Nonlinear seismic response analysis of arch dam-foundation systems- part I dam-foundation rock interaction

The arch dam–foundation rock dynamic interaction and the nonlinear opening and closing effects of contact joints on arch dam are important to the seismic response analysis of arch dams. Up to date, there is not yet a reasonable and rigorous procedure including the two factors in seismic response analysis. The methods for the analysis of arch dam–foundation rock dynamic interaction in frequency domain are not suitable to the problem with nonlinear behaviors, in this paper, so an analysis method in time domain is proposed by combining the explicit finite element method and the transmitting boundary, and the dynamic relaxation technique is adopted to obtain the initial static response for dynamic analysis. Moreover, the influence of arch dam–foundation dynamic interaction with energy dispersion on seismic response of designed Xiaowan arch dam in China is studied by comparing the results of the proposed method and the conventional method with the massless foundation, and the local material nonlinear and nonhomogeneous behaviors of foundation rock are also considered. The reservoir water effect is assumed as Westergaard added mass model in calculation. The influence of the closing–opening effects of contact joints of arch dam on the seismic response will be studied in another paper.     

三维土-结构动力相互作用的一种时域直接分析方法

本文提出了一种分析三维土-结构动力相互作用的时域直接方法。该方法采用集中质量显式有限元和透射人工边界模拟无限域地基,通过编制的FORTRAN程序实现;采用ANSYS软件对上部结构进行建模分析,并通过FORTRAN程序对ANSYS软件的调用,实现了土与结构系统在地震作用下的整体分析。该方法为显隐式相结合的方法,地基和上部结构可采用不同的时间步距进行分析,可大大提高效率。通过两算例,验证了该方法的可行性。     

桩-土-结构相互作用弹塑性地震反应分析

采用动力有限元时程分析方法，以多高层框架结构为对象，研究了水平地震作用下桩-土-结构相互作用时上部结构弹塑性动力特性和规律。结果表明，弹塑性分析和弹性分析引起的结果有较大的差异；考虑弹塑性相互作用后柱的剪力、轴力和弯矩在不同的楼层有放大现象，按折减方法来考虑相互作用并非总是安全的，柱的剪力、轴力、弯矩和等效应力的折减系数沿楼层变化曲线不尽相同，应引起注意。     

考虑土-结构相互作用的框架结构抗震性能分析

目前结构的抗震分析主要是采用刚性地基假定,忽略了土-结构相互作用,而在实际情况中结构的地震破坏与刚性地基假定的预期结果并不相同。为了对比差异,本文以一6层混凝土框架结构为例,分别进行了Pushover分析和非线性时程分析。结果表明:当考虑土-结构相互作用时,结构的基底剪力减小,周期增大,顶点位移增大且结构的破坏主要集中在首层,柱端出现了塑性铰,更符合实际的震害情况。并将Pushover分析与非线性时程分析的结果进行对比,验证了Pushover分析的可靠性。     

A continuum damage concrete model for earthquake analysis of concrete gravity dam–reservoir systems

In this study, the earthquake damage response of the concrete gravity dams is investigated with considering the effects of dam–reservoir interaction. A continuum damage model which is a second-order tensor and includes the strain softening behavior is selected for the concrete material. The mesh-dependent hardening technique is adopted such that the fracture energy dissipated is not affected by the finite element mesh size. The dynamic equilibrium equations of motion are solved by using the improved form of the HHT-α time integration algorithm. Two dimensional seismic analysis of Koyna gravity dam is performed by using the 1967 Koyna earthquake records. The effects of damage on the earthquake response of concrete gravity dams are discussed. Comparison of the Westergaard and Lagrangian dam–reservoir interaction solutions is made. The effects of viscous damping ratio on the damage response of the dam are also studied.     

桩-土-结构相互作用地震反应分析

从桩-土-结构在地震作用下的受力分析出发，考虑平面应变假设，用有限元法(FEM)建立相互作用系统的模型。文中用地震动反演法处理土层的动力放大现象，用读入刚度单元来处理不同类型单元交界处的连续问题。最后，结合实际工程进行相互作用体系的地震反应计算，得出了一些有用的结论。     

地铁地下结构在轴向传播剪切波作用下反应的简化计算方法

求解地铁地下结构的隧道-土体系统在沿轴向传播的剪切波作用下的反应一般使用常规的拟静力方法,该方法只能简单考虑系统的静力刚度特性而忽略了波的传播对于土体刚度的影响。通过动力有限元分析发现,此方法在某些情况下可能引起很大的误差。在研究了隧道-土体系统的动力相互作用机理的基础上,本文提出了一种对于此类动力反应问题的简化计算方法和相应的经验公式。本方法能够全面考虑隧道-土体系统的运动相互作用和惯性相互作用,通过与动力反应分析结果的对比发现,它具有令人满意的精度;由于采用了与传统拟静力方法相似的简单形式,这种方法容易在设计实践中得到应用。     

考虑土-结构相互作用和岩土参数不确定性的核电厂结构地震响应分析

针对核电厂结构,在考虑土-结构相互作用(SSI)的情况下进行随机地震反应分析,探讨地基岩土参数的不确定性对反应堆厂房楼层反应谱(FRS)的影响。运用ANSYS软件模块建立核电厂(NPP)结构有限元模型,通过设置边界弹簧单元和阻尼装置来考虑SSI效应;并且通过设置具有概率意义的弹簧刚度和阻尼系数,来模拟土特性参数的不确定性。随机响应分析与确定性分析的结果对比,揭示了岩性地基条件下SSI效应对核电厂FRS的影响以及地基岩土参数不确定性对FRS的影响程度。研究表明,在岩性地基条件下,亦不应忽略SSI效应;考虑SSI效应的随机分析模型同确定性模型相比,二者的分析结果较为接近,两方法都可用于NPP的FRS敏感性分析评估之中,并可进行相互比照。     

Dynamic soil–structure interaction analysis via coupled finite-element–boundary-element method

In this paper, a study on the transient response of an elastic structure embedded in a homogeneous, isotropic and linearly elastic half-plane is presented. Transient dynamic and seismic forces are considered in the analysis. The numerical method employed is the coupled Finite-Element–Boundary-Element technique (FE–BE). The finite element method (FEM) is used for discretization of the near field and the boundary element method (BEM) is employed to model the semi-infinite far field. These two methods are coupled through equilibrium and compatibility conditions at the soil–structure interface. Effects of non-zero initial conditions due to the pre-dynamic loads and/or self-weight of the structure are included in the transient boundary element formulation. Hence, it is possible to analyse practical cases (such as dam–foundation systems) involving initial conditions due to the pre-seismic loads such as water pressure and self-weight of the dam. As an application of the proposed formulation, a gravity dam has been analysed and the results for different foundation stiffness are presented. The results of the analysis indicate the importance of including the foundation stiffness and thus the dam–foundation interaction.     

Newmark精细积分格式及其在地震反应分析中的应用

在Newmark精细直接积分法的基础上,应用高斯积分与精细指数运算,提出该方法的两种逐步积分格式。文中对两种积分格式的稳定性和精度进行了分析。经过分析比较,第1种逐步积分格式计算精度较高,其稳定性明显地满足算法稳定性分析的条件;而第2种积分格式计算精度相对较差,且是不稳定的。因此本文将第1种积分格式应用于结构的地震反应分析中。算例表明,该逐步积分格式对地震作用有很好的适应性。     

基于ANSYS的碾压混凝土重力坝抗震性能分析

采用有限元方法，分析了碾压混凝土重力坝在不同工况下的变形和应力变化规律，以了解坝体在设计条件下的工作性态和对坝体的抗震安全性能进行评估。     

重力坝坝后背管高烈度地震反应研究

考虑管道外包混凝土在设计荷载下开裂的影响,采用振型分解反应谱法,研究了重力坝坝后背管在9度地震作用下的自振特性和承载性能规律。研究表明:管道外包混凝土开裂对结构的自振特性影响较小,而对管道钢材应力和管腰截面应力影响较大;高烈度地震作用使背管上弯段至斜直段顶部出现双向裂缝,不利于钢衬与外包混凝土联合承载,同时管坝接缝面和管腰截面呈现较大的拉剪应力状态,不利于管道和坝体的联合承载;坝段间、岸坡坝段与岩体间有可靠的相互约束作用时,横河向地震作用对整体结构的承载性能影响很小。     

耦合有限单元法扩边的直流电阻率勘探无单元Galerkin法正演

本文分析了目前直流电阻率正演模拟中的无单元Galerkin法（EFGM）和有限单元法（FEM）的优缺点,针对采用第一类边界条件需要足够大的计算域时EFGM计算成本高的问题,在计算域外围区域采用FEM扩边,提出了直流电阻率的无单元Galerkin-有限单元耦合法（EFG-FE）.采用具有Kronecker delta函数性质的径向基点插值法（RPIM）构造EFGM形函数,在外围区域将EFGM与FEM直接耦合,无需其他处理手段,消除了传统EFGM与FEM耦合中存在的界面耦合困难.EFG-FE将模型计算域分割为EFGM区域和FEM区域,模型核心区域采用EFGM计算,发挥EFGM灵活性、适应性强和高精度的优点,使得模型建立简单方便,对任意复杂地电模型适应性强,同时获得高精度模拟结果.在模型计算域外围采用快速扩展的FEM单元网格进行剖分,利用其数值稳定性和高效性,使用少量FEM节点和单元网格将计算域大范围扩大满足第一类边界条件,同时不大幅增加计算成本,进而提高计算效率.最后,通过不同正演方法的模型算例的模拟结果对比,验证了本文提出的EFG-FE有效可行,其模拟结果具有很高的模拟精度,且相比于采用第三类边界条件的EFGM提高了计算效率,具有更好的模拟性能.

     

基于高阶双渐近透射边界的重力坝-层状地基动力相互作用分析

时域高阶双渐近透射边界能够同时模拟层状介质中行波和快衰波的传播,具有很高的计算精度和计算效率.本文将高阶双渐近透射边界推广应用到多层层状地基系统弹性波传播问题的模拟,采用广义特征值分解分析该透射边界的数值稳定性,通过移谱法消除导致数值不稳定的虚假模态.将高阶双渐近透射边界以超单元的形式直接嵌入到近场有限元方程,建立了有限元-高阶双渐近透射边界时域耦合分析模型,并将其应用到重力坝-层状地基动力相互作用分析.数值算例分析结果表明,该时域耦合分析模型具有很高的精度和计算效率,适用于实际重力坝工程的地震响应分析.

     

地下隧道-土体系地震反应分析的有限元与无限元耦合法

本文采用有限元－无限元耦合法进行地下隧道－土相作用分析,阐述了有无限与无限元耦合模式的基本原理,耦合分析方法具有精度高,省机时的特点。     

Numerical investigation of the response of the Yele rockfill dam during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake

In this paper the seismic response of a well-documented Chinese rockfill dam, Yele dam, is simulated and investigated employing the dynamic hydro-mechanically (HM) coupled finite element (FE) method. The objective of the study is to firstly validate the numerical model for static and dynamic analyses of rockfill dams against the unique monitoring data on the Yele dam recorded before and during the Wenchuan earthquake. The initial stress state of the dynamic analysis is reproduced by simulating the geological history of the dam foundation, the dam construction and the reservoir impounding. Subsequently, the predicted seismic response of the Yele dam is analysed, in terms of the deformed shape, crest settlements and acceleration distribution pattern, in order to understand its seismic behaviour, assess its seismic safety and provide indication for the application of any potential reinforcement measures. The results show that the predicted seismic deformation of the Yele dam is in agreement with field observations that suggested that the dam operated safely during the Wenchuan earthquake. Finally, parametric studies are conducted to explore the impact of two factors on the seismic response of rockfill dams, i.e. the permeability of materials comprising the dam body and the vertical ground motion.     

On the seismic performance of straight integral abutment bridges: From advanced numerical modelling to a practice-oriented analysis method

The seismic performance of integral abutment bridges (IABs) is affected by the interaction with the surrounding soil, and specifically by the development of interaction forces in the embankment-abutment and soil-piles systems. In principle, these effects could be evaluated by means of highly demanding numerical computations that, however, can be carried out only for detailed studies of specific cases. By contrast, a low-demanding analysis method is needed for a design-oriented assessment of the longitudinal seismic performance of IABs. To this purpose, the present paper describes a design technique in which the frequency- and amplitude-dependency of the soil-structure interaction is modelled in a simplified manner. Specifically, the method consists of a time-domain analysis of a simplified soil-bridge model, in which soil-structure interaction is simulated by means of distributed nonlinear springs connecting a free-field ground response analysis model to the structural system. The results of this simplified method are validated against the results of advanced numerical analyses, considering different seismic scenarios. In its present state of development, the proposed simplified nonlinear model can be used for an efficient evaluation of the longitudinal response of straight IABs and can constitute a starting point for a prospective generalisation to three-dimensional response.     

Seismic analysis of coupled soil-pile-structure systems leading to the definition of a pseudo-natural SSI frequency

The elastodynamic response of coupled soil-pile-structure systems to seismic loading is studied using rigorous three-dimentional (3D) finite element models. The system under investigation comprises of a single pile supporting a single degree of freedom (SDOF) structure founded on a homogeneous viscoelastic soil layer over rigid rock. Parametric analyses are carried out in the frequency domain, focusing on the dynamic characteristics of the structure, as affected by typical foundation properties such as pile slenderness and soil-pile relative stiffness. Numerical results demonstrate the strong influence on effective natural SSI period of the foundation properties and the crucial importance of cross swaying-rocking stiffness of the pile. Furthermore, the notion of a pseudo-natural SSI frequency is introduced, as the frequency where pile-head motion is minimized with respect to free field surface motion. Dynamic pile bending is examined and the relative contributions of kinematic and inertial interaction, as affected by the frequency content of input motion, are elucidated.     

Input and system identification of the Hualien soil–structure interaction system using earthquake response data

This paper presents an input and system identification technique for a soil–structure interaction system using earthquake response data. Identification is carried out on the Hualien large‐scale seismic test structure, which was built in Taiwan for international joint research. The identified quantities are the input ground acceleration as well as the shear wave velocities of the near‐field soil regions and Young's moduli of the shell sections of the structure. The earthquake response analysis on the soil–structure interaction system is carried out using the finite element method incorporating the infinite element formulation for the unbounded layered soil medium and the substructured wave input technique. The criterion function for the parameter estimation is constructed using the frequency response amplitude ratios of the earthquake responses measured at several points of the structure, so that the information on the input motion may be excluded. The constrained steepest descent method is employed to obtain the revised parameters. The simulated earthquake responses using the identified parameters and input ground motion show excellent agreement with the measured responses. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Transient analysis of wave propagation in non‐homogeneous elastic unbounded domains by using the scaled boundary finite‐element method

The scaled boundary finite‐element method has been developed for the dynamic analysis of unbounded domains. In this method only the boundary is discretized resulting in a reduction of the spatial dimension by one. Like the finite‐element method no fundamental solution is required. This paper extends the scaled boundary finite‐element method to simulate the transient response of non‐homogeneous unbounded domains with the elasticity modulus and mass density varying as power functions of spatial coordinates. To reduce the number of degrees of freedom and the computational cost, the technique of reduced set of base functions is applied. The scaled boundary finite‐element equation for an unbounded domain is reformulated in generalized coordinates. The resulting acceleration unit‐impulse response matrix is obtained and assembled with the equation of motion of standard finite elements. Numerical examples of non‐homogeneous isotropic and transversely isotropic unbounded domains demonstrate the accuracy of the scaled boundary finite‐element method. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.