中新生代盆地蒸发岩沉积旋回对比及库车盆地成钾探讨

新疆库车盆地古近纪—新近纪发育巨厚的蒸发岩沉积,古近纪蒸发岩沉积主要发生在盆地西部的拜城凹陷,新近纪吉迪克时期,蒸发岩沉积迁移至盆地东部的康村凹陷。根据剖面及钻井资料,利用蒸发岩沉积旋回,对欧洲莱茵地堑盆地、库车盆地、云南兰坪_思茅盆地、江汉盆地、大汶口等盆地蒸发岩沉积特征进行分析和对比。结合蒸发岩沉积背景及库车盆地钻井资料,对库车盆地成钾影响因素、成钾可能性、成钾层位进行了探讨。研究认为,库车盆地的次级构造单元拜城凹陷、康村凹陷具有成钾的能力,钾盐层应位于Ⅰ₂、Ⅰ₄蒸发岩沉积旋回的上部。对比研究显示,库车盆地具有成钾的远景和潜力。     

新疆库车盆地古近纪—新近纪盐湖成钾与靶区预测

库车前陆盆地位于塔里木盆地北部,属于副特提斯域,古近纪受副特提斯海海水补给,古近纪—新近纪发育巨厚蒸发岩。研究显示,库车盆地始新世和中新世古盐湖卤水已演化至钾盐析出阶段,在地层中广泛发现了原生钾盐矿物,如钾石盐、光卤石、杂卤石等;通过岩芯岩屑地球化学及矿物学分析,基本确定了至少3个富钾层或成钾层位,其中始新统中上部两个和中新统中上部一个,钾离子含量最高达3%,另外,上新统可能存在一个成钾层位。本文在综述此前库车盆地构造、蒸发岩、盐类矿物学、地球化学与盐湖沉积等研究基础上,建立了新的库车盆地古盐湖构造- 沉积演变、成钾模式;提出了4个钾盐成矿区带,即北部克拉苏成矿带、中部秋里塔克成矿带、南部沙雅构造沉降成矿带以及东部阳霞凹地成钾区,这些关键认识为库车盆地的钾盐勘查提供了重要的理论和科学依据。     

库车坳陷古近纪石盐岩空间展布及找钾意义

新疆库车坳陷古近纪发育巨厚的蒸发岩沉积,厚度从几十米至上千米不等。主要蒸发岩沉积(特别是石盐岩沉积)发生在古新世-始新世的库姆格列木群沉积期。依据3Dmine矿业工程软件、库车坳陷地形点三维坐标统计数据、部分钻井数据(包括孔位、孔深、孔斜)、石盐岩层在钻井中的沉积厚度及蒸发岩沉积旋回,对坳陷库姆格列木群蒸发岩沉积期石盐岩空间展布进行研究,绘制库车坳陷古新统-始新统石盐岩空间分布模型,探讨盆地找钾意义。通过石盐岩空间模型展布特征分析,石盐岩体与库车坳陷的地形特征和构造特征紧密相关,石盐岩受构造挤压并于与地形的总体起伏基本一致。从石盐岩体空间模型南北向剖面变化规律分析,古新世-始新世,库车坳陷西部出现2个蒸发岩沉积中心,分别位于西盐山口盐场一带和拜城凹陷。为库车次级古盐湖发育区,而钾盐的富集一般产于大的坳陷当中的次级构造单元,为有利的找钾区域。     

新疆库车盆地古近系—新近系蒸发岩沉积旋回识别及对比

库车盆地古近纪—新近纪发育巨厚的蒸发岩沉积,根据蒸发岩沉积旋回的变化,即由于盐湖水体由淡—咸—盐—咸—淡的旋回变化,相应地沉积物发生由碎屑岩—膏岩—盐岩—膏岩—碎屑岩的变化。考虑钻井的分布位置及其剖面在时代上的完整性,选取盆地中13口井的钻井剖面进行沉积旋回识别和对比,共识别出5个蒸发岩沉积旋回,其中库姆格列木群两个,苏维依组一个,吉迪克组两个。通过对比,确立了以东秋8井剖面为库车盆地蒸发岩沉积旋回对比的标准剖面。初步分析认为,盆地蒸发岩沉积旋回的沉积区迁移特征,应受盆地基底控制和南北向构造挤压应力变化的影响。古近系蒸发岩主要分布在盆地西部,新近系吉迪克组沉积时期,盆地西北部转为陆源碎屑岩沉积(西南部发育少量蒸发岩),而东部发育巨厚的蒸发岩,显示出东西分带的特点。在始新世末印度板块和欧亚板块碰撞的远距离效应影响下,库车盆地自苏维依组沉积时期蒸发岩沉积中心就已经开始迁移,迁移中心一分为二,自盆地北西分别向南、向东移动,形成两个沉积区,吉迪克组沉积时期在上述两个沉积区继续发育盐岩、膏岩沉积。     

库车盆地古近纪和新近纪构造环境与蒸发岩沉积

库车盆地分布有沉积广厚、层数众多的古近纪和新近纪石盐岩,是我国最有找钾希望的内陆成盐盆地之一。盆地自形成以来一直处于稳定的沉降状态,在古近纪和新近纪成盐期,盆地经历了强-弱-强3个构造演化阶段,其沉降中心由北而南逐渐迁移,沉积中心由北西逐渐向东、南东方向迁移,盆地内的构造分异渐趋明显,形成了一系列次级凹陷。古近纪和新近纪成盐卤水的迁移和聚集、成盐作用的强弱以及整个含盐系的沉积发育明显受到上述构造活动的控制:含盐系的厚度随时间由北西向东、向南逐渐增厚,且厚度分布逐渐趋于复杂化;石盐岩的沉积规模和范围也逐渐向东扩大;古近纪早期和新近纪强烈的构造活动对于成盐作用而言是一种干扰因素,而古近纪中、晚期相对较弱、导致盆地缓慢持续沉降的构造活动对成盐,尤其对成钾作用则极为有利。从盆地的构造分异结果及其控制的含盐系和其中石盐岩的发育特征来看,古近纪和新近纪库车盆地已具备钾盐蒸发岩形成的构造条件。     

库车前陆盆地古近系蒸发岩岩石学、矿物学与成钾环境分析

库车盆地内古近系—新近系发育巨厚的蒸发岩沉积, 尤其是盆地的中部和西部盐层发育好, 厚度大, 局部盐层己暴露地表, 是找寻各种盐类矿床及钾盐的有利地区。DZK01孔是近年来在库车盆地实施的一口以找钾为目的的科研探井。本文主要通过对钻孔古近系蒸发岩岩芯样品进行岩石学及矿物学特征研究, 进而对盆地成钾环境进行分析。DZK01孔古近系蒸发岩以含泥砾石盐岩为主, 含泥砾石盐岩为构造成因, 是古盐湖高度浓缩的产物。盆地古近系蒸发岩以沉积石盐为主, 钻孔中含钾矿物为钾石膏, 钾石盐和光卤石, 同时含钾矿物的发现证明了库车盆地古盐湖可能达到钾盐析出阶段。通过样品分析可知, 库车盆地古近纪时期古盐湖沉积环境为封闭的浅湖沉积环境, 盐湖发育过程中有五次较大规模的淡化事件, 盐类物质得到很好的聚集, 具有良好的成钾环境。     

库车盆地古近系-新近系蒸发岩沉积旋回识别及对比

库车盆地古近纪-新近纪发育巨厚的蒸发岩沉积,根据蒸发岩沉积旋回的变化,即由于盐湖水体
从淡-咸-盐-咸-淡的旋回变化,相应地沉积物发生由碎井的屑岩-膏岩-盐岩-膏岩-碎屑岩的变化。考
虑钻井的分布位置及其剖面在时代上的完整性,选取盆地中 13口井的钻井剖面进行沉积旋回识别和对比,共识
别出 5个蒸发岩沉积旋回,其中库姆格列木群两个,苏维依组一个,吉迪克组两个。通过对比,确立了以东秋8井剖面为库车盆地蒸发岩沉积旋回对比的标准剖面,初步分析认为,盆地蒸发岩沉积旋回的沉积区迁移特征,
应受盆地基底控制和南北向构造挤压应力变化的影响。古近系蒸发岩主要分布在盆地西部,新近系吉迪克组沉
积时期,盆地西北部转为陆源碎屑岩沉积 （ 西南部发育少量蒸发岩） ,而东部发育巨厚的蒸发岩,显示出东西分
带的特点。在始新世末印度板块和欧亚板块碰撞的远距离效应影响下,库车盆地自苏维依组沉积时期蒸发岩沉
积中心就已经开始迁移,迁移中心一分为二,自盆地北西分别向南、向东移动,形成两个沉积区,吉迪克组沉
积时期在上述两个沉积区继续发育盐岩、膏岩沉积。     

库车盆地始新世盐湖物源及蒸发浓缩程度研究

古近纪塔里木盆地属于副特提斯海东延部分,而库车次级盆地位于其东北部。它古近纪经历了浅海相—海陆交互相—陆相的沉积演化,并发育了巨厚蒸发岩,是中国油气的重要产区和钾盐重点勘查区,长期以来受到广大地质学家的关注。然而,关于库车盆地始新世盐湖卤水来源及蒸发浓缩成钾的研究尚存在一些争议和不确定性。因此,本文基于岩石学和矿相学观察、X射线衍射和扫描电镜能谱分析以及稳定同位素研究,探讨蒸发岩的沉积环境、补给来源及蒸发浓缩程度。蒸发岩岩相学分析表明:蒸发岩形成于近源泥砾混入的盐湖沉积环境。硬石膏δ~(34)S值指示了具有一定海源补给特征。石盐原生流体包裹体δD和δ18 O值分别为-118.1‰~-95.3‰和2.5‰~5.7‰,蒸发趋势线说明了古卤水蒸发浓缩程度较高。古盐湖演化过程中虽然经历了3次短暂的淡水混入,但随着古盐湖持续的蒸发作用,并没有影响钾镁盐的析出,且在δ18 O值正偏较大时析出相应的钾盐或含钾矿物,推测库车盆地始新统含盐系地层具有良好的成钾潜力。     

中-新生代塔里木与中亚盐湖链蒸发岩沉积及其控制因素初探

全球性的构造运动末期一般伴着海退和干旱的气候环境,而蒸发岩沉积与大地构造条件紧密相关。中亚卡拉库姆盆地、阿富汗_塔吉克盆地、塔里木盆地自晚侏罗世至中新世以来至少发生了3次大规模海侵_海退旋回,每次海侵_海退均受特提斯构造事件控制。卡拉库姆盆地、阿富汗_塔吉克盆地为晚侏罗世—早白垩世蒸发岩沉积、塔里木盆地的莎车次级盆地为晚白垩世—古新世蒸发岩沉积,库车次级盆地为古新世—中新世蒸发岩沉积,形成特提斯构造域自西向东蒸发岩沉积时代逐渐变新的盐湖链。中亚及塔里木盐湖链在海侵_海退旋回的控制下,至少发生5次大规模的蒸发岩沉积,发育2种不同的蒸发岩沉积序列,分别对应3次海退期蒸发岩沉积序列及2次断续海侵期蒸发岩沉积序列,具体为晚侏罗世晚期(海退期)卡拉库姆盆地、阿富汗_塔吉克盆地蒸发岩沉积;早白垩世—晚白垩世早期(断续海侵期)阿富汗_塔吉克盆地蒸发岩沉积;晚白垩世晚期(海退期)莎车次级盆地蒸发岩沉积;古新世—中新世(断续海侵期)莎车次级盆地、库车次级盆地蒸发岩沉积;中新世晚期—上新世早期(海退期)库车次级盆地蒸发岩沉积。塔里木与中亚古盐湖发育受控于特提斯构造事件及海侵_海退旋回,而海侵_海退旋回又控制2种不同的蒸发岩沉积序列。蒸发岩沉积序列、古盐湖演化阶段、蒸发岩物质来源、沉积环境决定了盐类矿物沉积类型(单一化学岩型、陆缘碎屑岩_化学岩型),卡拉库姆盆地、阿富汗_塔吉克盆地盐类矿物与塔里木盆地相比,种类简单,反映了盆地化学岩与陆源碎屑_化学岩沉积的区别及后期构造运动对盐类矿物种类的主控作用。     

晚白垩世—古近纪华南蒸发岩矿床形成的构造和气候耦合控制

晚白垩世—古近纪,华南陆相断陷红盆沉积了石盐、硬石膏、钙芒硝等蒸发岩矿床,在部分盆地中还发现深层富钾锂卤水矿床,以及杂卤石矿层等.这些矿床既是晚白垩世—古近纪东亚古气候和构造事件耦合的产物,又记录了这些地质事件,具有重要的研究价值.本文研究华南地区典型蒸发岩盆地的沉积地层学特征,梳理主要蒸发岩矿床的空间分布和地层特征,探讨矿床的构造和古气候控制因素.蒸发岩的岩相学特征表明,大部分矿床为原生沉积,形成于常年性的盐湖环境,主成矿期为晚白垩世、晚古新世、晚始新世-早渐新世.中生代太平洋板块西向俯冲和后撤引起华南构造体系转换和强烈的板内构造变形,造就一系列北东-南西向展布的雁列式排列断陷盆地,为蒸发岩矿床提供了构造容矿空间.在晚白垩世,华南由西风环流系统控制,水汽主要来源于大陆西侧的特提斯海,在远离水汽来源的江西会昌和吉泰盆地,以及江苏淮安凹陷率先沉积白垩系盐岩和硬石膏矿床.肇始于古新世的青藏高原阶段隆升及其关联的特提斯海西退,削弱了西风环流系统由西向东输入华南的水汽供给,致使蒸发岩沉积在晚古新世扩展至江汉盆地、衡阳盆地、南襄盆地等;晚始新世-早渐新世交替的34 Ma,全球急剧变冷、南极永久冰盖形成、海平面大幅下降,导致整个中国东部大部分陆相红盆沉积蒸发岩,成为规模最大、扩展范围最广的一次盐类沉积成矿期.进入晚渐新世,随着青藏高原隆升到一定高度,雨热同期的东亚季风环流系统逐步成型,并扩展至华北地区,华南蒸发岩结束成矿期.     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)