海上人工岛在地震作用下动水压力研究

海上人工岛的地震载荷主要是地震惯性力和动水压力.本文根据人工岛结构与流体相互作用的特点,应用线性势流理论,用解析方法推导出地震作用下大尺度水下圆柱体的动水压力解析解,从而可求出圆形人工岛岛体表面上任意一点的动水压力、岛体分层单位高度上的动水压力、总动水压力以及岛体动水压力沿铅直方向和水平面上的分布,以满足人工岛结构计算和整体性能计算的需要.本文利用推导的公式和编制的程序对我国第一座浅海石油勘探开发人工岛实例进行计算分析,取得良好的成果.     

Spar平台垂荡板水动力系数计算与分析

Spar平台带有厚度很薄的垂荡板,使用边界元方法计算时存在着准奇异积分的数值计算问题。采用自适应高斯积分法对其准奇异积分问题进行处理,较少单元即可达到很高精度。在势流理论下对Spar平台垂荡板的水动力系数进行了计算,并与实验结果进行了对比,发现真实流体中垂荡板的附加质量约为势流理论下附加质量计算结果的1.1倍,而辐射阻尼在总阻尼中所占的百分比很小,此时粘性阻尼成为垂荡板的主要阻尼来源,在工程设计中不可忽略。     

波浪与多孔介质结构相互作用SPH模拟

应用经CSPM法和黎曼解修正后的光滑粒子流体动力学(SPH)方法,建立了主动吸收无反射数值波浪水槽,研究波浪作用下多孔介质结构的水动力特性。流体运动控制方程采用N-S方程,多孔渗水结构内流体的运动控制方程考虑渗流力的影响。数值计算结果给出了水槽内不同位置测点的波面历时曲线和越浪量随时间变化曲线,并同试验结果和Philip Liu的数值计算结果进行了比较。并对一个波浪周期内斜坡堤多孔介质结构内外的速度场和压力分布进行了讨论分析。计算分析表明,数值计算波面较Philip Liu的计算结果与试验结果吻合更好。说明应用SPH方法建立的二维数学模型能够较好地模拟破碎波在多孔渗水斜坡上的爬坡和越浪。     

非线性载荷对船中弯矩响应影响

给出舰船结构水弹性分析的通用公式,分析典型高速船的水弹性响应,将总响应分为线性和非线性,前者用线性势流理论计算,后者用船体—流体系统脉冲响应函数的卷积积分和水动力非线性修正得到。计算表明线性解答过高地估计了共振点刚体运动,从而导致弯矩预报不准确,而非线性模拟的中拱/垂弯矩均与实验吻合较好。     

两层流体中振荡水平圆柱潜体水动力特性

研究了有限深两层流体中水平圆柱潜体的振荡辐射问题。在线性势流理论框架内,建立求解辐射势的多极展开理论,提出附加质量和阻尼系数的计算方法,进行了数值计算分析,并且与均匀流中的情况进行比较。结果表明,在圆柱潜体的某个振荡频率范围内,流体的分层效应对其附加质量和阻尼系数是有重要影响的。同时,对水平圆柱潜体振荡产生的自由面和内界面波动特性进行了数值分析。     

潜型水平板水动力特性的数值研究

运用数值解析方法研究一个位于自由水面下的水平、刚性薄板的水动力特性。这种水平板可作为一种固定式浮型防波堤使用。假定流体为势流，波浪为线性时间谐波，利用格林定理，可将拉普拉斯控制方程简化为第二类Fredholm积分方程。采用线性分布的不连续单元，通过边界元法，可建立求解薄板源强分布的一组线性代数方程组，引入三维格林函数计算各个基本单元，并由积分方程直接求得附加质量，阻尼力和散射力。结果发现当板非常接近自由表面时，在一定频率范围内，附加质量为负值。本文另一主要特点是引入了GMRES快速迭代算法，这种算法可大量节省计算机内存，计算单元数高达数千个并且具有良好的收敛特性。     

热液柱的形态研究

热液柱是海底热液系统将其自身的能量输入海水的一种重要形式，是进行热液活动环境效应研究的主要物理对象。给出了描述热液柱形成与演化的运动方程、连续性方程和能量方程，并给出了问题的近似解。通过解的分析指出，热液流体从海底喷口喷出以后，由于初速度和浮力的存在将沿一个通道上升，随离海底距离的增大上升的速度迅速低，同时，热液流体的上升通道在侧向上将随这扩展，到达中性浮力面后不再上升，而仅在一个层面上扩展。在不考虑底层流的情况下，热液柱由热液颈和热液透镜组成。热液颈上粗下细，下部与热液喷口连接，上部与热液透镜连接；热液透镜呈宽扁的透镜状。     

海洋工程中直立圆柱波浪爬升问题的数值研究

本文基于Navier-Stokes方程和连续性方程,利用VOF方法捕捉自由液面和松弛造波法实行造波,建立基于黏性流体理论的三维数值波浪水槽,并在该数值波浪水槽内对圆柱周围的波浪爬升效应进行数值模拟。选用两种不同的波浪参数,探讨波陡参数对柱体周围的波浪爬升效应及其所受载荷的影响。与势流模型相比,本文采用的黏性流模型可以较好的捕捉实验中出现的二次波峰现象。计算表明,本文建立的数值水槽可以较好用于直立圆柱波浪爬升问题的计算。     

波浪对透空外双壁筒柱的绕射

应用透空壁内流体速度与两壁间压力差成正比的线性模型，建立了外壁透空的双筒圆柱对波浪绕射的解析解。通过数值计算研究了外壁透空率的大小、内外柱半径之比等因素对桩柱上总波浪作用力和波面高度的影响。数值结果表明圆柱外壁透空系数的增加，将明显地降低圆柱周围的波浪高度和圆柱上的波浪力；内外柱径之比的大小对波浪力和波高的最大值无太大影响，而对波浪力剧烈衰减区的位置和波高的振荡周期有决定作用。     

波浪方向对两矩形驳船间窄缝内流体共振影响的数值研究

应用二阶非线性三维势流时域模型模拟两个并靠矩形驳船间的窄缝内流体共振现象。模型中,速度势分解为入射势和未知的散射势,其中散射势通过求解边界积分方程计算得到。采用四阶预报校正的方法对自由水面边界条件在时间上进行数值积分。本文研究了波浪方向对窄缝内一阶、二阶波高的影响。计算结果表明,入射波浪的角度不会影响窄缝内流体的共振频率,同时窄缝内流体发生共振时,最大的共振波高总是发生在窄缝中点处。然而,共振时对应的最大波高随着入射角度的变化而变化。同时,入射波浪的频率与窄缝内流体共振频率的相对大小导致窄缝内最大波高位置向上游或者下游移动。     

极浅水域圆柱形结构的地震动水压力

论述了极浅水域中圆柱形构筑物的地震动水压力,当外部水深或内部储液深度与结构半径之比小于某一数值时,其他震动水压力可近似地用无限长直墙的地震动水压力公式表示.通常情况下水深若小于结构高度的一半时,地震动水压力中的弹性动水压力影响可以忽略.建议使用的地震动水压力简化公式,可为极浅水域中圆柱形结构抗震设计提供参考.     

Hydroelastic interaction between obliquely incident waves and a semi-infinite elastic plate on a two-layer fluid

The hydroelastic response of a semi-infinite thin elastic plate floating on a two-layer fluid of finite depth due to obliquely incident waves is investigated. The upper and lower fluids with different densities separated by a sharp and stable interface are assumed to be inviscid and incompressible and the motion to be irrotational. Simply time-harmonic incident waves of the surface and interfacial wave modes with a given angular frequency are considered within the framework of linear potential flow theory. With the aid of the methods of matched eigenfunction expansion and the inner product of the two-layer fluid, a closed system of simultaneous linear equations is derived for the reflection and transmission coefficients of the series solutions. Based on the dispersion relations for the gravity waves and the flexural–gravity waves in a two-layer fluid and Snell’s law for refraction, we obtain a critical angle for the incident waves of the surface wave mode and three critical angles for the incident waves of the interfacial wave mode, which are related to the existence of the propagating waves. Graphical representations of the series solutions show the interaction between the water waves and the plate. The effects of several physical parameters, including the density and depth ratios of the fluid and the thickness of the plate, on the wave scattering and the hydroelastic response of the plate are studied. It is found that the variation of the thickness of the plate may change the wave numbers and the critical angles. The density ratio is the main factor to influence the wave numbers of the interfacial wave modes. Finally, the stress state is considered.     

Hydrodynamic characteristics of a cylindrical bottom-pivoted wave energy absorber

A parametric study was carried out to investigate the hydrodynamics of a cylindrical wave energy absorber. Established methods of hydrodynamic analysis were applied to the case of a damped vertically oriented cylinder pivoted near the sea floor in intermediate depth water. The simple geometry provides a canonical reference for more complex structure shapes and configurations that may be considered for either wave energy conversion or wave energy absorption. The study makes use of the relative velocity Morison equation, with force coefficients derived from radiation and diffraction theory. Viscous effects were accounted for by including a drag term with an empirically derived coefficient, C_D. A non-linear first-order formulation was used to calculate the cylinder motion response in regular waves. It was found that the non-linear drag term, which is often neglected in studies on wave energy conversion, has a large effect on performance. Results from the study suggest a set of design criteria based on Keulegan–Carpenter (KC) number, ratio of cylinder radius to water depth (a/h), and ratio of water depth to wavelength (h/L). Respectively, these parameters account for viscous, wave radiation, and water depth effects, and optimal ranges are provided.     

新型表层漂流浮标体设计分析

表层漂流浮标在应用于海洋调查研究时,浮标体外形对浮标通讯稳定性及数据回收等会产生一系列影响,也直接制约浮标使用寿命。为此,考虑减少风阻和水阻,减小浮标体对水帆运动的影响,提出了一种新型的适用于近远海海洋观测的表层漂流浮标体葫芦形外形设计方案。结合流体力学理论分析,运用Solid Works软件分别对葫芦形浮标体和常用的圆柱形浮标体建模,并利用Workbench软件CFX流体分析模块开展了流体分析和比较,结果表明葫芦形浮标体所受压力更均匀,其水下部分压力值较圆柱浮标体减小约28%,证明葫芦形外形浮标体更具可靠性。     

Gravity wave interaction with floating membrane due to abrupt change in water depth

Using the recently developed expansion formulae for wave structure interaction problems, the scattering of surface water waves by a semi-infinite floating membrane due to abrupt change in bottom topography is analyzed. Both the cases of finite and infinite steps are analyzed. In the present paper, the analysis is based on the linearized theory of water waves and small amplitude membrane response. Combining the linearized kinematic and dynamic surface conditions on the water surface with the dynamic pressure condition on the membrane, a third order differential equation is derived to describe the membrane covered free surface condition. General wave energy relation for wave scattering by floating horizontal membrane is derived by the application of law of conservation of energy flux and alternately by the direct application of Green's second identity. In the floating membrane covered region, the wave energy density is a combination of the kinetic and potential energy density due to the surface gravity waves, and the surface energy density which is due to the existence of the floating membrane on the free surface. Gravity wave transformations due to an abrupt change in bottom topography in the presence of a floating membrane in finite water depth are analyzed based on shallow water approximation. Numerical results are computed and analyzed to understand the wave transformation due to the floating membrane when there is an abrupt change in topography in different cases.     

On waves propagating over poro-elastic seabed

In this study, an analytical solution is developed for the problem of periodic waves propagating over a poro-elastic seabed of infinite depth. Water waves above the seabed are described using the linear wave theory. The poro-elastic seabed is modelled based on the Biot theory in which the inertia effect and Darcy's friction are added. Continuity of dynamic pressure and flow flux at the interfacial seabed surface are considered. Adopting an approach similar to Hsu et al. (1993), the governing equations for the pore pressure and displacements of the poro-elastic medium are derived. The present analytic solution compares favorably well with experimental results by Yamamoto et al. (1978), and analytical results by Song (1993) for the case of fine sand. Using the present theory, variations of the wavelength and fluid pressure caused by coupling of waves and the poro-elastic seabed are discussed. Results show that higher elasticity of the poro-elastic seabed induces larger interface pressure, but higher permeability causes smaller pressure on the seabed interface. The wave length is affected by the poro-elastic seabed and becomes shorter for softer seabed and shallower water depth.     

Pore water geochemistry of eastern Mediterranean mud volcanoes: Implications for fluid transport and fluid origin

The pore water chemistry of mud volcanoes from the Olimpi Mud Volcano Field and the Anaximander Mountains in the eastern Mediterranean Sea have been studied for three major purposes: (1) modes and velocities of fluid transport were derived to assess the role of (upward) advection, and bioirrigation for benthic fluxes. (2) Differences in the fluid chemistry at sites of Milano mud volcano (Olimpi area) were compiled in a map to illustrate the spatial heterogeneity reflecting differences in fluid origin and transport in discrete conduits in near proximity. (3) Formation water temperatures of seeping fluids were calculated from theoretical geothermometers to predict the depth of fluid origin and geochemical reactions in the deeper subsurface.No indications for downward advection as required for convection cells have been found. Instead, measured pore water profiles have been simulated successfully by accounting for upward advection and bioirrigation. Advective flow velocities are found to be generally moderate (3–50 cm y^− 1) compared to other cold seep areas. Depth-integrated rates of bioirrigation are 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than advective flow velocities documenting the importance of bioirrigation for flux considerations in surface sediments. Calculated formation water temperatures from the Anaximander Mountains are in the range of 80 to 145 °C suggesting a fluid origin from a depth zone associated with the seismic decollement. It is proposed that at that depth clay mineral dehydration leads to the formation and advection of fluids reduced in salinity relative to sea water. This explains the ubiquitous pore water freshening observed in surface sediments of the Anaximander Mountain area. Multiple fluid sources and formation water temperatures of 55 to 80 °C were derived for expelled fluids of the Olimpi area.     

大洋多金属结核矿区表层沉积物的物理性质

利用大洋多金属结核矿区调查过程中4个航次所得的600多组表层沉积物物性测试资料,将矿区的沉积物分为5种类型,并分析了这些沉积物的物理性质,同时,运用回归分析方法,统计分析了不同类型沉积物的含水量、湿密度、孔隙比与埋藏深度的关系,以及各物性指标之间的相关关系。结果表明:(1)大洋多金属结核矿区表层沉积物均为粉质土,黄棕色粉质土是西部矿区的主要沉积物类型,棕黄色粉质土是东部矿区的主要沉积物类型;(2)除褐色粉质土外,其余4种类型土的含水量、孔隙比均随埋藏深度的增加而减少和降低,湿密度则随深度增加而增大;(3)各类土的物性指标与埋藏深度的相关性甚好,因而可以利用埋藏深度对矿区的沉积物进行物性指标预测;(4)含水量、孔隙比、湿密度等物性指标之间呈线性相关,其中含水量与孔隙比的相关性最为密切,呈明显线性关系。     

Green functions with pulsating sources in a two-layer fluid of finite depth

The derivation of Green function in a two-layer fluid model has been treated in different ways.In a two-layer fluid with the upper layer having a free surface,there exist two modes of waves propagating due to the free surface and the interface.This paper is concerned with the derivation of Green functions in the three dimensional case of a stationary source oscillating.The source point is located either in the upper or lower part of a two-layer fluid of finite depth.The derivation is carried out by the method of singularities.This method has an advantage in that it involves representing the potential as a sum of singularities or multipoles placed within any structures being present.Furthermore,experience shows that the systems of equations resulted from using a singularity method possess excellent convergence characteristics and only a few equations are needed to obtain accurate numerical results.Validation is done by showing that the derived two-layer Green function can be reduced to that of a single layer of finite depth or that the upper Green function coincides with that of the lower,for each case.The effect of the density on the internal waves is demonstrated.Also,it is shown how the surface and internal wave amplitudes are compared for both the wave modes.The fluid in this case is considered to be inviscid and incompressible and the flow is irrotational.     

Interaction of linear waves with an array of infinitely long horizontal circular cylinders in a two-layer fluid of infinite depth

The linear water wave scattering and radiation by an array of infinitely long horizontal circular cylinders in a two-layer fluid of infinite depth is investigated by use of the multipole expansion method. The diffracted and radiated potentials are expressed as a linear combination of infinite multipoles placed at the centre of each cylinder with unknown coefficients to be determined by the cylinder boundary conditions. Analytical expressions for wave forces, hydrodynamic coefficients, reflection and transmission coefficients and energies are derived. Comparisons are made between the present analytical results and those obtained by the boundary element method, and some examples are presented to illustrate the hydrodynamic behavior of multiple horizontal circular cylinders in a two-layer fluid. It is found that for two submerged circular cylinders the influence of the fluid density ratio on internal-mode wave forces is more appreciable than surface-mode wave forces, and the periodic oscillations of hydrodynamic results occur with the increase of the distance between two cylinders; for four submerged circular cylinders the influence of adding two cylinders on the wave forces of the former cylinders is small in low and high wave frequencies, but the influence is appreciable in intermediate wave frequencies.