Eigenvector analysis of reconstructed Holocene July temperature departures over northern Canada

July temperatures for the past 6000 yr at 11 sites in northern Canada have been predicted by transfer-function equations. Normalized departures from the mean of each time series at 250-yr intervals are analyzed by principal component (eigenvector) analysis. An initial analysis included 9 sites and the first three principal components accounted for 85.7% of the variance. Maps of the loadings on the principal components show broad spatial coherence on all three components. Temporal coefficients (principal component scores) illustrate major regional and local midsummer temperature variations. An additional 2 sites were then included but the spatial pattern of the loadings remained essentially unchanged. A further test of this approach, with a view toward predicting paleoclimates of northern regions, was to use the spatial coefficients (loadings) to estimate the July temperature departures at an “unknown” site (Long Lake, Keewatin). This reconstruction compares favorably with an independent transfer-function reconstruction (Kay, 1979). Power spectrum analysis of the significant principal component scores (temperature departures) over the 6000 yr showed that the temporal fluctuations associated with the first three principal components follow a “red noise” spectrum, indicative of strong persistence in the reconstructed climatic records. The scores on the fourth principal component approximate a “white noise” spectrum. A peak in power between 2000 and 3000 yr occurs in the variance spectrum of the second principal component (significance 10%). We conclude that eigenvector analysis of Holocene paleoclimatic data has considerable power and may be useful for identifying regional and local climatic variations.     

基于主成分分析的反射光谱在岩石学中的应用——以哈密地区为例

本文首先总结并分析了岩矿常见光谱特征的波长位置及其产生原因。然后基于主成分分析技术对哈密42条岩石实验室光谱进行了定量分析。前两个主成分共包含了96．7％的信息量，代表了原始信息。第一主成分反映了岩石总体反射率大小，称为反照率因子；第二主成分反映了光谱曲线斜率变化，称为形状因子。使用这两个主成分可以区分该区主要岩类，达到了数据压缩和分类的目的。第三和第四主成分尽管所占信息很少，但反映了岩石蚀变信息。为了突出蚀变岩石光谱吸收特征，进而又对经过连续统去除后的光谱进行主成分分析，结果发现，在新生成的第三和第四主成分图上，4种矿石被清晰区分开来。     

Review of the systematics of CO2–H2O fluid inclusions

Aqueous solutions that contain volatile (gas) components are one of the most important types of fluid in the Earth's crust. The record that such fluids have left in the form of fluid inclusions in minerals provides a wealth of insight into the geochemical and petrologic processes in which the fluids participated. This article reviews the systematics of CO₂–H₂O fluid inclusions as a starting point for interpreting the chemically more complex systems. The phase relations of the binary are described with respect to a qualitative P–T–X model, and isoplethic–isochoric paths through this model are used to explain the equilibrium and non-equilibrium behaviour of fluid inclusions during microthermometric heating and cooling. The P–T–X framework is then used to discuss the various modes of fluid inclusion entrapment, and how the resulting assemblage textures can be used to interpret the P–T conditions, phase states, and evolution paths of the parent solutions. Finally, quantitative methods are reviewed by which bulk molar volume and composition of CO₂–H₂O fluid inclusions can be determined from microthermometric observations of phase transitions.     

从砂岩成分探讨吐哈盆地构造演化

陆源碎屑岩是陆相沉积盆地的主要充填物，其成分主要受物源区母岩成分控制。通过系统分析碎屑岩成分特点可以再造沉积盆地的构造演化历史。对吐哈盆地分别采用岩矿和地球化学分析手段进行系统分析，结果显示两种分析所得结构吻合性极好，反映盆地的构造演化分为二叠纪、三叠纪－侏罗纪以及白垩纪－第三纪3个演化阶段，在各阶段地层成分出现较大差异，是盆地及相邻地区遭受构造运动改造的结果。     

Geochemical prospecting in complex sample media-multivariate data analysis of indirect observations (PLS-regression between modal mineralogy and geochemistry)

Geochemical exploration in secondary environments can be viewed as a particular manifestation of indirect geological observation. Geochemical anomalies in complex sample media reflect dispersion signatures, generally much disguised by secondary or higher-order mechanical and physico-chemical processes such as mixing, comminution, dilution, (re)transportation, weathering etc. Such complexities often make a thorough understanding of the origin of any particular sample type difficult ot obtain. The objective of data analysis in this context is to convert the geochemical data into a meaningful “signal”, particularly useful for prospecting, and other, in this case irrelevant, variability or “noise”. The experience of the last decades of practical exploration has clearly shown that statistical as well as geographical geochemical anomaly patterns are multi-element signatures. Using suitable multivariate statistical procedures (in the present case principal components modelling), it is possible to simultaneously define both a background data model and to quantify multivariate geochemical anomalies. This type of data analysis is guided very strongly by geological interaction, in which the emphasis is on modelling the background population(s), coupled with geographic plotting facilities. This outlier-screening facility is critical for many types of geochemical data evaluation. An example of this approach is described below. Another application of indirect multivariate data analysis is represented by PLS (Partial Least Squares) regression, which is a supervised pattern recognition and regression technique. We use it here to predict modal scheelite occurrences from regional stream-sediment data.     

南海ODP1144站深海沉积牵引体的岩石物理模型研究

ODP1144站是南海唯一钻揭深海沉积牵引体的站位,其完整的岩芯和测井资料为开展该沉积牵引体的岩石物理模型研究提供了良好的基础。此项研究对于理解南海深海沉积物中岩性参数与弹性参数间的关系具有重要意义,并可为根据反射地震资料开展定量岩性参数预测提供依据。对现有的深海沉积物岩石物理模型包括Wood悬浮模型、等球体颗粒接触模型、Sun速度一孔隙度关系模型进行了综述。根据岩芯分析资料将1144站深海沉积物的矿物组分简化为粘土矿物、碳酸盐、陆源碎屑和硅质生物4类;其中后3种组分的弹性模量及密度值分别由其代表矿物——方解石、石英及蛋白石的理论值代替,粘土矿物组分的等效弹性模量和等效密度则分别由Voigt-Reuss-Hill平均和体积平均计算得出。将3种岩石物理模型应用于1144站,计算得出深海沉积物的纵波速度并将其与声波测井纵波速度进行比较。结果表明,Sun模型计算结果与实测结果的吻合最好,误差最小;Wood模型所得结果在浅层与实测结果较吻合,在深层与实测结果出现偏差,误差较小;而等球体颗粒接触模型计算结果整体偏高,误差较大。     

Principal components analysis of three-way tables

A three-mode principal components method allows visualization of the structural or taxonomic relationships within three-way data tables. The fundamental model includes three sets of eigenvectors and a core matrix relating the principal components of each mode. Formal relationships between the method and the usual principal components formulation allow calculation of loadings and scores for each mode; taken with the core matrix, these provide a number of points of view in graphical analysis of three-mode data. The model compares favorably with alternative formulations in terms of simplicity of computation, generality, and symmetry of operation among the modes. An organic geochemical example illustrates the method.     

Partial crustal melting beneath the Betic Cordillera (SE Spain): The case study of Mar Menor volcanic suite

The Neogene Volcanic Province (NVP) within the Betic Cordillera (SE Spain) consists of three main metapelitic enclave suites (from SW to NE: El Hoyazo, Mazarrón and Mar Menor). Since the NVP represents a singular place in the world where crustal enclaves were immediately quenched after melting, their microstructures provide a “photograph” of the conditions at depth just after the moment of the melting.

The thermobarometric information provided by the different microstructural assemblages has been integrated with the geophysical and geodynamical published data into a model of the petrologic evolution of the Mar Menor enclaves. They were equilibrated at 2–3 kbar, 850–900 °C, and followed a sequence of heating melt producing reactions. A local cooling event evidenced by minor melt crystallization preceded the eruption.

The lower crustal studies presented in this work contribute to the knowledge of: (i) the partial melting event beneath the Mar Menor volcanic suite through a petrologic detailed study of the enclaves; (ii) how the microstructures of fast cooled anatectic rocks play an important role in tracing the magma evolution in a chamber up to the eruption, and how they can be used as pseudothermobarometers; (iii) the past and current evolution of the Alborán Domain (Betic Cordillera) and Mediterranean Sea, and how the base of a metapelitic crust has melted within an active geodynamic setting.     

Assessment of water quality and identification of pollution sources of three lakes in Kashmir, India, using multivariate analysis

Multivariate statistical techniques, such as cluster analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) and factor analysis (FA) were applied to evaluate and interpret the water quality data set for 13 parameters at 10 different sites of the three lakes in Kashmir, India. Physicochemical parameters varied significantly (p?<?0.05) among the sampling sites. Hierarchical cluster analysis grouped 10 sampling sites into three clusters of less polluted, moderately polluted and highly polluted sites, based on similarity of water quality characteristics. FA/PCA applied to data sets resulted in three principal components accounting for a cumulative variance of 69.84, 65.05 and 71.76% for Anchar Lake, Khushalsar Lake and Dal Lake, respectively. Factor analysis obtained from principal components (PCs) indicated that factors responsible for accelerated eutrophication of the three lakes are domestic waste waters, agricultural runoff and to some extent catchment geology. This study assesses water quality of three lakes through multivariate statistical analysis of data sets for effective management of these lakes.     

Pseudoleucite in a Tinguaite from the Bearpaw Mountains, Montana

The article presents chemical analyses of the pseudoleuciteand groundmass of a pseudoleucite tinguaite, chemical analysesof the principal minerals, chemical estimates of the mode ofthe groundmass, and both chemical and micrometric modes of thepseudoleucite. The principal minerals are hedenbergitic acmite,a nepheline containing 2.3 per cent Fe₂O₃ and 7.9 per cent K₂O,and K-feldspar containing a little BaO and very little Na₂O.The micrometric mode of the pseudoleucite, in satisfactory agreementwith the chemical mode, is nepheline 29.8 per cent, K-feldspar66.2 per cent, acmite 3.0 per cent; the chemical mode of thegroundmass is nepheline 26.8 per cent, K-feldspar 46.6 per cent,and acmite 26.7 per cent. A new analysis of a nepheline fromthe Bancroft area, made to test the analytical procedure, isalso included.     

Compositional differences in enstatite chondrites based on carbon and nitrogen stable isotope measurements

Carbon and nitrogen abundance and isotopic compositions, from four EH4, one EH5, five EL6 chondrites and one aubrite, were determined by using stepped pyrolysis (N only) and combustion (N and C) extractions in attempts to distinguish the components present. Carbon contents range from 0.15 to 0.70 wt%, with no systematic relationship between carbon content and meteorite group or petrologic type. Whole-rock δ¹³C values range from −28.5 to −4.1 %., Most C occurs as graphite and when temperature steps above 700°C are considered, there is a difference between EH4,5 (δ¹³C = −9.1 to -5.8%.) and EL6 chondrites (δ¹³C = −6.7 to +4.2%.). Carbon in Bustee aubrite is isotopically lighter (δ¹³C = −24%.) than in any enstatite chondrite.

Nitrogen occurs as osbornite, sinoite and in isostructural substitution for oxygen in silicate lattice sites. Nitrogen abundances and isotopic compositions are more variable than C, due to the heterogenous distribution of N-bearing minerals. Three EL6's containing osbornite have higher N concentrations than other type 6 enstatite chondrites. Sinoite, where present, is depleted in ¹⁵N relative to osbornite. Nitrogen in the Bustee aubrite has a similar abundance and δ¹⁵N value to those of EL6's, again dominated by the presence of osbornite.

In addition to the refractory C-and N-bearing minerals there is also organic material (largely terrestrial contamination) and evidence for at least two “exotic” components. The first is a host for Xe (HL) and is characterized by δ¹³C <-−47%. and δ¹⁵N ≤−73%., whereas the second is less well-defined, but is marked by δ¹⁵N = +269%.     

Analysis of spatial order in sandstones. I. Basic principles

The spatial arrangement of sedimentary rock components is a fundamental property of sedimentary rocks. If we assume that the size, shape, and composition of sedimentary rock components (mineral grains, pores) carry useful petrologic information, there is no reason to assume that their spatial arrangement does not. Spatial arrangement has been discussed in terms of texture and fabric, but it has had little objective measurement or classification. This deficiency is primarily due to the difficulties associated with the quantification of spatial phenomena. However, using digital-imaging techniques it is possible to generate petrographic images from thin-sections and quantify the spatial arrangement of selected rock components using a two-dimensional (2D) Fourier transform. A Fourier transform creates a spectral representation of the image similar to an x-ray diffraction pattern. This paper presents the fundamental framework of 2D Fourier analysis in petrology. This type of analysis provides a means to quantify and analyze the spatial arrangement of rock components in an objective, mathematical framework. 2D Fourier power spectra can be used to characterize the type and degree of spatial order in an image, both in terms of the classical concepts of long-range and short-range order and in terms of spatial patterns characteristic of sedimentary rock. The clearly defined mathematical relationship between an image and its Fourier power spectrum provide the opportunity to define the 2D structure of an image in the same manner that x-ray diffraction patterns are used to map 3D structure in minerals. In addition, a 2D Fourier power spectrum is easily transformed into a radial power spectrum. Radial power spectra can be used to characterize the density of objects in an image. They also provide a valid means to compare and contrast images in a multivariate framework, regardless of the type of order. One of the most desirable properties of a Fourier transform is its reversibility. Using selected components of the power spectrum, the inverse transform can be used to build synthetic images, which highlight those petrologic components that most affect the power spectrum. The inverse transform provides the means to translate the results of analysis into meaningful petrologic characteristics.     

应用主成分分析法研究渗透介质的渗透稳定问题

结合国内多个水电工程的大量渗透试验数据，在多维系统中选择了5项指标：干密度、孔隙比、不均匀系数、渗透系数和临界坡降，采用多元统计中的主成分分析法进行聚类，运用回归分析建立了砂性土、砂卵石土、断层带物质三类渗透介质的渗透模型。将所建立的断层带物质渗透模型应用到单薄山梁断层带的渗透稳定分析预测上，得到了模型计算结果与渗透试验所得结果相一致的结论，说明主成分分析法在渗透稳定分析中具有一定的适用性。     

Wolframoixiolite and niobian ferberite from zinnwaldite granitic rocks of the Chukchi Peninsula

The finding of wolframoixiolite with inclusions of niobian ferberite is described from zinnwaldite granite and ongonite of the Severny pluton of the Chukchi Peninsula. The optical, morphological, and chemical properties of minerals are characterized and compared with their analogues from other regions. The petrologic and mineragenic index implications of the minerals are discussed with allowance for our contemporary mineralogical knowledge on W-bearing Ta-Nb minerals.     

Precambrian tectonic evolution of eastern India: A model of converging microplates

The Precambrian formations of the Singhbhum and Chotanagpur region of the Indian Peninsular Shield are tectonically classified and their implications in the context of plate tectonics are reviewed on the basis of the stratigraphic, structural, petrologic, geochemical, geophysical and geochronologic data that have accumulated through extensive research in the region in recent years. It is shown that the essential elements in tectonic settings, geological facies and structural and metamorphic characters of the Singhbhum orogenic belt and the reactivated Chotanagpur plateau are elegantly interpretable in terms of interaction of two converging microplates, named here as the Singhbhum and Chotanagpur plates. A detailed correlation of the tectonic evolution with the different stages of a proposed model of plate motions is attempted in the paper.The study reveals three cycles of plate motions with intervening periods of “quiescence”. During the first cycle (2000-1600 Ma), the Singhbhum plate moved northward and collided with the Chotanagpur plate: this led to the tectonic emplacement of the Dalma ophiolite belt and development of the F₁ folds and thrusts and M₁ metamorphism. During the second cycle (1550-1170 Ma), a clockwise rotation of the Singhbhum plate towards the NE generated the F₂ folds and a transcurrent sinistral shear zone. Obduction of the continental lithosphere of this plate occurred during the third cycle (1000-850 Ma) as a result of its continued impingement on the Chotanagpur plate in the NNW direction; this is documented by the evolution of the F₃ folds, M₃ metamorphism and the Singhbhum thrust zone. The “quiescence” periods allowed time for isostatic readjustments, viz., uplifts, intrusions of basic dyke swarms, erosion and paralic sedimentation.     

镇旬铅锌矿田主要矿物的标型特征研究

闪锌矿、方铅矿、黄铁矿、石英及重晶石镇旬铅锌矿田的主要矿物,不同世代的闪锌矿,其形态,颜色及矿物共生组合的差异,反映了形成条件的差异,主要矿物的化学成份。微量元素含量,反映了本区铅锌矿床与西成一凤太地区的喷流沉积改造型铅放床一样,即与国内岩浆热液型铅锌矿床有相似之处,更与典型的沉积改造型铅锌矿床类型。     

基于主成分分析的致密砂砾岩孔隙度测井评价方法

岩性识别是致密砂砾岩测井评价的重要工作。砂砾岩岩性多样、成分复杂,导致测井识别岩性准确率低、测井解释孔隙度不准确。以东营凹陷北部陡坡带沙四下亚段致密砂砾岩为例,在对其岩石学特征分析的基础上,按照岩石类型和骨架矿物差异给砂砾岩分类,利用铸体薄片资料对测井曲线进行岩性标定,提取各种岩性的测井响应特征,在此基础上建立了基于主成分分析的测井岩性识别方法,并分岩性建立了孔隙度测井评价模型,提高了砂砾岩测井岩性识别和测井孔隙度计算的准确率。     

Detecting Clay Minerals in Hydrothermal Alteration Areas with Integration of ASTER Image and Spectral Data in Kösedag-Zara (Sivas), Turkey

Remote sensing technology and its terrestrial components are more useful than classical geological investigation in mineral exploration and mapping the hydrothermal alteration areas and help to investigate larger areas in short time. Intrusive and volcanic rocks, namely Kösedag syenite and Karatas volcanics in Kösedag (Zara) area shows argillic alteration zones. Two different test area were chosen and sampled for mineralogical studies. XRD-CF investigations showed that kaolinite and illite are the dominant clay minerals in test areas of A and B respectively. The spectroradiometer measurements were carried out 5 times on different surfaces of clayey samples with self-illuminated contact-probe lens within the wavelength range of 350-2500 nm. The spectroradiometer measurements used as endmember were resampled to ASTER short wave infrared (SWIR) bandwidths. Band ratio, principal component and decorrelation stretching analysis were performed to visualize the distribution of clay minerals. In spectral classification method, matched filtering (MF) was used for integrating the satellite image and spectroradiometer measurement data. It was concluded that co-interpretations of the band ratio, principal component, decorrelation stretching analysis, MF results and geological map are very useful in determining, classifying and mapping of the argillic alteration zones related to hydrothermal processes on ASTER image and they seem to be very useful to identify the target areas for mineral exploration.