湖盆无曝露缓坡带层序界面特征及成因——以松辽盆地他拉哈地区上白垩统为例

松辽盆地他拉哈地区在泉头组四段—嫩江组三段沉积时期为长期被湖水覆盖的缓坡带,层序地层学研究结果表明,层序界面在岩性—测井曲线特征上,有7种表现形式:(1)砂岩发育段内正反旋回的分界面;(2)砂岩发育段与含砂泥岩层（组）之间的正反旋回的分界面;(3)含砂泥岩层（组）与砂岩发育段之间的正反旋回的分界面;(4)钙质含量较高层段内正反旋回的分界面;(5)钙质含量较高的层（组）与含砂泥岩层（组）之间的正反旋回的分界面;(6)含砂泥岩层（组）与钙质含量较高的层（组）之间的正反旋回的分界面;(7)含砂泥岩层（组）内部的正反旋回的分界面。二级和三级层序界面以砂岩发育段内正反旋回的分界面为主,分别占92％和39％。四级层序,7种类型的界面出现的概率差别较小,表现形式具有真正的层序界面特征多样性。层序界面的特征取决于湖平面的升降、物源供应强度和蒸发作用的强度。     

鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗系直罗组砂岩发育特征

根据岩性旋回结构,在全盆地范围将直罗组划分为上、下两段。分段制图表明,直罗组上、下段地层厚度展布规律与全组厚度展布规律基本一致,均表现为西厚东薄;上段地层较下段厚。下段砂岩层数少、单层厚度大;而上段砂岩以层多、层薄为特点。直罗组砂岩总体成熟度较低,区域制图和碎屑组分等反映周缘存在多个源区。砂岩粒度分布表现为河道和分流河道等沉积特征。直罗组砂岩发育多种反映陆上河流沉积环境的层面和层理构造。综合分析认为,在今残留盆地范围内,直罗组下段以辫状河、曲流河沉积为主,东北部可见三角洲平原沉积。上段以辫状河、曲流河、三角洲和湖泊沉积为主。直罗组下段辫状河道砂岩具有良好的渗透性、连通性和成层性,是砂岩型铀矿和石油的良好储层。
     

高分辨率层序地层划分在辫状河沉积相中的应用——以北京延庆硅化木国家地质公园剖面为例

通过对延庆硅化木国家地质公园剖面的观察实测、剖面精细解剖及沉积观察描述,识别出了辫状河道、决口扇、泛滥平原三种辫状河沉积的微相类型,并分析了其沉积特征。利用高分辨率层序地层学的基准面旋回变化原理,在所测剖面中划分出了两个完整的中期旋回和多个构成中期旋回的短期旋回,在研究区建立了高分辨率层序地层格架。总结了辫状河野外露头基准面旋回转换面的两类识别标志:洪泛面及层序界面。洪泛面,包括河间潮湿泛滥平原泥岩发育段(需要具有一定厚度和分布范围),河道之间叠置的决口扇(厚度较大处)及孤立的辫状河道层段。层序界面,包括泛滥平原泥岩段较少或不发育段,冲刷面之上具有相互叠置特征的河道沉积位置及在一定范围内具有可对比性且规模较大河道的位置。在低A/S比值条件下产生的横向上叠加成片、纵向上相互叠置的辫状河道砂体,其连通性相对较好,砂岩的厚度较大,泥质含量少,均质性较强,具有较强的可对比性。而在高A/S比值条件下产生的较少叠置或孤立河道砂岩,厚度较薄,横向上延伸范围有限,泥质含量高,可对比性较差。由此,初步形成了露头辫状河沉积相中高分辨率层序地层划分的方法,为辫状河沉积体系内高精度等时对比格架的建立、储层的识别与预测提供了依据。     

应用广义S变换频谱分解技术识别松辽盆地三肇凹陷泉头组三-四段的河道砂体

松辽盆地三肇凹陷东部地区泉头组三-四段储层以河道砂岩为主,具有单层厚度薄、横向变化快等特点.本文将基于广义S变换的频谱分解技术应用于厚度为1～5 m的河道砂体的识别,取得了良好的效果.据此编制了研究区的河道砂体预测图,经钻井验证,证明它是对薄层河道砂体有较强识别能力的有效技术.     

黄骅坳陷北部马头营凸起馆陶组砂体成因及展布特征

综合运用钻井岩心、测井、三维高分辨率地震等资料,对渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷北部马头营凸起馆陶组砂体成因及展布特征进行了系统的研究。结果表明:馆陶组沉积前期发育2条规模大、延伸较远,呈近NS、NNW—SSE展布的沟槽,指示物源主要来源于北部燕山褶皱带。馆陶组为冲积扇-辫状河-曲流河沉积序列;馆三下段为冲积扇扇中辫状河道和河道间漫流相,发育扇中辫状河道成因砂体;馆三上段为辫状河道和泛滥平原相,发育河床滞留沉积和心滩成因砂体;馆二段和馆一段为曲流河沉积,河床滞留沉积、边滩、决口扇和天然堤是主要的砂体成因类型。馆陶组可划分为3个长期旋回,7个中期旋回,16~19个短期旋回;以短期旋回为单元,建立了馆二段等时地层对比的高分辨层序地层格架;层序格架控制着砂体的分布模式,馆二段短期旋回的下部砂岩发育,是主要的储集层。层控测井约束反演提高了馆二段薄互层河道砂体预测的精度,馆二段各砂层组反演预测平面砂地比反映河道砂体呈NE—SW向的展布特征。     

云南寻甸县灯影组第三段沉积环境分析

寻甸地区位于上扬子地台,该区灯影组三段发育了一套以白云岩夹粉砂岩泥岩为主的沉积岩层。通过对摩洛河剖面岩石学特征及沉积相的研究,结合前人的研究成果,认为该区灯影组三段可分为三个岩性段:下部以细粒石英砂岩、泥岩为主;中部以砂屑白云岩为主,夹少量石英细砂岩和泥质粉砂岩为主;上部以泥晶灰岩、泥质灰岩夹钙质泥岩钙质粉砂岩为主。岩层中主要发育水平层理和平行层理;并且认为研究区灯影组三段地层发育在碳酸盐台地一陆表海环境中,从底到顶可识别出潮坪浅滩相、瀉湖相和开阔台地相的沉积。总体上为海退一海侵的沉积旋回。     

基准面变化幅度半定量分析技术及其应用

基准面是抽象的、非物理的、一个变化的势能面,其通过制约可容空间变化控制着地层的沉积与保存作用。湖相沉积受构造控制作用强,地震上超点法难以用来确定基准面的变化幅度。通过录井岩性资料中沉积物类型及其叠加特征可以反推相对可容空间的变化幅度。依据砂岩—泥岩旋回的厚度分布,选取丰度最高值区间的中值厚度或平均旋回厚度为统计区间,自目的层底部向顶部统计各区间内砂岩、泥岩厚度,计算泥岩百分含量,并赋以不同泥岩百分含量相应的基准面变化值,可半定量分析基准面变化幅度。应用该方法可明确不同地区可容空间的变化特征,识别转换面和划分基准面旋回,并分析基准面旋回变化对沉积相分配的控制作用。该方法在滨浅湖滩坝相砂、泥岩薄互层的基准面旋回划分和对比中应用,建立了高精度等时地层格架。     

稀疏井区辫状河三角洲地层精细对比: 以惠州凹陷HZ-A油田文昌组为例

HZ-A油田产油层段主要为辫状河三角洲相的砂岩储层,现今埋深超过3500 m。目的层段地震资料主频低、钻井少、 井距稀疏及砂层厚度变化大的特点,给小层对比工作带来较大困难。针对以上难点,本文提出了一套实用的相控旋回等时 对比技术。具体步骤如下：首先分析其物源和汇水体系,明确辫状河三角洲沉积特征;其次,建立精确的井-震关系以及 地震相分析,提供地层对比趋势;在此基础上参考地球物理反演模型,选择合适的小层对比模式;最后,应用高分辨率层 序地层学理论,同时结合流体性质对比、沉积微相相序等,对测井旋回级次由大到小,完成目的层段的地层细分与砂体对 比。该方法可以有效降低小层划分和对比的多解性,较好的应用于HZ-A油田文昌组辫状河三角洲油层砂体对比。     

二连盆地乔尔古-齐哈地区赛汉组上段砂体成因分析及找矿意义

二连盆地乔尔古-齐哈地区研究和勘探控制程度较低,而砂体结构、规模及成因分析是砂岩型铀矿找矿预测的首要任务。通过露头调查、钻孔岩心观察、砂岩粒度分析及砂体展布特征,对研究区砂岩型铀矿目的层赛汉组上段沉积体系进行恢复。研究发现,赛汉组上段砂体呈条带状,总体呈南西-北东向展布,沉积环境为河流体系,中下部(Ⅰ、Ⅱ旋回)为辫状河沉积,可识别出心滩沉积、河道滞留沉积及泛滥平原沉积等沉积微相,砂体规模大,连通性好;顶部(Ⅲ旋回)为曲流河沉积,可识别出边滩沉积、河道滞留沉积及泛滥平原沉积等沉积微相,砂体规模小,非均质性增强,连通性差。辫状河相为研究区砂岩型铀矿有利沉积相带,铀矿化垂向上分布于赛汉组上段中下部(Ⅰ、Ⅱ旋回)辫状河心滩及河道滞留沉积砂体中,其中Ⅱ旋回铀矿化最为发育,平面上分布于辫状河道拐弯、交汇、心滩短轴两侧向泛滥平原过渡部位。目的层沉积体系分析,对铀成矿空间定位及指导勘探部署具有重要意义。     

吐哈盆地十红滩铀矿床北矿带钙质砂岩分布特征及其对地浸开采影响

砂岩型铀矿中矿石和围岩的矿物成分是影响地浸过程的主要因素,十红滩铀矿床钙质砂岩呈矿石和围岩两种形式产出。根据野外地质剖面观察、钻孔编录和薄片镜下鉴定,十红滩北矿带含矿层钙质层主要是由碳酸盐胶结碎屑颗粒形成的;含矿层赋存1～9层钙质层,产出形态多为串珠状透镜体或不规则团块状、顺层理或是裂隙发育,厚度多为0.5～1m,表现为单层厚度薄、层数变化大等;致密钙质砂岩中CO₂平均含量为9.18%,较疏松砂岩CO₂平均含量为6.02%,疏松砂岩(CO₂>2%)平均含量为2.45%;钙质砂岩具有两期成因,即成岩阶段和后生蚀变作用形成的钙质砂岩。北矿带钙质层的存在影响了矿层的渗透系数,导致北矿带难以采用酸法进行地浸开采。     

鄂尔多斯盆地晚二叠世湖相沉积

鄂尔多斯盆地晚二叠世湖相沉积主要由灰棕色砂砾岩和红至灰色泥岩组成,厚500-600米。从该套沉积中已识别出五个主要相组合,即水下扇、湖岸冲积平原、湖成三角洲、边缘湖和滨外湖相组合。水下扇相发育于研究区西南缘,冲积平原相发育于研究区北部,湖成三角洲相发育于研究区北部和东部,边缘湖相发育于研究区中部,滨外湖相发育于研究区南部。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东北缘神木地区浅湖三角洲沉积作用及煤聚集

鄂尔多斯盆地东北缘延安组含有大量的优质煤,属稳定大地构造条件下的浅湖三角州沉积物。三角洲体系有以下单元组成:(1)前三角洲;(2)三角洲前缘(水下分流河道相和河口坝相);(3)三角洲平原(分流河道相,天然堤、决口扇、沼泽和具决口三角洲的分流间湾);(4)废弃三角洲平原.通过详细的露头观察和岩心研究及沉积岩的地质填图工作,浅湖三角洲特征可归纳如下:(1)推进速度非常快、舌形体长而窄,间湾在其间发育,决口事件频繁发生;(2)前三角洲非常薄(0.2～0.5m),三角洲剖面几乎绝大部分由三角洲前缘和三角洲平原构成;(3)河口坝相由砂岩和泥岩互层组成;(4)水下分流河道砂岩厚度在0.5～3.5m范围内,被河口坝沉积物围绕;(5)在废弃三角洲平原中,由于极少沉积物带入沼泽,因此沉积了厚的低灰煤层。     

Pedogenic-phreatic carbonates on a Middle Devonian (Givetian) terrigenous alluvial-deltaic plain, Gilwood Member (Watt Mountain Formation), northcentral Alberta, Canada

In the Muskeg Trough of northcentral Alberta the Gilwood Member contains widespread carbonate deposits that formed within terrigenous mudstone and sandstone hosts. Stratigraphic, depositional and petrographic relationships indicate that these carbonates represent calcretes and dolocretes. Calcretes, observed best with cathodoluminescence, display microcrystalline alpha fabrics, circumgranular cracks, root networks, displacive growth fabrics, elongate channel voids and rare coloform growths with flower spar. Similarly, dolocretes have microcrystalline alpha fabrics, brecciation, gradational contacts with host mudstones, extensive layered nodular horizons and are associated with anhydrite and pyrite. δ¹³C values range between ?7‰ to +1‰ and –6‰ to +3‰ for calcretes and dolocretes, respectively. Oxygen isotopes are more variable and differ with host lithologies. δ¹⁸O of calcretes ranges between ?11‰ to ?8‰ for sandstones and ?8‰ to ?3‰ for mudstones, whereas δ¹⁸O of dolocretes ranges between ?3‰ to 1‰ for marine mudstones and ?6‰ to ?2‰ for pedogenic mudstones. Regional mapping indicates that calcretes thicken towards the deepest parts of the Muskeg Trough. Widespread dolocretes extend beyond the eastern and western limits of Muskeg Trough and are useful marker intervals for regional correlations. Dolocretes of restricted lateral extent are found within gleyed palaeosol mudstones next to calcretized channel sandstones. Calcrete isotopic values are interpreted as indicative of carbonate precipitation from waters with meteoric water input. However, the higher δ¹⁸O values in dolocretes are indicative of a contribution from an isotopically heavier source such as seawater. Stratigraphically, calcretes are most common along the western and northern edges of Muskeg Trough; thus, calcrete accumulation was further controlled by meteoric water in-flow from the highland to the west and sluggish groundwater flow in Muskeg Trough. In contrast, regionally widespread dolocrete horizons appear to have formed from mixing of fresh waters derived from the highland to the west and seawaters introduced from the east. Regionally restricted dolocretes which are found next to channel sandstones formed from groundwater out-flow from the permeable channel sandstones which resulted in calcretization in channel proximal mudstones and dolomitization in channel distal mudstones.     

塔里木盆地克拉2气田白垩系储层沉积相

克拉2气田是我国陆上勘探发现的最大气田,它的发现奠定了塔里木盆地做为我国 “西气东输” 重要天然气基地的资源基础。克拉2气田产层主要为下白垩统巴什基奇克组砂岩、下第三系库姆格列木群底砂岩和白云岩,其中下白垩统巴什基奇克组砂岩储层厚度为220.3-285.2m,孔隙度为1.1-22.4%,平均12.83%;渗透率为0.004-1770.1×10-3μm2,平均51.46×10-3μm2。砂岩储层以剩余原生粒间孔为主。通过钻井和露头剖面沉积相对比,克拉2气田巴什基奇克组第三段为扇三角洲前缘沉积,主要微相有水下分流河道、水下重力流和浅湖泥等,岩性以砂砾岩、含砾砂岩和褐色泥岩为主;第二段为辫状河三角洲前缘沉积,主要有水下辫状河道、河口砂坝和分流间湾等微相,以棕褐色中细砂岩夹薄层泥岩为主;第一段为辫状河三角洲平原沉积,主要有远端辫状河道和分流间湾微相,以棕褐色中细砂岩为主。巴什基奇克组沉积时期,古气候以干旱炎热为主,北部发育多个扇体,在平面上相互连接、叠置形成多个物源出口,形成了一系列由辫状河道组成的辫状河三角洲,而非单一辫状河流形成的沉积体,从而形成大面积分布的稳定砂体。沉积微相对比表明,巴什基奇克组储层是由互相切割的多个辫状河道砂体叠置而成,各段微相在横向上分布十分稳定,各砂体互相连通、连续性好,泥岩夹层薄、不连续,空间上具有厚度大、分布广、连续性好、物性好和隔夹层少的特点,为一套优质天然气储层。     

A coarse grained turbidite system with morphotectonic control (Middle Albian, Ondarroa, northern Iberia)

The Middle Albian Ondarroa turbidite system is a coarse grained, deep water unit which outcrops in the north-eastern part of the Basque-Cantabrian region, west of the Pyrenees. It is about 18 km long and 7 km wide, and shows an unusual ‘L’shape resulting from both a direct morphotectonic confinement and the presence of nearby shallow water carbonate buildups. Eight main facies have been distinguished within this turbidite system: (1) clast-supported conglomerates; (2) mud-supported conglomerates; (3) slump deposits; (4) normally graded pebbly sandstones; (5) cross stratified sandstones; (6) interbedded graded sandstones and mudstones; (7) interbedded non-graded sandstones and mudstones: and (8) mudstones. Inner system, middle system, outer system and basin plain divisions have been distinguished. The inner turbidite system is characterized by stacked channel fill conglomerates and lesser sandy turbidites and mudstones. The middle system consists of sandy and conglomeratic fining upwards sequences, normally several metres thick. The outer system has alternating non-channellized sandstones and mudstones, without any predictable vertical arrangement. The basin plain is characterized by mudstone-siltstone laminations and lesser, randomly occurring thin bedded sandy turbidites. Three main channel fills make up the inner turbidite system. Although all of them can be compared with the valley channel fills of the modern Mississippi Fan, and thus their bases can be interpreted as sequence boundaries, only the lowermost and the uppermost channel bases are documented as allocyclic boundaries. The Ondarroa turbidite system was deposited in an immature passive margin subjected to transtensional movements. It filled a composite pull apart depression with coarse clastics derived from a narrow platform to the north of the present outcrops which was invaded by fan deltas. A major pattern of sinistral strike-slip faulting linked to the opening of the Bay of Biscay is invoked to explain the Ondarroa turbidite system appearance and its tectonic confinement.     

川西新场气田蓬莱镇组有利储集砂体展布研究

川西新场气田蓬莱镇组次生气藏为岩性气藏，在蓬莱镇组砂、泥岩中，砂岩为最主要储层。通过对该气藏进行沉积相、储层及气层地震响应等特征的详细研究后，认为控制储层储集性好坏的主要因素是沉积微相。气藏内有利储集砂岩多属三角洲前缘河口砂坝、三角洲平原分流河道砂坝及河流相河道砂坝微相。有利储集砂体展布即与这三种微相展布一致     

The Silurian rocks of the Tortworth Inlier,Gloucestershire

The Silurian succession in the Tortworth Inlier includes strata belonging to the three main divisions of the System. The Upper Llandovery, which rests unconformably on Tremadoc beds, consists of about 700 ft. (213 m.) of fine-grained sandstones, mudstones and shales with two igneous bands. The Wenlock Series is represented by some 800 ft. (244 m.) of mudstones, siltstones and calcareous sandstones with impersistent limestone bands at various horizons. The Ludlow succession is incomplete, but at least 300 ft. (91 m.) of mudstones, siltstones and fine-grained sandstones are present, and they pass up conformably into the Downtonian.     

Facies sequences of a semi-arid closed basin: the Lower Jurassic East Berlin Formation of the Hartford Basin, New England, U.S.A.

The Lower Jurassic East Berlin Formation exposed in the centre of the Hartford Basin can be divided into six facies: (1) laminated black mudstone is composed of very finely-laminated, organic-bearing clay-stone with common millimetre-scale lenses of dolomitic siltstone; (2) planar laminated mudstone is commonly mudcracked and composed of thickly-laminated, red, green or grey mudstone with common centimetre-scale lenses of sandstones; (3) disrupted mudstone has a complex, desiccation-cracked fabric; (4) planar- and large-scale trough cross-stratified sandstones are composed of moderately well-sorted medium- to coarse-grained arkoses; (5) small-scale, cross-stratified silty sandstones with common climbing-ripple structure; and (6) interbedded sandstones and mudstones which commonly carry desiccation cracks. Mudstone facies are organized into repetitive, metre-scale facies sequences which change gradationally upwards from laminated black mudstones to planar-laminated mudstones to disrupted mudstones. Facies sequences have sharp tops and bottoms and record increasing desiccation upwards. There are 15 such cycles in the upper 100 m of the formation in central Connecticut. They record long periods of dry playa mudflat aggradation punctuated by the rapid expansion and contraction of perennial lakes. The sandy facies occur as single, decimetre-scale sedimentation units or as two or more stacked sedimentation units up to 1 m thick. These record sheet floods across ephemeral floodplains.     

北京西山下苇甸地区青白口系长龙山组沉积相及层序地层研究*

北京西山下苇甸地区出露良好的青白口系长龙山组,笔者通过实测野外露头剖面以及岩石薄片镜下鉴定,对该组下部沉积相及层序地层进行研究,并对沉积环境演化进行分析。识别出长龙山组下部8种岩石类型有含砾砂岩、羽状交错层理砂岩、丘状交错层理砂岩、波状层理粉砂岩、脉状层理粉砂岩、透镜状层理粉砂岩、碳质泥岩以及水平层理泥岩;并识别出辫状河道、潮坪(潮道)、潮下浅水及潮下深水等沉积相类型,建立该区辫状河—滨岸潮坪沉积模式。进而通过识别长龙山组与其下伏地层之间的区域不整合面和下切谷河道充填砂砾岩底面确定层序界面。其中,初始海泛面以每个砂体之上覆盖的细粒沉积的底面为代表,最大海泛面以厚层碳质泥岩及水平层理泥岩的底面为代表。依据这些关键层序地层界面,将该区长龙山组下部划分为3个层序,每个层序内部进一步划分为低位体系域、海侵体系域以及高位体系域。综合分析表明,京西的长龙山组发育于由燕辽裂陷槽转为华北稳定克拉通的过渡期。     

Depositional history and stratigraphical evolution of the Sakamena group (Middle Karoo Supergroup) in the southern Morondava Basin, Madagascar

The Karoo Supergroup in Madagascar is subdivided into three lithostratigraphical units: the Late Carboniferous-Early Permian Sakoa Group; the Late Permian-Middle Triassic Sakamena Group; and the Triassic-Early Jurassic Isalo Group. The Sakamena Group is fairly well exposed in the southern Morondava Basin, where it is approximately 4000 m thick. The Sakamena Group is separated from the Sakoa Group by an angular unconformity. The Lower Sakamena Formation is characterised by two major facies associations: (1) interbedded muddy conglomerates and coarse sandstones; and (2) interbedded sandstones and mudstones, which were deposited in a rejuvenated rift setting by coarse-grained fluvial systems and debris flows on the rift margins. In the Vatambe area, facies represent fandelta deposition in a saline lake or tongue of the ocean. The Middle Sakamena Formation comprises three major facies: (1) laminated mudstones and sandstones; (2) sandstones; and (3) mudstones. The Middle Sakamena facies were deposited by low gradient meandering streams and in shallow lakes. The Upper Sakamena Formation was deposited in similar environments, except that it is comprised predominantly of red beds. The Isalo Group consists predominantly of coarse-grained sandstones (up to 6000 m thick). These sandstones were deposited by braided streams with the coarse detritus derived from a structural uplift in the east.