鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组致密砂岩储层绿泥石对润湿性的影响

润湿性是储层的重要性质,对提高采收率和油气运移研究至关重要.岩石矿物组成影响储层的润湿性,但对其具体作用仍没有明确认识.文章以鄂尔多斯盆地延长组储层为例,开展了储层岩石学特征和润湿性特征的综合研究,分析了绿泥石对砂岩储层润湿性的影响作用.结果表明,延长组储层内绿泥石非常发育,主要包括碎屑状绿泥石、绿泥石膜和黑云母转化的...     

泥河湾盆地大长梁剖面河湖相沉积物的岩石磁学性质

以热磁分析为主,对中国北方泥河湾盆地更新世河湖相地层中灰绿色粉砂和灰黄色粉砂/细砂两种典型沉积物进行了详细的岩石磁学研究,有效确定了这两类沉积物中磁性矿物的种类、粒度特征以及加热过程中磁性矿物的变化过程和产物,并对其包含的古环境意义进行了初步探讨.灰绿色粉砂样品主要含有磁铁矿和赤铁矿两种磁性矿物,磁性相对较弱,颗粒相对较细;灰黄色粉砂/细砂主要含有磁铁矿和磁赤铁矿,磁性相对较强,颗粒相对较粗.在氩气环境中经700℃加热处理后,这两种沉积物中的绿泥石都分解,并生成超细粒（处于超顺磁和单畴颗粒区间）的磁铁矿,导致磁化率大幅升高.因此泥河湾盆地沉积物的热磁特征可以用来检测样品中绿泥石的相对含量,进而反映该地区化学风化作用强度的变化.此外,灰绿色粉砂样品中绿泥石含量比灰黄色粉砂/细砂样品的含量高,在氩气中加热后,磁化率升高幅度也较高,可能反映了化学风化相对较弱的沉积环境.     

西宁盆地始新世河湖相沉积序列黏土矿物组合特征及其古环境意义

始新世是全球气候从"温室"转化为"冰室"的一个重要时期,亚洲内陆在该时期发生了青藏高原隆升、副特提斯海海退等重大地质事件.位于青藏高原东北缘的西宁盆地具有连续完整的始新世河湖相沉积地层,以红色泥岩夹石膏层为主,记录了该时期的气候变化.本研究采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)对西宁盆地西箕沟剖面始新世河湖相沉积样品进行全岩及黏土矿物定性、半定量分析,以获取青藏高原东北缘及亚洲内陆地区始新世时期的古气候变化特征.为了有效解决目前通用的黏土矿物提取方法难以从石膏层中提取足量黏土的问题,引入一种新的黏土矿物提取方法.结果表明,西宁盆地始新世样品中主要矿物为石英、长石、方解石、白云石以及石膏;黏土矿物为伊利石、绿泥石及蒙脱石(含伊蒙混层矿物(I/S)).黏土矿物相对含量变化表明,始新世时期西宁盆地古气候在较为干旱的背景下经历了三次相对湿润的时段:52～50、41.5～39、35～34Ma.通过与同时期的深海氧同位素记录、副特提斯海海侵-海退事件以及青藏高原隆升等进行对比分析发现,西宁盆地始新世古气候主要受控于全球气候变化.     

新疆孔雀河北岸72-51 ka BP湖相沉积物中粘土矿物特征

对新疆孔雀河北岸LX02剖面湖相沉积物开展光释光和粘土矿物样品X射线衍射分析,根据样品中的粘土矿物成分及质量分数对本区古气候演化进行了探讨.结果显示,该剖面湖相沉积自72 ka BP延续到51 ka BP.这期间,研究区粘土矿物以伊利石占绝对优势(56%~64%,平均为61%),其它粘土矿物有绿泥石(18%~26%,平均为22%)、高岭石(7%~12%,平均为8%)和伊/蒙混层(5%~15%,平均为9%),这与塔里木盆地粘土矿物组成颇为一致.具体来说,72.4—66.8 ka BP,伊利石和绿泥石含量之和较高,同时绿泥石含量较高,对于高岭石而言,除了一个样品外,其它样品的平均值较低,伊/蒙混层含量较低,指示该时段为冷干气候环境;66.8—56.1 ka BP,伊利石和绿泥石含量之和最低,同时绿泥石含量亦最低,高岭石、伊/蒙混层含量较高,指示该时段为暖湿气候环境;56.1—51.0 ka BP,伊利石和绿泥石含量之和增大,同时绿泥石含量亦增大,高岭石、伊/蒙混层含量较低,指示该时段为较冷干气候环境.这与孢粉植物群、地球化学元素含量及其主成分F1和粒度、色度及碳酸盐主成分F1'所反映的古气候特征及其变化一致,亦与柴达木盆地东部介形类丰度特征研究、柴达木盆地东部古湖泊高湖面光释光年代学研究、北京平原区有机碳同位素研究等结果吻合较好.研究表明塔里木盆地东部晚更新世气候仍以暖湿-冷干气候变化模式为主.     

济阳坳陷古近系原型盆地中绿泥石的成分演化特征及其盆地古地温梯度

东营凹陷、惠民凹陷和沾化凹陷是山东济阳坳陷的组成部分, 并且是济阳坳陷内的主要油气勘探开发区. 主要运用绿泥石地温计, 通过对东营凹陷、惠民凹陷和沾化凹陷埋藏古地温的研究, 探讨了济阳坳陷古近系原型盆地的热历史及其地质意义. 研究结果表明绿泥石成分随着埋藏深度的增加, Si⁴⁺的含量逐渐变少, Al^Ⅳ的含量则逐渐增多; 其种属由富硅的辉绿泥石演变为贫硅的铁镁绿泥石、蠕绿泥石. 蠕绿泥石仅出现于埋深大, 温度高, 地层相对老的区域, 而辉绿泥石则出现于埋深相对浅, 温度较低, 地层相对较新的区域, 铁镁绿泥石的分布区域介于两者之间. 在古近系时期盆地中绿泥石的形成温度如下: 东营凹陷中绿泥石的形成温度为171~238℃, 惠民凹陷中绿泥石的形成温度为160~202℃, 沾化凹陷中绿泥石的形成温度为135~180℃. 不同凹陷盆地中绿泥石在形成温度上的差异与构造裂陷作用发生的时间有关. 温度高意味着裂陷作用发生的时间相对较早. 由绿泥石的形成温度与埋藏深度的关系获得济阳坳陷古近系原型盆地的平均古地温梯度约为38.3℃/km, 它高于现今地温梯度值(29~30℃/km), 此热异常现象主要受裂陷盆地构造动力学演化模式的制约.     

大兴安岭与两侧盆地结合地带深部电性结构与岩石圈尺度构造关系

横跨大兴安岭与海拉尔盆地和松辽盆地结合地带的大地电磁测深剖面揭示了盆山构造的深部电性结构.剖面西起海拉尔盆地东缘,向东延伸穿过大兴安岭中部,一直到达松辽盆地西缘.本文对剖面测点的二维偏离度、构造走向等进行了计算和分析,采用非线性共轭梯度(NLCG)二维反演方法对TM模式的数据进行了反演,获得了该剖面的地壳、上地幔电性结构模型,划分出三个典型构造单元:海拉尔盆地、大兴安岭和松辽盆地.研究结果表明,海拉尔盆地东缘和松辽盆地西缘浅部都呈低阻特征,但松辽盆地西缘深部电性结构比较复杂,而大兴安岭整体呈高阻特征.海拉尔盆地东缘可能属于兴安块体,松辽盆地西缘与大兴安岭接触关系复杂.海拉尔盆地东缘岩石圈厚度约为110km,大兴安岭岩石圈厚度约为110~150km.大兴安岭上地壳基本呈高阻特征,可能为多次叠置的岩浆岩,代表大兴安岭经历了多期次岩浆作用;中下地壳横向存在较大范围低阻体,可能反映了大兴安岭地壳内部非刚性的特点;残存在岩石圈地幔的高阻异常,说明其下地壳可能发生过拆沉作用.大兴安岭与松辽盆地结合带存在一个岩石圈尺度的西倾低阻带,向下延伸到岩石圈底部,可能是早期松嫩地块向兴安地块俯冲并以软碰撞形式拼合的构造遗迹.     

海拉尔盆地中-上地壳电性结构特征研究

本文通过对横穿海拉尔盆地的一条长约222km的北西—南东向大地电磁测深剖面数据的定性分析及二维定量反演解释,首次获得了海拉尔盆地高精度大范围的电性结构图.海拉尔盆地中-上地壳电性结构纵向上具有典型的分层特性,总体可分为四层,即低阻层-高阻层-低阻层-高阻层,而横向上又具有分块特点.海拉尔盆地边缘及内部分布的众多断裂将盆地划分为隆起与坳陷相间的格局,并发现盆地内部坳陷区也存在有小规模凸起,每一构造单元内部电性结构各具特点.海拉尔盆地中-上地壳低阻层底面最深达28km,通常在6~16km之间,但厚度变化不大,在4~10km之间,且隆起区与坳陷区底面埋深差别较大.据电性结构模型推测出两条新断裂F8和F9,且断裂F9规模较大,为基底断裂.中-上地壳的低阻层可能在一定程度上控制着海拉尔盆地内油气田的分布格局.     

分频与波形聚类分析技术在莺歌海盆地中深层气田区的应用

莺歌海盆地中深层目标存在一定的钻前理论认识的问题,具体到地球物理的难点问题为:1)莺歌海盆地中深层是否存在有效储层;2)储层边界如何落实;3)不同水道填充岩性特征如何判断?针对这几个难点问题,单一的地球物理技术很难解决,所以采用沿层振幅类地震属性分析技术、频谱分解技术和波形聚类分析技术三种地球物理技术组合的方式来解决.通过技术研究结合莺歌海盆地底辟区中深层目标研究,落实了东方A区中深层目标储层及边界,判断了乐东A区水道砂储层的类型,为莺歌海盆地中深层寻找新层系和储量接替的实现打下良好的基础.     

湖泊沉积物粒度分析前处理过程中絮凝现象的消除方法研究

采用激光粒度仪对湖泊沉积物进行粒度分析时需要进行必要的前处理.在有效去除有机质与碳酸盐颗粒的同时,需要消除细粒泥沙质样品中絮凝现象对粒度分析结果造成的误差或错误.本文以武汉三角湖表层沉积物样品为例,采用X射线粉晶衍射(XRD)对其矿物组成和粘土矿物种属进行鉴定,并采用全自动激光粒度仪对样品进行粒度分析.X射线粉晶衍射结果表明样品中非粘土矿物主要为石英与长石,粘土矿物以伊利石、高岭石、绿泥石为主;粒度分析结果显示样品中小于30μm组分占94.5%.这些特征表明该样品易于在前处理过程中形成絮凝.本次研究采用单因素寻优法探讨了超声震荡、分散剂、洗酸对于以伊利石、高岭石、绿泥石为主、平均粒径较小的样品消除絮凝现象的最佳条件.研究结果表明,针对此类样品消除絮凝现象的最佳条件为:超声震荡时间应选择6~8 min,分散剂浓度为20 g/L左右,同时在粒度分析之前需要对样品进行洗酸.     

异常高压对砂砾岩弹性性质影响的实验机理研究与压力预测新模型——以准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷北斜坡三叠系为例

准噶尔盆地西北缘玛湖地区二三叠系的砂砾岩中已经发现了多个高效油气藏,勘探实践已经证实该区砂砾岩储层中广泛发育异常高压,尤其是在近生烃中心的斜坡区.正是由于异常高压的存在,玛湖凹陷斜坡区砂砾岩储层的弹性性质呈现出一些特殊的现象与规律.本项研究依据玛湖地区63块样品的岩石物理测试结果、10余口井的实测地层压力资料、常规测井和录井资料,对砂砾岩弹性参数随异常高压的变化规律进行了深入分析.结果表明,玛湖凹陷斜坡区砂砾岩受母岩区矿物成分和异常高压的影响,其弹性特征与Casatgna砂岩线和李庆忠砂岩线表征的常规砂岩储层的弹性特征具有较大差异.与以上两种砂岩相比,具有相同密度的研究区砂砾岩样品纵横波速度较低,异常高压的发育阻碍了岩石的胶结作用是造成速度较低的主要原因.在异常高压发育区岩石样品的胶结程度普遍较差,速度也普遍降低,并且这种现象对纵横波速度的影响规律还存在区别,对横波速度的影响更大.为了定量地研究异常高压对砂砾岩储层纵横波速度变化的影响规律,本文设计了系统的岩石物理实验,分别测量获得固定地层压力以及固定差应力等条件下样品的纵横波速度,从实验上解释了异常高压对玛湖凹陷斜坡区砂砾岩储层弹性性...     

Equivalent linear method considering frequency dependent characteristics of stiffness and damping

Equivalent linear dynamic response analysis of ground is based on complex moduli and Fourier series expansion; therefore, it is not an equivalent method but an approximate method. Two deficiencies in the conventional equivalent linear method represented by SHAKE are described first. The maximum shear strength is overestimated, resulting in overestimation of the peak acceleration under a strong ground motion, and the amplification is underestimated at high frequency. The latter sometimes results in underestimation of the peak acceleration under weak ground shaking, and gives an incident wave with unrealistic large accelerations or a divergence of analysis in deconvolution analysis under strong ground motion. Both deficiencies are shown to come from the same cause, i.e. computing the effective strain as a constant fraction of the maximum strain. Since this is a key concept of the equivalent linear analysis, one cannot overcome both deficiencies at the same time in the conventional method. An apparent frequency dependence in stiffness and damping is shown to appear in the dynamic response, although soil itself does not show frequency dependent characteristics. Following this observation, the effective strain is expressed in terms of frequency from the similarity concept of the strain–frequency relationship between time domain and frequency domain. This enables the reduction of both deficiencies at the same time, resulting in a marked improvement in the equivalent linear analysis. The accuracy of the proposed method is examined by the simulations of three vertical array records during large earthquakes. The proposed method always gives much better prediction than conventional equivalent linear methods for both convolution and deconvolution analyses, and it is confirmed to be applicable at more than 1% shear strain.     

WHERE IS ZERO TIME?*

Mis-ties are all-too-common results of seismic surveys made at the same place but at different times with different equipment or by different organizations. Even after removal of positioning or polarity errors, reflection times often appear to differ by several tens of milliseconds. Zero time appears to fluctuate. How can zero time differ on surveys with only minor differences in acquisition or processing? What can be done to identify the true zero time for each survey? The first step toward establishing zero time is to record the source pulse. It is well-known that the different sources currently used in reflection seismic prospecting (propane-oxygen explosions, compressed-air discharges, explosives, steam bubbles, mechanical implosions, vibrations, etc.) yield different pressure wavefronts as the input to the seismic reflection system. By recording this wavefront we capture the basic pulse shape and we establish the initial time delay. The second step is to process the recorded source pulse as if it were reflection data to establish the additional time and shape changes introduced by data processing. Then, display the recorded and processed source pulse as an auxiliary variable at the ends of the seismic section. From this display the interpreter can systematically establish the time shifts appropriate to each picked event. He can determine also whether the pick should be a peak or a trough. He can see why surveys which appear to tie for shallow reflections appear to mis-tie for deep reflections. The display of the processed source pulse constitutes a major interpretation aid which, in a readily useable form, increases the information content of the basic seismic section.     

The first electric field pulse of cloud and cloud-to-ground lightning discharges

In this study, the first electric field pulse of cloud and cloud-to-ground discharges were analyzed and compared with other pulses of cloud discharges. Thirty eight cloud discharges and 101 cloud-to-ground discharges have been studied in this analysis. Pulses in cloud discharges were classified as ‘small’, ‘medium’ and ‘large’, depending upon the value of their relative amplitude with respect to that of the average amplitude of the five largest pulses in the flash. We found that parameters, such as pulse duration, rise time, zero crossing time and full-width at half-maximum (FWHMs) of the first pulse of cloud and cloud-to-ground discharges are similar to small pulses that appear in the later stage of cloud discharges. Hence, we suggest that the mechanism of the first pulse of cloud and cloud-to-ground discharges and the mechanism of pulses at the later stage of cloud discharges could be the same.     

地磁静日Y分量季节变化的物理讨论

对电离层Ｅ层发电机Ｓｑ电流系和赤道区晨昏侧Ｆ层电流共同作用的地磁效应进行了定性分析和定量估计，并解释了静日地磁Ｙ分量日变化形态在冬、夏季近于反相的现象．所用物理机制能同样说明ＮｍａｘＦ２赤道异常驼峰每日出现、消失时间的季变化．     

Fractal dimension of changes in the solar magnetic field energy and quasi-biennial solar activity variations

Using the data of 1960–1999 on solar magnetic fields on the source surface and the Higuchi method, the fractal dimension of changes in the solar magnetic field energy at various heliolatitudes and in different time intervals is analyzed. The fractal dimension obtained on a moving 1-year interval displays substantial time variations. The 11-year cycle, which dominates at high latitudes, and quasi-biennial variations (QBVs), which dominate at low latitudes and are similar to QBVs of solar activity indices, are traced in these variations. Thus, solar QBVs that appear in all heliomagnetic activity indices are also present in the fractal structure of the solar magnetic field variations.     

新沂台和马陵山台地电场日变化及潮汐响应初步分析

基于江苏省新沂台和山东省马陵山台同(近)场地观测的地磁场、地电场和分量应变观测数据,详细分析了两台站地电场日变化的波形、变幅、相位和优势周期成分以及日变幅的季节效应和台址电性条件对其的影响,并在此基础上分析了地电场日变化的机理.结果显示:① 两台站地电场日变化主要为两次起伏变化,主相起伏集中在当地午前午后时段,且起伏波形与磁场日变化的起伏波形大致相同,存在相位差,但主相起伏时段与磁场对时间的偏导曲线上的日变化起伏时段大致对应;地电场变化与磁场正交分量的变化显著相关,且与同方向的分量应变显著相关;地电场日变化波形与分量应变日变波形有很大差异;② 两台站地电场、地磁场日变化的优势周期为12 h,8 h,24 h,最显著周期为12 h,其中12 h和24 h周期成分是应变分量的优势周期;③ 两台站同方向地电场日变化的波形高度相似,但同台正交分量之间的日变幅有方向性差异;朔望月时段的日变幅大于上下弦月时段,日变幅有夏季大于冬季的季节效应;台址电导率越低,日变幅越大.地电场日变化既表现为广域性特征,又表现为局部性特征.地电场日变化机理分析认为,地电场日变化是由月日潮汐力和太阳风引起的电离层活动所导致,同时还受到季节、台址电性条件等多因素的影响.      

UPb zircon and rutile chronology of Archean greenstone formation and gold mineralization in the Val d'Or region, Quebec

UPb geochronology provides an absolute time framework for the evolution of the Sigma gold deposit and surrounding rocks at Val d'Or, southern Abitibi subprovince. The Bourlamaque batholith, the largest pluton in the area, gives a 2699.8 ± 1.0 Ma UPb zircon age. This pluton cuts the Val d'Or Formation which hosts the mineralization. A UPb zircon age of 2704.9 ± 1.1 Ma on a felsic volcanic rock, the Colombière “rhyolite”, 13 km east of the mine dates that formation. The gold-bearing quartz vein system at Sigma is hosted by andesites and two generations of porphyry intrusions, all metamorphosed to the greenschist facies. The oldest porphyry (“porphyritic diorite”) shows the same deformation as the volcanic rocks, and has a 2703.7 ± 2.5 Ma UPb zircon age. The porphyritic diorite and volcanic rocks are cut by feldspar-porphyry dykes which post-date regional folding and have a 2694.0 ± 2.2 Ma UPb zircon age.Regional greenschist metamorphism has been dated directly, with a UPb date of 2684 ± 7 Ma on rutile in the Colombière “rhyolite”. The mineralization and hydrothermal alteration in the mine are superimposed on the metamorphic minerals. Hydrothermal rutile, from an alteration halo around the veins in andesite, has a 2599 ± 9 Ma UPb age. Textural evidence clearly indicates that the wall-rock alteration and vein filling are contemporaneous, and hence the vein system and gold mineralization appear to have developed at least 80 m.y. after the formation and metamorphism of host greenstones.     

Structure and development of the lower crust and upper mantle of Southwestern Japan: Evidence from petrology of deep-seated xenoliths

Abstract Basic and ultrabasic xenoliths included in Cenozoic alkali basalts from the Kibi and Sera plateaus, Southwest Japan, can be classified into five groups on the basis of mineral association and texture. Their equilibration P-T conditions estimated from paragenesis and mineral chemistry indicate that the dominant rock type from the lower crust to upper mantle changes with increasing depth as follows: (i) pyroxene granulite (Group V) and meta-sediments; (ii) garnet gabbro (Group 111) and corundum anorthosite (Group IV); (iii) spinel pyroxenite (Group 11); and (iv) spinel peridotite and pyroxenite (Group I). Groups I1 and I11 show a lower degree of recrystallization than Groups I and V, and have similarities in composition and mineral chemistry to host basalts. Based on these facts along with the P-T conditions of equilibration, Groups I1 and I11 are interpreted as formed from basaltic magma that intruded beneath the crust-mantle boundary at an early stage of the magmatism of the alkali basalts, where the lower crust and uppermost mantle had consisted of Group V and metasediments, and Group I, respectively. It follows that the crust has grown downward due to underplating of basaltic magma beneath the bottom of pre-existing crust. Group IV has commonly the same mineral assemblage, corundum + calcic plagioclase + aluminous spinel, and shows locally, nearby kyanite crystals, almost the same texture as fine-grained aggregates in a quartzite xenolith. The aggregates appear to have been formed by reaction between kyanite and host basalt, and accordingly Group IV is interpreted as formed by reaction between metasediments and basaltic magma at the time of the underplating. The Kibi, Sera and Tsuyama areas are distinguished from the areas nearby the Sea of Japan by the occurrence of the garnet gabbro and corundum anorthosite xenoliths, by the absence of the association of olivine + plagioclase in basic and ultrabasic xenoliths, and by the lower temperature of equilibration of basic xenoliths. From these facts it is stressed that in general the crust becomes thinner and geothermal gradient becomes higher towards the back-arc side. Such a regional variation in crustal structure must reflect the tectonic situation of Southwest Japan at the time of the magmatism of the alkali basalts, namely rifting and shallow-level magmatism at the back-arc side.     

The tempo-spatial evolution characteristics of the load/unload response ratio before strong earthquakes in California of America and its predicting implications

IntroductionThetheoryoftheload/unloadresponseratio(LURR)hasbeenproposedabouttenyears(YIN,YIN,1991).Thetheoreticalstudieshavebeendevelopedfromtheoreticalanalysistorockexperimentandnumericalsimulation(SHI,etal,1994;WANG,etal,1999).IncharacteristicsoftheLURRanomalies,atfirst,weonlyanalyzedthevariationoftheload/unloadresponseratio(LURR)versustimeinthefixedregions(YIN,etal,1994;YIN,etal,1995).Thenwestudiedthetempo-spatialevolutionfeaturesoftheLURRintheseismogenicprocessanddevelopedthe…     

河北北部场地特征及震害预测

通过对河北北部地区的场地特征与震害关系的研究,结合该区地震活动程度的预测意见,对河北北部地区今后可能出现的震害类型进行了初步估计,同时为减轻该区地震灾害提出了相应的对策。