,对沟口集镇造成威胁。本文基于对甘沟流域野外实地调查,综合考虑降雨对震后泥石流的影响,选取泥石流规模、流域面积、日最大降雨量、主沟长度、相对高差、流域切割密度、不稳定沟床比等7个评价因子,通过调整分辨系数为0.227 2的灰色关联法确定其客观权重,并在此基础上采用多因素综合评价方法计算泥石流危险度,对其进行危险性定量评价。结果表明,震后甘沟流域泥石流危险性属中度危险,诱发中等规模泥石流的可能性较大。     

泥石流危险性评价:模糊c均值聚类-支持向量机法

泥石流是一种能够造成灾难性后果的严重自然灾害,准确可靠的泥石流危险性评价对于其预警及防治工作来说至关重要。泥石流的危险性评价方法有很多,模糊c均值聚类（FCM）方法是其中一种应用广泛的分类方法;相比其他方法而言,其无需主观确定边界,并且能以各级隶属度矩阵为输出结果,方便应用。支持向量机（SVM）是基于结构风险最小化为目标的机器学习理论,以支持向量为算法支撑,具有一定的鲁棒性,并且适合在小样本条件下进行分类。本文选用FCM和SVM联合的方法,开展泥石流危险性的评价;对北京房山区南窖沟泥石流危险性进行分析,并对比其他评价方法所得结果,证明本文提出的评价方法具有较好的效果。     

基于灰色关联法的地震灾区泥石流危险性评价以北川县泥石流为例

汶川地震后,地震灾区泥石流具有暴发临界雨量小,规模大,危险性高的特点。在考虑降雨和地震作用下,采用灰色关联法分析北川县72条泥石流沟的泥石流规模、流域面积、主沟长度、流域相对高差、流域切割密度、不稳定沟床比、年均降雨量和地震烈度8个影响因子的权重,在此基础上建立震区泥石流危险性评价模型并进一步对其进行危险性评价。结果表明:影响因子中,年均降雨量和地震烈度所占权重最大; 运用本文模型得到的评价结果与刘希林模型基本一致,但危险度值相对提高,其中有7条泥石流沟危险度提高一个等级。     

南水北调中线水源区安康段水质模糊综合评价

对水质进行合理的评价有助于对水资源进行有效的管理和调控。针对汉江安康段8个监测段断面的监测数据,运用模糊综合评判的方法对水质进行评价,采用隶属函数确定评价因子的隶属度以及改进的层次分析法（IAHP）对评价因子的权重进行确定,克服了传统层次分析法中权值计算和一致性检验的检验的复杂性,结果符合实际情况。     

基于不同评价单元和灾害熵的泥石流危险性分析

白龙江流域为泥石流等地质灾害密集分布区。2020年8月由于强降雨激发,白龙江流域武都段发生了大规模的群发性泥石流灾害,造成严重损失。文章以白龙江流域甘肃省陇南市武都段（宕昌县两河口乡—武都区桔柑镇）为研究区,通过野外实地考察,选取流域面积、流域形状系数、平均坡度、沟谷密度、物源参照值（HI）、岩性、流域中心距活动断层距离、一小时最大降雨量、植被覆盖度作为泥石流危险性评价因子。基于灾害熵理论,分别以泥石流单沟和小流域单元作为评价单元,利用ArcGIS软件,进行区域泥石流危险性评价。分析结果表明,研究区内泥石流沟大多数都属于中、高危险性。致灾因子中岩性、物源参照值（HI）、距断层距离、植被覆盖度及平均坡度的权重最大,与实际考察结果一致。且以小流域单元作为评价单元的评价结果更符合研究区的泥石流发育情况。     

基于模糊神经网络的泥石流危险性评价

将T-S模糊系统理论和人工神经网络相结合,利用模糊理论隶属度对模糊性有很强的识别精度,将泥石流危险性指标隶属度作为神经网络的激活函数输入,使用正态分布方法产生训练数据,再利用BP神经网络的误差反向传播对TS模糊系统隶属度函数等的参数进行训练调整,从而建立泥石流危险性评价的模糊神经网络模型。利用建立好的模型对云南东川八条典型泥石流沟的危险性进行评价,获得客观合理的评价结果。与刘希林的灰色聚类法和可拓物元方法的纵向对比和与线性内插产生训练数据方法横向对比表明:使用该方法能较真实地反映实际泥石流沟的危险性等级,证明模糊神经网络理论应用于泥石流危险性评价的有效性和可行性。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861