南太平洋和南印度洋亚南极模态水潜沉率的长期变化趋势

亚南极模态水(sub-Antarctic mode water,SAMW)的潜沉过程与全球变暖减缓现象密切相关。为了增进对亚南极模态水长期变化特征的认识,使用一个高分辨率长时间序列的海洋模式数据对SAMW的潜沉率变化趋势的空间分布进行了系统地分析。结果显示,在1958~2016年间,SAMW的潜沉量在南太平洋和南印度洋在长时间段上存在着相反的趋势变化,即在南太平洋增大,在南印度洋减少,这与已有研究结果相符。但进一步的分析发现,SAMW潜沉量的空间分布存在着明显的差异。在南印度洋,其北部潜沉区的潜沉率仅有很微弱的上升趋势,而位于南部潜沉区的潜沉率则有明显的下降趋势。与此同时,在南太平洋中,其西部潜沉区的潜沉率趋势非常小,而东部潜沉区的水的潜沉有明显上升的长期趋势。总体而言,密度较大的SAMW潜沉水团比密度较小的潜沉水团表现出更显著的长期变化的趋势。南部变化趋势明显的潜沉水量大概占总潜沉水量的60%,由此可知SAMW的总体趋势更多地来自其南部密度更大的潜沉区的贡献。进一步的分析表明,SAMW潜沉区的混合层的长期变化趋势与潜沉率的长期变化趋势之间存在较为一致的空间分布。其中,在南太平洋,东侧潜沉区的混合层的长期增大趋势,主要由于风应力增大的作用,而西侧潜沉区的混合层的长期减小趋势,则主要因为海表浮力强迫的控制;在南印度洋,南侧潜沉区的潜沉率长期减小趋势更多的是受到浮力强迫的影响,而西北部的潜沉率长期增加趋势则主要由风应力增强导致的。     

胶州湾的底栖生物群落

生物群落是自然的种的综合体,它们是有规律的在一起出现的,并且是和一定类型的地形底质,一定的水温、盐度、气体条件和其他生活条件相结合的。每个生物群落种的组成是各式各样的,但在相当长的一个时期内是不变的,它们在自然地理因素的季节变化、过度捕捞、被鱼类当做饵料或被他种动物吞食的影响下可以发生变化,但也仅只能改变它们在数量上的优势关系。当某一生物群落内的种结合在一起已经很多年一直没有变化的情况下,由于某一成分的变化,可以破坏原来的生物群落的结构,而变为另一生物群落。 在每个生物群落内,不同的种具有不同的意义,有一些种数量很大,在生物群落内占绝对优势（称优势种或群集性种）,它们在生物群落中占主导地位,并且是代表此生物群落的特征种（或称主要的种）,另外一些种在数量上显著的少,它们在底栖生物群落中占次要的地位（称次要的种）;此外,还有一些比较稀见的种,虽然在生物群落内可以见到,但不是经常能见到的,这对生物群落来说是偶然的种。 主要的和特征的种是底栖生物群落的指标,然而,一个种可能在不同的生物群落内都属数量很多的、群集的、特征的和主要的种,在这种情况下它永远是与其他数量很多的种和次要的种相结合在一起的,也就是这一个或那一个生物群落在海底出现的指标不是一种而是数种,因此,作为生物群落的指标种就不能只选一种而要选互相结合在一起的3-4种,这些种在某一生物群落内表现为主要的和特征的种。这一法则就是南萨哈林、南千岛水底景观图划分底栖生物群落的基础,现在用来划分胶州湾的生物群落。 胶州湾底栖动物区系的分布完全符合与地形、海底沉积及淤泥程度相依的规律,可以分为5个很显著的生物群落。     

IODP赤道太平洋的勘探

在新生代全球气候系统的演化中,世界最大的太平洋扮演着重要的角色。整个新生代时期太平洋板块向北移动,尤以自赤道缓慢外移的赤道上升流所形成的富含生物沉积的呈狭窄凸起的巨厚沉积物为特征。因此,钻探可以恢复被埋深的较老的断面。以前的ODP138、199航次为研究穿越赤道地区沉积物沉积类型的变化搭建了横跨古赤道的断面,本次钻探的目的是沿古赤道恢复横向的“年代断面”。上述两航次取得的成果对气候和碳系统、穿越发散带的生产力、碳酸钙溶解的年代、生物和磁性地层、ITCZ的位置,以及随时间气候变化的演变形式研究提供了有益的资料。…     

诱导映射及与其相关的诸映射的性质和应用

本文给出诱导映射的定义．讨论其重要性质，提出其中每一条都可以作为诱导映射的另一定义，这有益于对诱导映射的不同刻画，扩大了诱导映射的范围。作者给出了诱导映射在格拓扑和格的代数同态方面的应用；同时作者力图把高层次的或不分明集上的“具有某种性质”的映射分解成低层次的或分明集上的同样“具有某种性质”的映射，这对不同特色的映射的构造是有意义的     

滨海核电站前期工程中的海流观测

核电站海流观测可以获得确定海流运动规律、模型试验、工程设计的重要资料,而核电站海流观测的时空布置包括海流观测站测量范围的规划、平面站位的布置、观测时间的选择、观测仪器的选择等等都是获得有效观测成果的前提,在海流现场观测时由于客观条件的影响增加了准确观测站位的控制、具体观测操作的难度,所以为了获得准确的数据,有效的观测成果,我们必须建立完善的质量保证制度,并需要通过质量保证培训的有经验的人员去操作。     

随机动态声速重构方法研究

海洋环境对声传播具有重要的影响,海洋温度、盐度、压力决定声速的大小,研究随机动态声速剖面的最优重构可以为声场模型的计算提供良好的基础,为舰艇行动提供最优的辅助决策.然而声速剖面的重构却是一个复杂的过程,涉及到大量的时空分布不规则的数据的计算和处理,提取出合理的时空间系数能够提高声速重构的精度.实验证明,利用合理的时空分...     

强潮海岸带潮汐的不对称性及悬砂迁移特点

本文中提到的许多结果与另一些研究者对自然海岸带作的观察相符．例如，垂直海岸的水动力过程的变化支持了另一些研究者的发现．虽然被Stoney Binks影响复杂化了，但向岸的长波能量的增长以及破浪带处短波能量的降低的经典模式在该资料中是非常明显的．然而，另一些强潮海岸带的典型观察说明，在整个潮周期中，长波的震动与短波的震动相比是次要的．     

自然海滩的波浪和流

在海滩上一个理想的精密泥沙输移模型必须对研究的波候和波成流有准确完善的描述。作为海岸过程的更完全模型的第一步，本文概括了详细的波浪和流的计算的不同方面，开发出一个基于ＰＣ机的准三维模型，而且通过在模拟的无限长的自然海滩上的实验室实验予以校准。实验是在多种波浪条件下进行的，如规则和随机长峰波区域及两咱粒径的砂。     

α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂类药物的研究进展

糖生物学领域的不断发展逐步揭示出糖苷酶作为多种反应的催化剂在体内所起白守重要作用,目前已知的功能包括碳水化合物的消化、糖蛋白和糖脂的加工,尔后二者又涉及到免疫反应、肿瘤的转移、病毒和细菌的感染以及神经细胞的分化。因此糖苷酶不仅是生命体正常运转所必需的酶,同时又是许多疾病（如糖尿病、爱滋病及癌症）的相关酶。目前通过抑制酶活的方法进行疾病的治疗已经成为药物研究领域的一个热点。而对高专一性的糖苷酶抑制剂的研究不仅可以用于研究酶活性中心的结构、酶的作用机制、疾病的产生原因,同时也使它们有望成为许多疾病的治疗药物。     

鲸跃趣谈

在一望无垠的海洋中航行的人,有时会幸运地看到这样一幅壮丽的自然景象:一个庞大的身影刺破平静的海面,跃入纯净的蔚蓝色的天空,带起山一样令人眼花缭乱的飞溅的泡沫。这就是鲸的跳跃。最早留意鲸跃并对其加以详细记载的是19世纪太平洋上从事捕鲸业的冒险者。他们为此景观所陶醉并作了绘声绘色的描述。有人写道:“抹香鲸那壮硕的躯体在空中划了一个漂亮的弧,呼然落水,游到数英里外再显出面目,鲸身划出的长长的水     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.