中国第19次南极科学考察总结

中国第19次南极科学考察将海冰走航调查列入正式项目, 为海洋调查的一部分.为此, 根据渤海海冰和内陆河冰调查技术现状和未来发展前景, 设计、组合和加工了可视技术\, 冰层厚度变化过程测试技术和温度测试记录系统.     

环渤海海冰弯曲强度的试验测试及特性分析

在渤海冰区油气开发中,海冰物理力学性质对海洋结构设计、海冰动力学过程均有重要影响.目前,随着渤海冰区锥体海洋平台的增加,对海冰弯曲强度的研究具有重要意义.对环渤海沿岸9个测点的海冰弯曲强度进行了现场和室内测试,同时对影响海冰弯曲强度的海冰盐度、温度进行了测试;分析了莱州湾、辽东湾西岸和辽东湾东岸等不同测点海冰弯曲强度的...     

我国的海冰研究工作

我国海冰研究工作,正随着渤海、黄海石油开发、港口建设、航海运输及南极考察的需要,不断得到发展和加强。一支以国家海洋局为主体的我国海冰调查、研究、预报专业队伍,正在逐步形成。它们肩负着渤海及黄海北部海区海冰的日常观测、研究和预报任务,为使用部门提供冰情资料。近年来随着海冰研究工作的逐步深入,国家海洋局与中国科学院所属的一些研究所,也加强并扩大了同日本、美国、芬兰、澳大利亚、新     

海冰拖曳系数的确定方法研究

风和流对海冰的拖曳系数是海冰数值模式中的基本参数, 它是精确模拟海冰漂移轨迹, 分析海冰的动力破坏、海冰爬升与堆积问题的重要依据.首先讨论了计算海冰拖曳系数的3种方法, 即涡动法、剖面法和动量法, 并分析了它们各自的特点和适用条件.针对辽东湾JZ20-2油气平台上同步连续观测的风速、流速和冰速等资料, 选用动量法对海冰拖曳系数进行了计算, 得到低密集度条件下光滑平整冰的风拖曳系数Ca(42) =1.402×10-3, 流拖曳系数Cw(7) =2.563×10-3.该数值能反映风和流对海冰表面拖曳和形状拖曳的共同作用.不同冰类型和密集度条件下的海冰拖曳系数有很大差异, 对其进一步的研究结果将提高海冰数值模拟的精度.     

全场冰漂流测量技术研究

结合国内先进的航海雷达测冰技术,介绍了全场冰漂流测量技术的互相关分析原理及其Fourier实现方法, 以及冰漂流场中部分错误矢量的修正方法.利用全场冰漂流测量技术, 通过对一些实测的雷达海冰图像进行互相关分析处理, 获得的二维海冰漂流场的矢量分布图, 充分验证了全场冰漂流测量技术的实用性和可靠性.     

北极海冰变化同我国气温相联系的若干统计学分析

本分析了北级海冰覆盖度和我国气温的时空变化特点，并进行了它们之间的统计学分析。结果表明，我国某些地区，若干时段的气温较明显地受到北极海冰的影响。首先对北极海冰面积异常变化的时间尺度进行分析，然后使用经验正交函数展开海冰场和气温场，并对它们的特征进行分析，最后对海冰面积在最大最小年份时，我国气温差值场进行分析。     

电磁感应技术在南极海冰厚度探测中的应用

介绍一种能够高效探测海冰厚度的电磁感应方法及其在南极考察中的应用。该技术方法针对海冰和海水的电特性,利用电磁场原理精确探测仪器至冰水交界面的距离,以实现海冰厚度的测定。通过电磁感应(EM)仪观测的视电导率与同点位钻孔测量数据对比分析,获得视电导率与海冰厚度的换算关系式,通过对用该关系式计算出的海冰厚度进行验证,表明电磁感应技术能够获得可靠的海冰厚度数据。对探测剖面的海冰厚度统计表明,2005—2006年夏季南极内拉峡湾内海冰以平整冰为主,其厚度为0.8~1.4 m。     

海冰厚度的现场图像测量方法

在寒区海洋工程开发中,海冰厚度是主要环境参数.为了监测海冰厚度的变化与分布,人们已经尝试了多种方法.利用图像测量冰厚,该方法在石油平台安装摄像机,记录冰与结构作用破坏断面,监测冰厚度的变化.分析了现场测试中的误差,并给出了部分连续记录的冰厚度变化.     

1997-2005年北极东西伯利亚海海冰变化特征研究

近年来北冰洋气候系统发生了显著变化,海冰面积减小和厚度变薄是最主要的特征.利用美国国家冰中心的1997—2005年东西伯利亚海海冰密集度数据,研究了该海域海冰覆盖率的多年变化特征.结果表明:1997—2001年海冰冰情偏重,2002—2005年海冰冰情明显减轻,尤其是2005年,海冰面积覆盖率创密集度为近几年最低值.海冰融冰期长度和海冰面积覆盖率最小值与海冰面积指数的相关系数在置信水平为0.95时分别达到-0.90236和0.9098,海表负积温与海冰面积指数的相关系数达到-0.7424.近年来东西伯利亚海海面风场的偏南风有加强趋势,有利于海冰的北向运移和暖空气北上,造成海冰面积持续减小.河流径流量在9a中整体呈现增长趋势,与海冰具有很好的负相关性.     

基于GPS的海冰实时监测系统及其应用研究

海冰是高纬度海区特有的海洋现象。运动的海冰具有巨大的能量,对冰区的石油平台、港口堤坝、船只等构成了巨大的威胁,因此实时获取准确的海冰运动信息对于海冰灾害的防治有重要的现实意义。我国海冰为一年海冰,冰体较薄,用于极地的海冰跟踪设备并不适用于我国北方海域。设计并提出了一种基于GPS的海冰定位跟踪系统,系统包含冰上定位发射和接收两个部分。冰上部分质量较轻且外形增加了防滑设计,接收端接收到数据后自动入库,并与地图匹配显示。监测系统于2015-2016年冬季在辽东湾海域进行了应用测试,应用试验表明,该方法能够较好地进行海冰定位与跟踪,定位误差在5 m以内,运行时间较久,较适用于我国薄冰海域。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.