层状地壳的等效力学模量和分层应力

针对地球动力学研究中的板壳力学模型的分层问题,根据等效原则, 给出了用各分层弹性参数和厚度表示的中性面位置、折合抗弯刚度和等效弹性参数。结合实际地壳受横向和侧向力作用时产生的弯曲形变和应力,具体介绍了用这种折算模量的方法去求解地壳中的应力、应变状态, 并通过比较等效应力与各分层应力的差异, 阐明了岩石力学性质的不同对各圈层应力的影响作用。研究进一步表明,来自地壳深部的垂直向上的力是造成上部地壳伸展类构造的重要因素之一。     

考虑界面应力分布不均匀影响的挡土墙主动土压力分析方法

目前关于挡土墙土压力的计算多采用水平分层研究方法,该法在计算分析中常假设分层单元界面上的竖向正应力和水平剪切应力均匀分布,未考虑界面应力分布不均匀对土压力计算结果的影响。为此,本文基于现有的墙后填土应力分布及主应力偏转规律,将界面上不均匀分布的剪应力和正应力等效为作用在楔体单元边界的集中力,通过楔体单元受力分析及其静力平衡条件,建立了可以考虑单元界面剪应力和正应力分布不均匀影响的挡土墙主动土压力分析新方法,并探讨了不均匀界面应力对土压力计算结果的影响。研究结果表明:分层单元不均匀界面应力作为滑动楔体内部土体的内力不会对土压力合力的大小产生影响,但会对土压力分布和土压力合力作用点位置产生影响,且相对于水平剪切应力,竖向正应力对土压力计算结果的影响更大。通过对比论证,发现在考虑界面应力分布不均匀情况下,计算结果可以更准确地描述土压力的分布规律,土压力分布曲线的拐点随着墙土接触摩擦角δ的增大和填土内摩擦角φ的减小而上升,土压力合力作用点位置随着δ/φ的增大而上升。     

巷道围岩状态的等效应力等效应变表述

在体积应变为零的条件下,根据巷道围岩属简单加载的特性得到围岩中同时关联三向应力 , , 和三向应变 , , 的,用等效应力 和等效应变 表示的对围岩加载-形变关系式。严格地论证了巷道围岩的弹性、硬化、软化和流动区的应力应变状态分别与围岩的等效应力-等效应变曲线各阶段的应力应变状态相对应。以等效应力、等效应变为中间变量可以简化围岩弹性分析,简捷地写出巷道围岩偏应力应变能的计算公式。等效剪应力 是围岩中的最大剪应力 ,等效剪应力单元受正应力和剪应力作用,但其上只有剪切应变,这突出了巷道围岩形变破坏是由于最大剪应力和偏应力应变能所致的实质。根据等效剪应力概念确定的滑移线,可适用于材料应变硬化和软化阶段,不要求刚塑性假定条件。     

加筋土计算中等效附加应力法的改进

等效附加应力法的基本思路是把加筋土中筋的作用等效成外力加在土骨架上,取加筋土中的土体进行计算。这种方法能够适用于纤维加筋、分层加筋和土钉墙等不同情况,且能够克服一般复合材料方法中复合材料本构模型难以建立,和把筋土分开考虑的方法中接触面单元过多的弊病。但以前的等效附加应力法需要迭代计算,这给有限元编程带来困难,而且不利于已有程序的改编。对等效附加应力法进行改进,只要在原有土的弹性矩阵或弹塑性矩阵中加上一个附加矩阵就可以直接求解。这就使得不需要迭代就可以直接应用等效附加应力法进行加筋土计算,大大简化了编程难度,改进方法的提出有助于等效附加应力法的推广应用。     

蓄水后土石坝应力变形有效应力算法

水库蓄水后,土石坝应力变形较之施工填筑阶段更为复杂,其计算方法可分为总应力算法和有效应力算法。总应力算法简便直观,将心墙作为一个大单元仅宏观上符合总应力加面力的组合,而在微观上对于心墙具体单元而言却不符合;有效应力算法是采用有效应力加渗流力的组合,再考虑浸润线以下坝壳和心墙每个单元受到的浮托力及湿化变形引起的等效结点力（等效荷载）,因此,不论是在宏观上,还是微观上,有效应力算法将更趋于合理,没有总应力算法所存在的缺陷。     

岩体中不连续块体的力学分析方法

为了利用损伤力学理论分析岩体结构中的不连续块体,作者首先介绍了不连续块体的裂隙面积密度和等效损伤体等概念,进而分析了等效损伤体的损伤张量和真应力。在提出平均有效应力的概念之后,完成了有限单元法的离散化过程,最后给出了一个完整的计算不连续块体的数值方法。     

多孔隙岩石加卸载力学特性及本构模型研究

为了研究岩石在加载-卸载过程中的应力-应变关系,以砂岩为例,对其进行常规三轴加卸载试验。分析了峰后卸载阶段岩石的非线性特性,对岩石的损伤变量进行定义,给出了峰后卸载过程中用于描述应力-应变关系的弹性模量模型。通过分析加载-卸载过程中的轴向应变与径向应变的关系,得到了卸载过程中泊松比模型。引入D-P塑性模型,针对砂岩的塑性硬化特性,对硬化函数进行修正,建立了与等效塑性应变相关联的损伤模型。将计算模型矩阵化后进行数值计算。在此过程中得到如下结论:多孔隙岩石在加载过程中表现出明显的非线性特征,随着体应力的增大,岩石的弹性模量逐渐增大。岩石峰后卸载过程中,当轴向应力大于围压时,应力-应变可以利用峰前弹性阶段的弹性模量模型乘以连续性因子进行描述。随着等效塑性应变的增大,泊松比先增大后减小,最终趋于稳定。峰后卸载过程中,等效塑性应变不发生变化,此时泊松比保持不变。利用提出的本构模型进行了数值计算,数值计算结果与试验结果进行对比,结果表明,提出的模型能够反映出岩石在峰后卸载过程中的应力-应变规律。     

中国西北盆山地区地壳结构及其演化

根据新疆及其它相关地学断面所获资料，论述了中国西北盆山构造地区的地壳结构，已有资料表明，在中国西北盆山地区，山脉和盆地具有明显不同的地壳结构，它们的地壳厚度不同，表现为山区地壳厚，具有明显的山根：盆地区地壳厚度小，同时地壳分层和各层的组分也有所差异，这些地壳本身结构性的差异，以及它们所受到的应力状态和热状态的不同，就是小区各种构造活动产生的根源，最后从区内地质构造形成过程讨论了区内地壳不同结构形成的演化历史。     

岩石试件端面摩擦效应数值模拟研究

试件端面摩擦效应直接影响试件内的塑性等效应变、侧向位移的分布和单元应力应变曲线。本文运用ANSYS中的接触单元模拟了平面应变状态下端面摩擦效应对塑性等效应变、侧向位移和单元应力应变曲线的影响,得到了不同摩擦系数时塑性等效应变及侧向位移的渐进变化形式。当接触面摩擦较小时,塑性等效应变图案为上下两个X形网络,侧向位移上下分布均匀;当接触面摩擦增大时,塑性等效应变网络向中部靠拢并且明显增大,侧向位移上下分布不均匀,中部较上下端面位移大;当试件端面侧向位移被限制,即摩擦力很大时,塑性等效应变网络变为一个X形局部化带,侧向位移分布更加不均匀,中部明显隆起。     

一维向上渗流作用下多层地基有效应力性状研究

研究了一维向上渗流作用下多层地基有效应力的计算问题,推导了有效应力的计算公式,讨论了有效应力性状。定义了渗流有效应力的概念。渗流作用下土层有效应力由两部分组成：一部分是自重有效应力,它由重力引起,体现了静水压力的影响;另一部分是渗透有效应力,由土层水头差产生,体现超静水压力的影响。一维向上渗流作用使土层的有效应力减小。一维向上渗流作用下多层地基有效应力沿土层厚度呈线性分布,在土层层面处发生转折。多层地基有效应力计算的关键是确定土层层面处的有效应力,而确定土层层面处的有效应力的关键是计算各土层的水头差。文后给出了实例计算。     

A continuum model of layered rock masses with non-associative joint plasticity

Layered rock masses can be modelled either as standard, orthotropic continua if the layer bending can be neglected or as Cosserat continua if the influence of layer bending is essential. This paper presents a finite element smeared joint model based on the Cosserat theory. The layers are assumed to be elastic with equal thickness and equal mechanical properties. All the cosserat parameters are expressed through the elastic properties of layers, layer thickness and joint stiffness. Plastic-slip as well as tensile-opening of layer interface (joint) are accounted for in a manner similar to the conventional non-associative plasticity theory. As an application, the behaviour of an excavation in a layered rock mass is examined. The displacement and stress fields given by smeared joint models based on the Cosserat continuum and the conventional anisotropic continuum approaches are compared with those obtained from the discrete joint model. The conventional anisotropic continuum model is found to break-down completely when the effective shear modulus in the direction parallel to layering is low in comparison to the shear modulus of the intact layer, whereas the Cosserat model is found to be capable of accurately reproducing complex load–deflection patterns irrespective of the differences in shear moduli. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国西部大陆岩石圈的有效弹性厚度研究

中国西部是地球上陆地隆升最显著的地区, 有世界上新构造运动最强烈的青藏高原、规模巨大的左行走滑位移的阿尔金断裂系和中亚地区最大的板块内部造山带———天山褶皱造山带.作为印度板块与欧亚板块相互碰撞的会聚带, 本区是研究岩石圈动力学的有利场所.主要运用重力资料和地形资料来研究中国西部地区显著上地壳结构和其上地幔变形之间的关系.依据岩石圈流变学的理论, 在空间域采用垂直和水平受力的多个变刚度的三维有限差分方法来计算弹性板的有效弹性厚度.模拟结果显示中国西部地区的岩石圈有效弹性厚度存在明显的横向不均匀性, 从6~10 km的造山带区域的有效弹性厚度变到大于60 km的古陆区域的有效弹性厚度.青藏高原地区的岩石圈有效弹性厚度平均为30 km, 塔里木盆地的有效弹性厚度为40~50 km, 南、北天山的岩石圈有效弹性厚度分别为10~15 km和30 km左右, 阿尔金断裂在东经90°以西部分的岩石圈有效弹性厚度要小于90°以东部分.      

Effective Elastic Thickness of Southeast Part of Arctic Ocean—Eurasia Continent—Pacific Ocean Geoscience Transect

The effective lithospheric elastic thickness of the continent is an important parameter for examination of the large-scale structure and analyses of the mechanism of isostatic compensation within the plate, and a parameter standing for the strength of the lithosphere.The Te values along Quanzhou-Heishui,the southeast section of the Arctic Ocean-Eurasian Continent-Pacific Ocean geoscience transect, are estimated by using the coherence technique developed by Forsyth.Studies of the feature of the coher-ence between gravity and topography suggest that at short wavelengths(6.6-100km)for each data box that is used to estimate Te,the plate is strong enough to support topographic loads and gravity and topog-raphy are uncorrelated.At long wavelengths where the plate is deflected by surface and subsurface loads are compensated by the flexure model.Sichuan land-stone with low heat-flow values has high Te values whereas in Ninghua,Datian,land-stone with high heat-flow values has low Te values,which reflects a correlation,low heat-flow values corresponding to high Te values and high heat-flow values corresponding to low Te values.Te values can be divided into two sections:northwest high section and southeast low sec-tion.There is roughly a positive correlation between crustal thickness and effective elastic thickness of the lithosphere.     

北冰洋-欧亚大陆-太平洋地学断面东南段岩石圈有效弹性厚度

大陆岩石圈有效弹性厚度（Te）是表示岩石圈强度的参数，计算该参数对研究岩石圈大规模构造，分析大陆板块内的均衡补偿机制有一定意义。利用Forsyth提出的相关技术计算的北冰洋－欧亚大陆－太平洋地学断面东南段自黑水到泉州的Te值，并分析了重力和地形波长的相关性特征，初步认为：计算Te值所选的每个数据块在短波长（6.6-100km)内岩石圈板块的强度足以平衡地形负载，重力和地形不相关；在长波长（100－250km)内，地形及地下负载由弯曲模型补偿，岩石圈板块在地形及地下负载作用下而挠曲。断面通过地段具有较低热流密度值的陆核有较高的Te值，具有较高热流密度值的宁化，大田地区有较低的Te值，反映了较高的热流密度值对应较低的Te值，较低的热流密度值对应较高Te 值的关系，Te可分为南东低值段和北西高值段，地壳厚度大体上与Te值呈正相关关系。     

大陆岩石圈有效弹性厚度与有关地球物理参数的关系--以泉州-黑水地学断面为例

大陆岩石圈有效弹性厚度(Te)是反映岩石圈综合强度的参数,它反映了岩石圈的整体特征。分析岩石圈有效样性厚度与反映深部地质特征的有关地球物理参数之间的关系,对研究控制Te的因素、各因素之间的关系以及探索大陆构造与大陆动力学等具有重要意义。泉州一黑水地学断面Te与地壳厚度、热岩石圈厚度、均衡重力异常、磁性构造层底面深度、上地幔低速层顶界面深度、上地幔低阻层顶面深度之间的关系研究表明：Te与大地热流关系密切的“热”地球物理参数磁性构造层底面深度、热岩石圈厚度相关性好;与地壳厚度有一定的相关性;上地幔低速层顶界面深度和上地幔低阻层顶面深度与大陆岩石圈Te相关性均较差。     

Extension of the Griffith's fracture criteria to saturated clays

Inglis [1] has solved the problem of distribution of stress in an elastic plate around an elliptical hole. His works clarify the role of cracks in the failure of an elastic material. However, his solution cannot be applied to saturated clay because he considers only total stresses, while, in saturated clay, the criterion of rupture should be expressed in terms of effective and not total stresses. The solution of Atkinson and Craster [2] using Biot's poroelasticity theory, shows that there is no high pore pressure in the vicinity of the crack tips for saturated clay. The major difference between this approach and the Biot's theory of is that, in saturated clay, strain is a function of the variation of the effective stress [3], while, in poroelastic media, strain is only a function of the variation of the total stress [4, Equation 2.2]. Also in their solution there is continuity between the pore fluid and the inner fluid in the crack. Their solution is valid for poroelastic media involving a movement of the pore fluid. In our solution there is no movement of the pore fluid (Undrained condition). In this paper we have solved the same problem as Inglis [1], but for the particular case of saturated clay obeying elastic law. By solving this problem we obtained the expressions for pore pressure, effective stress, total stress and displacements. The results show that not only the total stress but also the pore pressure and the effective stress are also high in the vicinity of the crack tips. A new failure criterion, based on Griffith's strain energy principle [5] and maximum tensile stress [6], valid for saturated clay is developed in this paper. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Lithospheric flexural modelling of the seaward and trenchward of the subducting oceanic plates

ABSTRACT

Based on a two-segment plate flexural modelling, we investigated the effective elastic thickness of global subducting oceanic lithosphere. Our results show that for the plate age of 0 to 50 Ma, the seaward effective elastic thickness T _e ^M values are located between 600 and 900°C isotherms, and do not track any isotherm, while the majority of the trenchward effective elastic thickness T _e ^m values are located between 300 and 600°C isotherms. For the plate age older than 50 Ma, T _e ^M values basically matches the 600°C isotherm with some fluctuations for the age older than 110 Ma, while T _e ^m values mainly fall between 200 and 400°C isotherms. The reduction in effective elastic thickness (T _e ^M-T _e ^m) varies from 2.6 to 30.1 km, or 11–68% of seaward T _e ^M. Thus, the absolute value of the decrease in the effective elastic thicknesses (T _e ^M-T _e ^m) increases with the plate age, while the percentage reduction in the effective elastic thickness (1-T _e ^m/T _e ^M) has no obvious relationship with the age, but more related to the curvature of bending plate. Almost all bending-related earthquakes occurred above the T _e ^M line, but many normal-faulting earthquakes are deeper than the T _e ^M-T _e ^m line, implying that the plate may still retain some thickness of an elastic property core in the areas (depth) where earthquakes occur.     

Block displacement fields in the Altai-Sayan region and effective rheologic parameters of the Earth’s crust

The paper is focused on recent displacement rates in the Altai-Sayan region, obtained by hydroleveling, leveling, and satellite geodesy. Effective elastic moduli and viscosity parameters of the crust are used in the modeling of coseismic and tectonic processes. The elastic moduli are determined from measurements of periodic vertical displacements during seasonal loadings of the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydropower plant. We present the results of the modeling of coseismic displacements during the earthquakes of 10 February 2011 (M = 6.1) and 27 December 2011 (M = 6.7) in Tuva and West Sayan. The results of GPS determinations for postseismic displacements in the Chuya earthquake zone (Gorny Altai, 27 September 2003, M = 7.5) are analyzed; models for the geologic medium are selected; and its effective viscosity is estimated. The tectonic component of the recent crustal displacements in the Altai-Sayan region is defined.