立井井筒注浆工程断层破碎带注浆材料的研究

为了满足立井井筒地面预注浆工程中断层带注浆对注浆材料的要求,解决单液水泥浆扩散距离不易控制的问题,研制了一种新型塑性早强水泥注浆材料。通过研究塑性早强浆液的流变性能,结合平面裂隙扩散模型,论述了塑性早强浆液的动切力、塑性黏度及其时变特征。这是决定其在扩散过程中注浆压力衰减快,扩散范围小的本质原因。      

磷酸盐缓凝剂的优选与水泥复合浆液性能研究

研制了一种以无机聚合物（水玻璃）为速凝剂，以磷酸盐为缓凝剂配制而成的CWP水泥复合浆液。在该复合浆液中，用磷酸二氢铵作缓凝剂效果最好。CWP复合浆液在流变性，塑性强度，稳定性和结石强度上具有优良的性能。     

延长油田西部区域水平井固井水泥浆体系优化技术

分析了目前延长油田西部区域固井现状及造成固井质量差的原因,据此提出了适合延长油田西部地区水平井固井水泥浆性能的要求,优选出了适合该地区水平井固井的水泥浆体系。该水泥浆体系具有低滤失、零自由液、高沉降稳定性、好流变性,有利于提高浆液顶替效率。形成的水泥石具有不收缩、微膨胀、早强的特点,满足水平井射孔、后期压裂改造等工程施工的要求。最终形成了一整套适合延长油田西部地区水平井固井的水泥浆体系。     

PGS饱和盐水泥浆搅拌时间对流变性的影响

用流变学方法分析了搅拌时间对泥浆流变性的影响及其机理。PGS饱和盐水泥浆必须充分搅拌方具有稳定的流变性,因为充分搅拌可以使泥浆中的PGS分子和粘土颗粒成定向排列,从而降低泥浆的内摩擦力和动切力,最后达到基本稳定。      

纤维硅灰水泥石强度与浆液抗冲刷特性

针对隧道突水灾害防治对注浆材料的特殊要求,在水泥浆中加入外掺剂改善其力学特性与抗冲刷特性。通过测试不同水灰比、纤维掺量、硅灰掺量下水泥石的抗压与抗折强度,得出各水灰比下的强度最佳配合比,并测试最佳配合比下浆液的流动性与抗冲刷特性。试验发现,纤维与硅灰的掺入能够显著提高水泥石的强度,且对浆液的流动度影响不大;低流速下纤维硅灰水泥浆的抗冲刷特性较纯水泥浆改善显著,但流速较高时其抗冲刷特性仍较差。基于此,在纤维硅灰水泥浆中再掺入可再分散性乳胶粉进一步改善浆液抗冲刷特性。试验结果表明,可再分散性乳胶粉能明显改善浆液抗冲刷特性,即使在较高流速（0.6 m/s）下,其浆液留存率仍达到60%以上。研究结果为隧道突水灾害防治与动水注浆浆液选择提供了参考。     

氰凝—水泥浆性能及应用

一、氰凝—水泥浆液的组成与配制氰凝—水泥浆液是由氰凝浆液加上一定量的水泥组成的浆液。它具有水泥浆高强度的优点，又有氰凝浆液的一系列优点，因而可以用于裂缝大的混凝补强及地下水流速较快地段的堵漏。1．浆液的组成氰凝浆液是由氰凝预聚体和其他添加剂所组成。添加剂有：增塑剂、溶剂、催化剂、表面活性剂等。氰凝水泥浆是在上述的氰凝浆液中加入一定量的水泥作为充填剂而配制成。我们配制的氰凝—水泥浆有下列几种，列于表1中。     

煤层气钻孔化学堵漏浆液的配制与试验

为解决山西某矿区煤层气钻孔漏失问题,选择合适的堵漏浆液。基于正交试验的设计方法,以低水解聚丙烯酰胺（PHP）、801堵漏剂、水玻璃和植物胶为堵漏材料制成堵漏浆液,测试了堵漏浆液的相对密度、失水量、塑性黏度、表观黏度、和动切力等指标,并采用极差法与方差法分析了各材料（因素）的显著性。研究表明:塑性黏度、表观黏度受PHP的影响最大,水玻璃对失水量影响最大,801堵漏剂对动切力影响最大。以较大的黏度和动切力及较低的失水量为评价依据,确定了堵漏浆液的最优配方。建立了最优配方堵漏浆液的流变方程,模拟试验测定堵漏浆液的堵漏性能,并通过4个煤层气钻孔工程实践验证了堵漏浆液的堵漏功效。      

冻结孔泥浆置换中缓凝水泥浆及混合浆的性能劣化规律

冻结孔泥浆置换已成为岩层冻结法凿井的必需环节,但冻结管下放易遭遇浆液黏滞阻力过大,甚至被“抱死”导致钻孔报废。为深入掌握深孔环境中水泥浆及其与泥浆混合浆的性能劣化规律,以表观黏度作为衡量指标,考虑养护时间、温度、失水状态及混合浆的体积比等因素,分别开展缓凝水泥浆、混合浆的室内试验研究。结果表明:养护时间20 h内,水泥浆和混合浆的黏度均随养护时间延长而增长,但混合浆黏度值及增长速率远超过水泥浆;二者黏度与温度之间呈非线性变化关系;失水状态加速浆液的黏度增长,尤其是对混合浆的黏度影响更大;混合浆的黏度与体积比之间呈现为非线性关系;与缓凝水泥浆相比,混合浆的黏度剧增等性能劣化现象,受养护时间、温度及失水状态的影响都更为显著。分析认为,水泥与泥浆的混合浆液的黏度骤升、流动性大幅下降甚至丧失,是冻结管下沉阻力过大甚至被“抱死”的关键原因;因此,控制浆液混合段高度,抑制混合浆的黏度增长,是保证冻结管安全顺利下沉的关键。      

渗流作用对砂砾石层灌浆的影响试验研究

通过在试验砂槽中进行灌浆试验,研究了渗流作用对砂砾石层灌浆的影响。首先,在选定水泥浆作为灌浆材料的前提下,验证了砂砾石材料的可灌性,确定了灌浆的有关参数,包括浆液水灰比、灌浆时间、灌浆压力、灌浆深度等;其次,在无渗流作用下,研究了灌浆压力、浆液水灰比与浆液扩散范围之间的关系;最后,在有渗流作用下,通过调整上下游水位差,研究了灌浆压力、渗流强度与浆液扩散范围之间的关系。研究结果表明,渗流作用对灌浆压力与浆液扩散范围所呈的线性关系无明显影响,不同灌浆压力条件下,渗流强度与浆液扩散范围之间呈明显的非线性关系     

煤系复杂地层钻探护壁浆液研究与应用

基于护壁材料对浆液的流变性和失水及造壁性的影响,通过室内试验,研究了适用于煤系复杂地层的护壁浆液——膨润土-高聚物浆液。采用正交试验法得出护壁浆液的优化配方:5%膨润土+0.3% SM植物胶+0.04%聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）+1%腐植酸钾（KHm）。将这种高聚物低固相泥浆用于现场试验,在煤系复杂地层的钻探护壁中取得了良好的效果。      

Injectability of Microfine Cement Grouts into Limestone Sands with Different Gradations: Experimental Investigation and Prediction

One-dimensional injection tests were conducted on dry and dense sand columns with a height of 36.5 cm for the injectability evaluation of cement grouts. Three ordinary cement types were pulverized to obtain fine-grained cements having nominal maximum grain sizes of 40, 20 and 10 μm. Suspensions of these cements with water to cement (W/C) ratios of 1, 2 and 3, by weight, were injected into 54 clean, limestone sands with different gradations. Pulverization of the ordinary cements to produce microfine cements extends the range of groutable sands to “medium-to-fine”. Suspension injectability is improved by increasing cement fineness and suspension W/C ratio or by decreasing apparent viscosity and is controlled by the synthesis of the finer portion (d ≤ d₂₅) of the sand gradation. The outcome of the 131 injectability tests conducted is successfully predicted by available groutability criteria at a rate ranging between 51 and 69%. The “new groutability and filtration criteria” proposed in this study, are adapted to the finer 25% of the sand gradation, have successful predictions for 79% of the cases (10–28% higher than those of the existing groutability criteria) and predict successfully the appearance of filtration in 83% of the available cases. The model developed by performing Binary Logistic Regression analyses of the injection test results is considered appropriate for the prediction of injectability of cement grouts in sands because it exhibits a coefficient of multiple determination equal to 0.84 and provides a rate of successful predictions equal to 78% of the available experimental results.     

考虑黏度时变性的水泥浆液盾构壁后注浆扩散规律及管片压力模型的试验研究

对水泥浆液黏度时变性进行了试验研究,证实了工程常用水灰比范围内水泥浆液服从宾汉姆流体特性;不同水灰比浆液黏度均随注浆时间增大而大幅度增加。根据试验结果,考虑注浆过程中水泥浆液黏度随时间的变化,对盾构壁后注浆水泥浆液的扩散规律及因注浆而造成的管片压力进行了推导及分析。计算表明：相同注浆时间条件下,水泥浆液扩散半径及注浆对管片产生的压力值均随注浆压力的增大而增大。考虑浆液黏度时变性后,扩散半径、注浆对管片压力值等均较不考虑浆液时变性时减小,且随注浆压力的增大,浆液黏度变化对管片压力值的影响更加明显。相同注浆压力条件下,浆液扩散半径及对管片产生的压力值均随注浆时间的增长而增加,但注浆前期增长速度较快,而后逐渐减缓。研究成果对于盾构壁后注浆工艺选择及参数设计具有较大的指导意义。     

一个用于面板坝流变分析的堆石流变模型

在前人工作的基础上, 从宏观上建立了一个用于面板坝流变分析的堆石流变模型: 堆石的瞬时弹塑性变形由椭圆-抛物双屈服面模型确定,并计入时间效应, 由双曲线函数经验公式计算堆石与时间有关的粘塑性变形。通过现场实测结果的反分析验证了模型的可靠性。     

砂土介质注浆渗透扩散试验与加固机制研究

设计了一套可视化砂土介质恒压注浆渗透扩散与加固模拟试验装置。选用普通硅酸盐42.5水泥（OPC）、超细硅酸盐水泥（MC）、超细硫铝水泥（MSAC）及自主研发材料（EMCG）,对砂土多孔介质进行了注浆渗透扩散与加固试验。研究了细砂土体不同浆液、注浆压力工况下扩散距离、注浆量随时间变化规律,以及不同浆液、砂样级配及注浆压力对加固效果影响。采用极差分析法确定了加固效果主控因素,获得了加固体宏观破坏模式,通过SEM分析了岩-浆界面微观加固模型,揭示了不同材料加固效果差异的本质原因。研究结果表明：注浆材料与颗粒质量分数主导着细砂土体可注性,注浆压力对可注性提高程度不大,EMCG可注性最强,MC、MSAC次之,OPC最差;在完全可注情况下,砂样级配越细,加固体强度改善效果越明显;EMCG材料加固体7、28 d强度明显高于MSAC、MC、OPC加固体;EMCG的7 d加固体强度达到28 d参数70%以上;注浆材料主导着注浆加固效果,EMCG对不同级配砂土体注浆加固效果显著优于其他水泥类材料,OPC最差;注浆后EMCG浆-岩界面生成的致密C-S-H凝胶体能够有效提高胶结强度。最后从注浆材料选型、注浆过程控制、钻孔布置方面对砂土层渗透注浆设计方法提出了工程治理改进建议。     

超高压变质岩的塑性流变学

岩石流变作用是大陆造山作用的基本特征,超高压岩石的形成和折返过程也是大陆深俯冲带内物质的复杂流变过程。要深入理解大陆造山带的造山作用和大陆壳岩石的深俯冲和折返动力学过程,必须对大陆地壳及地幔岩石的流变学进行深入研究。岩石圈流变学的主要研究内容主要包括流变学分层性、变形分解和应变局部化及大陆壳岩石部分熔融作用的流变学效应等。应用岩石圈流变学的基本原理和方法,分析了大别-苏鲁超高压变质带中超高压变质岩的塑性流变特点,探讨了超高压变质岩形成和折返过程的塑性流变学。     

An assessment of borehole sealing performance in a salt environment

 Design of plugs for abandonment of boreholes and shafts may be governed by the bond strength between the plug and host rock. This paper presents the results of push-out tests on cement grout plugs in salt. Two types of expandable cement grouts have been tested. The average interface shear strengths ranged from 2 to 12 MPa (290 to 1740 psi). Peak shear stresses at failure, assuming an elastic stress distribution along the interface, were up to eight times higher. Standard deviations commonly reached 20%. Dissolution along the interface was observed, and may have been enhanced by clay inclusions in the salt. This dissolution appears to have reduced bond strengths. Application of the results to the design of plugs for larger openings (for example, shafts, drifts, or boreholes) is discussed. Received: 6 March 1996 · Accepted: 16 July 1996     

Factors Affecting Engineering Properties of Microfine Cement Grouted Sands

An experimental investigation was conducted in order to evaluate the influence of distance from the injection point and of parameters pertinent to the cement, the suspension and the sand on the effectiveness of microfine cement grouts. Three different cement types, each at three different gradations having nominal maximum grain sizes of 100, 20 and 10 μm, were used. Grouting effectiveness was evaluated by injecting suspensions with water to cement (W/C) ratios of 1, 2 and 3, by weight, into five uniform sand fractions with different grain sizes and eight composite sands with different gradations, using a specially constructed apparatus. Unconfined compression and permeability tests were conducted on the resulting grouted sand specimens, after curing for 28 and 90 days. Microfine cement grouted sands obtained unconfined compression strength values of up to 14.9 MPa and permeability coefficients as low as 1.3 × 10^?6 cm/s or by up to 5 orders of magnitude lower than those of clean sands. The W/C ratio and the bleed capacity of suspensions as well as the effective grain size and the permeability coefficient of sands are very important parameters, since they affect substantially the grouted sand properties and are correlated satisfactorily with them. The strength and permeability of grouted sands can increase, decrease or remain constant with distance from the injection point depending on the easiness of suspension penetration into the sands. The improvement of grouted sand properties with increasing distance from the injection point is consistent with the observed increase of the cement content of grouted sands.     

分级循环动荷载下水泥土动力特性试验研究

随着车辆载重的变化,其荷载幅值也会随之变化。然而,已有的研究大多关注恒定动荷载下水泥土动力特性,对分级循环荷载作用下水泥土的动态特性研究较少。利用GDS动三轴仪,开展一系列水泥土动三轴试验,探讨分级荷载条件下静偏应力和围压等因素对水泥土动力特性的影响。试验结果表明:水泥土的轴向塑性应变随着围压和静偏应力比的增加而增加。水泥土轴向应变在0.1%～0.5%范围,其应变发展属于稳定型,分级加卸载对应变发展过程影响较大,对最终应变影响较小。建立了考虑水泥土加卸载条件、围压和静偏应力比的塑性应变的经验模型,分级卸载的相关系数大于0.95,而分级加载的相关系数在0.8～0.9之间。分级卸载时,第一级荷载对应变发展起主导作用,而分级加载时,最大动应力比无法主导前几级荷载较小时的应变发展。在分级加卸载条件下,水泥土的骨干曲线表现为2种模式:上升型和下降型,可将其简化为多段直线,利用建立的累积塑性应变计算方法,提出了确定多段直线分界点的方法,并验证了其可行性。     

Laboratory determination of mechanical and hydraulic properties of chemically grouted sands

The purpose of this paper is to investigate mechanical and hydraulic properties of sands treated with mineral-based grouts through the results of a laboratory test programme consisting of unconfined compression tests (UCS), triaxial bender element tests (BeT) and constant flow permeability tests in triaxial apparatus. An improved apparatus was set up for obtaining high quality, multiple grouted specimens from a single column. Two selected natural sands having different grain sizes were grouted with two mineral-based silica grouts, resulting in different levels of improvement. The behaviour of the sands treated by mineral grouts, in terms of strength, initial stiffness and permeability, was compared with that exhibited by more traditional silicate grouts. The results of this study indicate that sands treated with mineral grouts result in higher strengths, higher initial shear modulus and lower permeability values than the sands treated with the silicate solution. The effect of grout type, effective confining pressure, and sand particle-size on small-strain shear modulus of grouted sand specimens was evaluated. Based on test results, the small strain shear modulus increment from treated to untreated specimens has been correlated with the unconfined compressive strength, obtaining a unique relationship regardless of grout type and grain-size of tested sands.     

岩石圈流变学：一种研究地球深部岩体变形的新方法

岩石圈流变学是大陆岩石变形的主导因素之一,是一种研究地球深部岩体变形的新方法。简要介绍流变学对大陆动力学研究的影响,并对当前流变学研究进展进行评述。岩石圈流变学在岩石圈地层、造山带和大型盆地动力学和动力学特征研究中的应用非常广泛。近年来,岩石圈流变学在脆-塑性转换、岩石流变含水性、“三明治”结构及岩石流变律等方面有重大进展。最后,指出目前岩石圈流变学还存在一些亟待解决的问题,如时间因素。