中国矿山地质灾害分布特征

矿山地质灾害是人类矿业活动和自然地质作用作用于地质环境造成的灾害事件。近几年,随着矿产资源开发力度的不断加大,矿山地质灾害发生频率呈加剧趋势,对矿业正常生产和人居生态环境构成严重的威胁,甚至造成重大的群死群伤灾难。依据2002—2005年全国31个省（自治区、直辖市）矿山地质环境调查与评估的成果资料,利用数据统计、分析、总结的方法,按不同省区市、不同地质环境背景区、不同类型矿产、不同规模的矿山、不同开采方式,简述了中国矿业开发引发的崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、地面塌陷、地裂缝5种地质灾害的时空分布特征和危害,为矿山地质灾害监测、防治提供基础信息。     

辽宁省主要矿山地质灾害及防治对策探讨

辽宁省是全国矿产资源和矿业开发大省,同时也是矿山地质灾害高发省份,矿山生态环境破坏较严重,诱发的矿山地质灾害较为普遍。矿山地质灾害主要分布在辽东抚顺、本溪,辽西南票、北票、阜新及辽北铁法三个地区。脆弱的地质环境条件和矿业开发活动是诱发矿山地质灾害的主要因素。对人为诱发因素,应通过立法和加强管理,制定相应对策加以防治。     

矿业开发中环境影响的生态环境地质评价

矿业开发具有两重性，它一方面可以促进国民经济的发展、社会进步和人民生活水平的提高，另一方面干扰生态环境平衡、诱发大量的环境地质的灾害问题。以前对矿山项目的环境评价和环境审批往往仅是局限于大气、地表及水体等常规环评因素，而对矿区岩石的生态功能、矿震、滑坡、崩塌及塌陷等不利地质因素评价涉及甚少，导致对潜在地质灾害认识不足而造成损失；文章指出矿业开发环境评价中应加强生态环境地质评价、促使地质环境监督和环境监理协调进行；提出矿业开发中环境影响的生态环境地质评价框架。     

桐梓县矿山主要环境地质问题及防治对策

桐梓县矿业开发引起的矿山环境地质问题种类较多,主要为矿山地质灾害对土地、植被及地貌景观的占用与破坏,对地下水均衡的破坏,及矿山废水、固体废弃物排放对水环境的污染等几种。通过对矿区矿山地质环境的现状评估分区及其保护、治理分区,提出了矿山地质环境保护与治理的防治措施。     

矿山地质环境调查研究现状及展望

矿产资源开发引发的矿山环境地质问题正成为影响矿山正常生产和人居生态环境安全的重要因素,为了实现资源开发与环境保护并重的绿色矿业目标,需要在合理开发利用矿产资源的同时,最大程度地减少、减轻矿业开发对矿山地质环境的负面影响。依据8年来矿山地质环境调查研究工作的经验和体会,简述了矿山环境地质的兴起与发展、研究意义和方法、现状与进展,提出了今后矿山环境地质研究的主要方向和内容,旨在推动矿山环境地质研究工作的同时,推进矿山地质环境保护工作。     

陕西矿山地质环境问题浅析

陕西矿产资源丰富,随着国家对矿产资源需求量的增加,对矿产资的开发力度增强,对地质环境的改变愈随之增强,引发的矿山地质环境问题日益突出。通过调查分析认为：陕西主要矿山地质环境问题为矿业开发引发地质灾害、矿区土地资源占用与破坏、矿区地下水系统的影响与破坏、矿区环境污染,且危害较严重。陕南、关中、陕北及不同矿产资源开采区的矿山地质环境问题各异;矿山地质环境问题是矿业活动对地质环境破坏影响形成的结果。提出陕西矿山地质环境问题应采取从源头上预防、落实矿山地质环境恢复治理各项制度、建立健全矿山地质环境保护与恢复治理长效机制、提高矿山地质环境问题预防和治理科技水平等防治措施综合防治。     

西南地区矿业开发环境地质问题成因与防治对策

西南地区矿产资源丰富，矿业开发已成为西南地区经济发展的主要产业之一。由于多种因素的影响，矿产资源的开发引起了环境污染、资源环境破坏和矿山地质灾害等一系列环境地质问题。本文在论述西南地区矿产资源概况、由矿产资源开发引起的环境地质问题及其形成的主要原因的基础上，提出了对这些环境地质问题进行防治的措施与对策。     

矿业开发环境地质链及其控制

从环境地质问题形成机制入手 ,研究矿业开发环境地质链的形成及结构 ,进而探讨矿业开发环境地质链时空特征以及环境地质链的控制思想和原则。最后以平顶山矿区矿业开发环境地质链控制为实例 ,阐述矿业开发环境地质链的控制方法和模型 ,在一定程度上为今后利用环境地质链控制的新方法和新思想解决矿山环境地质问题、实现矿业开发的可持续发展提供了理论和实践依据。     

西北地区矿山地质灾害的现状及其时空分布特征

西北地区矿产资源丰富,但大部分地区生态环境脆弱。矿业开发引发和加剧的崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、地面塌陷、地裂缝等地质灾害,严重威胁着矿山的正常生产和人民的生命财产安全。为了给西北地区矿山地质灾害监测和预警提供基础资料,依据2005年西北5省区矿山地质环境调查与评估的成果资料,系统分析和总结了西北地区矿山的地质灾害现状、危害程度及时空分布特征。结果表明,地面塌陷、地裂缝灾害数量最多、影响面积最大,泥石流灾害造成的人员死亡和经济损失最严重。秦岭山地是金属矿山泥石流灾害的高发区,黄土高原和其他山地则是煤矿山地面塌陷、地裂缝灾害的多发区。20世纪90年代以来,矿山5种地质灾害的数量是以前的8倍,地质灾害数量呈加剧的趋势。矿山地质灾害的监测、防治工作任重而道远。     

基于MAPGIS的福建省矿山地质环境综合评价分析

福建省矿业开发产生的环境地质问题主要有占用破坏土地、破坏地貌景观、水土流失、水土污染、水均衡破坏以及采空塌陷、岩溶塌陷、崩滑流矿山地质灾害等。矿山地质环境综合评价单元的划分采用正方形网格单元。选取矿山地质环境现状、地质环境条件、矿产资源开发利用规划、矿山生态环境恢复治理难易程度等作为评价因子。根据各因子对矿山地质环境质量影响存在重大差异及可分层次的实际情况,采用质量指数评价模型作为矿山地质环境综合评价模型。利用MAPGIS的空间分析功能,对整个系统进行综合评价。然后根据综合指数的大小,将全省圈定出28个区的矿山地质环境综合质量划分为严重区、较严重区和一般区。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861