单轴压缩条件下裂隙岩样冻融损伤破坏模式分析

以寒区裂隙岩体为研究对象,采用水泥砂浆类岩石材料制作具有不同几何特征的裂隙岩样,对预制的不同裂隙岩样进行冻融循环试验和单轴压缩试验,研究裂隙长度、裂隙倾角、裂隙数目以及冻融循环次数对试件贯通模式的影响。试验表明：裂隙岩体的几何特征以及冻融循环作用对岩体损伤破坏模式有较大影响。随着冻融循环次数的增加,岩样破裂面的破裂程度越来越严重,破坏模式也越来越复杂;裂隙倾角为30°的裂隙岩样,主要发生拉伸破坏,而裂隙倾角为60°的裂隙岩样,则表现为拉剪贯通,且双裂隙岩样岩桥间多出现压剪裂纹,对于裂隙倾角为90°的岩样,裂隙数目以及裂隙长度对其影响不大,均为劈裂破坏,且破坏面不一定为裂隙面;预制裂隙长度越大,越容易产生除了主拉裂纹以外的支裂纹（压裂纹）。研究结果可为寒区岩体工程建设及运营提供科学的参考。     

某矿区钻孔弯曲问题浅析

我队曾在大河沟矿区进行金刚石钻探.该矿区矿体产状陡,变化较大.勘探设计有直孔,也有斜孔.施工中,直孔顶角有不同程度的上漂,斜孔顶角则普遍下垂,一般每百米下垂2～3°,严重的达6～7°. 通过对该矿区地层与孔斜资料的对比分析,可以明显看出,地层情况是造成钻孔弯曲的主要原因.当钻孔与层理面成某个角度钻进时,往往垂直于层理面的方向发生弯曲. 该区地层倾向北东20～40°,倾角一般为20～40°;矿体产于断层破碎带中,断层破碎带倾向南偏西190～210°,倾角75°左右.所以斜孔设计方向为北北东,与地层倾向一致.钻孔弯曲情况如表列.金刚石直孔钻进,钻孔与层理面交角大约     

岩石剪切细观开裂演化与贯通机制分析

利用自主研发的煤岩剪切细观试验装置,以砂岩为研究对象,开展了不同饱和度数条件下的岩石剪切细观开裂演化与贯通机制试验研究,分析了砂岩剪切细观开裂演化过程和贯通机制,探讨了饱水系数对细观开裂和裂纹形态特征的影响。研究结果表明：剪切过程中,伴随着应力降,裂纹一般首先出现在剪切面中部,几条裂纹间断分布,距离较近的裂纹相互连通形成大裂纹,在应力继续下降的一瞬间,各裂纹连通形成贯通面;水的弱化作用影响了岩石的强度,使得试件底部出现较大的次级裂纹;饱水系数越大,分叉裂纹越多,使得试件的表面裂纹形态更加复杂,断裂面弯折段的数目越多,下端部次级裂纹越发育,整体损伤范围越大;细观上,局部独立裂纹贯通过程伴随着胶结颗粒岩桥的梁式旋转和弯曲折断,水的弱化作用,使得岩桥内部和外部微裂纹增多;随着饱水系数的增加,岩石剪切过程中出现的独立和次级裂纹的数目均呈增加趋势。     

节理试件单轴压缩下的破碎特征分析

为了研究节理化程度和节理倾角对岩体破碎特征影响,对不同节理化试件在单轴压缩后的破碎体进行了筛分实验。按照单轴压缩后的碎屑粒径分布大小不同,将其分为粗粒、中粒、细粒、微粒4个级别,通过计算碎屑的粒度质量分数、粒度频数、比表面积和分形维数,分析了相同节理层间距不同节理化条件下,随节理倾角的变化,试件的块度分布特征变化规律。结果显示:随着节理倾角的增大,试件的破碎程度均是先减小后增大,β为45°时破碎程度最低,β为0°、30°、90°的破碎程度较高。节理中心距为30 mm时,节理连通率越小,破碎越严重。节理连通率为0.8时,节理中心距越大,破碎越严重。      

单轴压缩下含倾斜单裂纹砂岩试件裂纹扩展量测研究

选用砂岩作为试验材料,进行不同倾斜角度单预制裂纹的单轴压缩试验研究,透过裂纹扩展量测技术以及配合相关断裂准则,得到：(1) 理论与实验的裂纹起裂角随裂纹倾斜角增加而增大;(2) 透过相关断裂准则,砂岩试件在裂纹尖端产生反翼裂纹是因为剪力破坏;(3) 在单轴压缩作用下砂岩试件裂纹扩展受单裂纹的倾斜角影响,当裂纹倾斜角较小时,裂纹不易起裂;当裂纹倾斜角较大时,裂纹起裂比较容易;(4) 在单轴压缩作用下砂岩试件则受单预制裂纹的倾斜角影响,当裂纹倾斜角较小时,裂纹扩展属于非稳定扩展;当裂纹倾斜角较大时,裂纹扩展属于稳定扩展;(5) 在单轴压缩作用下砂岩试件裂纹尖端A侧与裂纹尖端 B侧的裂纹扩展平均速度随裂纹倾斜角增加而降低。     

三轴压缩条件下单裂隙岩石的破坏特性研究

通过在高强硅粉砂浆材料模型中预制特定倾角和特定尺寸的单裂隙,以常规三轴压缩试验为手段,研究单裂隙试样的破坏特性。试验中观察到3类典型的裂纹,即拉伸型裂纹（Ⅰ型）、滑移型裂纹（Ⅱ型）和撕开型裂纹（Ⅲ型）,其中Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型裂纹在三维试验中普遍存在,Ⅰ型裂纹仅在部分试件中观察到;三轴压缩条件下试样的破裂模式有3种,即拉剪复合破坏、“X”型的剪切破坏和沿裂隙面的剪切破坏。试验结果表明：三轴压缩条件下的单裂隙试样的裂隙扩展规律与预制裂隙关系密切,围压是试样宏观破裂模式的主要影响因素,预制裂隙长度主要影响裂隙扩展的规模,预制裂隙倾角则是新裂隙起裂的诱因。     

含2条断续裂隙试件直接拉伸下的颗粒流模拟

采用颗粒流程序PFC构建了试件直接拉伸模型,模拟了含2条断续裂隙试件的直接拉伸试验,通过完整试件的模拟结果与室内试验结果的对比,验证了细观参数的准确性和可靠性,同时分析了裂隙倾角和岩桥倾角对抗拉强度和裂纹扩展的影响。研究表明:在直接拉伸情况下,含2条断续裂隙试件以萌生次生倾斜反翼裂纹为主,少量次生共面裂纹和翼裂纹;岩桥倾角和裂隙倾角均较小时,次生共面裂纹与原始裂隙之间发生搭接、贯通,随着岩桥倾角和裂隙倾角的加大,次生倾斜反翼裂纹扩展使试件断裂;裂纹扩展的方向与最大拉应力的方向基本保持垂直;岩桥倾角对于试件的抗拉强度和起裂应力影响不大;裂隙倾角对于试件抗拉强度和起裂应力影响明显,裂隙倾角越大,试件抗拉强度和起裂应力越大。     

砂岩的I/III复合型断裂试验研究

为了了解砂岩的I/III复合型断裂力学性能,采用含有裂纹面垂直于底面但倾斜于正背面的三点弯曲（TPB）试件实现面外断裂。使用Abaqus通过有限元法研究了不同裂纹面倾斜角下沿着试件厚度的I型、II型与III型无量纲应力强度因子。通过讨论可知,在靠近试件厚度中点处I型与III型无量纲应力强度因子取得较大值,而II型无量纲应力强度因子取得接近于0的可以忽略的极小值,且靠近自由面处的应力强度因子不作考虑。故该种试件可用于测量材料的I/III复合型断裂性能。数值计算结果与常规TPB试件的解析公式及倾斜裂纹面TPB试件的近似计算公式的结果进行对比,证明了数值模拟结果的准确性并讨论了近似公式存在的问题。使用7组共28个该种三点弯曲试件,研究砂岩的I/III复合型断裂特性,结果表明：砂岩的I型与III型临界应力强度因子随着裂纹面倾斜角的增大先增大后减小,但其变化趋势不同;砂岩的I/III复合型等效断裂韧度随着裂纹面倾斜角的增大先增大后减小,在倾斜角接近20°时取得最大值。裂纹扩展时裂纹面将发生扭转,倾斜角θ越大则扭转角度越大。     

含偏置裂纹的三点弯曲梁破坏过程颗粒流模拟

为研究三点弯曲梁在荷载作用下的破坏模式,采用颗粒流程序PFC2D对含不同位置和高度的预置裂隙的三点弯曲 梁破坏过程进行了模拟。结果表明：预制裂隙的长度与位置共同影响梁的破坏;当预置裂隙的位置离加载点较远时,主 要是预置裂隙的高度对梁的破坏产生影响,当裂隙高度超过70 mm时,试件的破坏模式发生变化;当预置裂隙高度一定 时,预置裂隙的位置是试件发生破坏的主要影响因素,当距离支撑点的距离超过100 mm时,试件的破坏模式发生了改 变;试件的破坏过程伴随着能量的积累和释放。相比较于有限元法和有限差分法,离散元法能更好的模拟出材料裂隙产 生和发展的过程。     

基于孔壁应变发展规律的压裂孔三阶段起裂特征试验研究

利用自行研制的煤岩体水力压裂试验系统,开展了配比型煤与原煤水力压裂试验,测试并分析了水力压裂过程中压裂孔孔壁应变-水压曲线,并基于孔壁应变的发展规律,分析了压裂孔的三阶段起裂特征。结果表明,在压裂孔起裂过程中,钻孔孔壁呈现拉伸与压缩应变两种类型,并呈现拉伸破裂区与压缩变形区,其中压缩型应变具有较好的可恢复性,其应变恢复比远大于拉伸型应变;钻孔起裂过程分为3个阶段,即水气作用诱导微损伤形成阶段,孔壁内形成气流通道并产生初始损伤;局部损伤带形成阶段,孔壁形成拉伸破裂区和压缩变形区;试件失稳破坏阶段,裂缝不断延伸直至试件破裂,拉伸破裂区依然保持拉伸变形并较好地保持残余变形,而压缩变形区则由于作用力转向而得到一定程度恢复。研究成果对于揭示钻孔起裂行为及能量的演化规律具有重要理论意义。     

Symmetry of pebble-deformation involving solution pits and slip-lineations in the northern Alpine Molasse Basin

Deformation features on pebbles of the Alpine Molasse Basin are most clearly developed in carbonate components. Ductile distortion is small; most of the pebbles moved against each other to produce solution pits and slip-lineations on the pebble surfaces. The complete lineation field has a triaxial geometry. From a compressional axis of divergence with maximum solution, fields of diverging lineations extend to meet at a plane of convergence. Their ends bend away from an intermediate axis towards an (extensional) axis of convergence. The strain-symmetry is pure shear for orthogonal lineation-field axes, uniaxial compression and extension representing special cases. The angle α between the divergent and the convergent axes decreases from 90 to 0° with the transition from pure to simple shear. For Molasse pebbles α angles between 90 and 60° were usually observed. Regional compression developed perpendicular to the Alpine structures and parallel to bedding, with increasing deviations near the Alpine border. Zones are recorded of vertical and horizontal extension and of compression perpendicular to bedding and horizontal extension perpendicular to the Rhinegraben existing at the northern border of the Molasse Basin.     

Comparison of extension and compression triaxial tests for dense sand and sandstone

It is generally observed that for a given confining pressure the friction angle at peak strength of dense sand deduced from triaxial compression test is smaller than the one obtained from extension tests. In fact, this conclusion depends essentially on the way one takes into account the global confinement condition. In this paper, we show that when there is no significant grain crushing, the dependence of the maximum friction angle with the average of minor and major principal effective stress is similar for compression and extension tests. A similar result is obtained for sandstones when the failure mode involves a shear failure plane.     

Characteristics of Intraslab Stress Field and Tectonic Implication in the Nankai Trough, Japan

1. IntroductionThe Nankai Trough region (Fig. 1.1) of southwest Japan is one of the most tectonically complex subduction zones in the world. The subduction of the Philippine Sea plate (PH) beneath the Eurasian plate (EU) has caused a series of large and great interplate earthquakes. It is generally accepted that great earthquakes have occurred at intervals of 100-150 years along the Nankai subduction zone since the 684 Hakuho earthquake (Fig. 1.2). However, a large earthquake (M>7.5) has…     

Abel inversion for deriving refractivity profile from down-looking GPS radio occultation: simulation analysis

Down-looking (DL) Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation can produce an estimate of the atmospheric refractivity profile. The main observations are the bending angle as a function of the impact parameter. DL provides both negative as well as positive elevation angle measurements. Abel inversion can be operated on a profile of partial bending angle found by subtracting the positive elevation measurement from the negative one with the same impact parameter. Abel inversion requires the spherical symmetrical assumption. Basically, partial bending calculation removes the ionospheric bending and hence it is possible to use a single frequency GPS receiver. The current paper introduces a simulation data for the case of a receiver on mountain top. The simulation uses model refractivity from MSISE-90 model as well as radiosonde data. Random noises are added to the bending angle profile before inversion. The result shows that it is possible to produce accurate vertical refractivity profile below the receiver altitude. The calculation of the water vapor profile is also made using temperature profile information from the MSISE-90 model as well as radiosonde. The errors in the retrieved vapor profile are always less than 0.1?mbar.     

侧向挤压下粘土破裂实验及其地质含义

长期以来,许多学者(Chang,1984,1950;张文佑、钟嘉猷,1965;Tschlenko,1967)用粘土、松散材料或岩石做变形试验,研究破裂的形成和发展的特点,并与野外观察到的节理或破裂进行对比,取得了很大进展。诸如材料变形初期出现的吕德氏线、破裂的共轭性与褶皱构造的空间展布规律性、破裂形成过程从剪切开始到张性破裂完成(张文佑等,1983,1975),以及根据破裂的产出探讨区域构造应力场,从全球性断裂组系追溯岩石圈动力学和地壳运动力源等等。     

Earthquake source characteristics along the arcuate Himalayan belt: Geodynamic implications

The occurrences of moderate to large magnitude earthquakes and associated subsurface geological processes were critically examined in the backdrop of Indian plate obliquity, stress obliquity, topography, and the late Tertiary regional tectonics for understanding the evolving dynamics and kinematics in the central part of the Himalayas. The higher topographic areas are likely associated with the zones of depressions, and the lower topographic areas are found around the ridges located in the frontal part of the orogen. A positive correlation between plate and stress obliquities is established for this diffuse plate boundary. We propose that the zone of sharp bending of the descending Indian lithosphere is the nodal area of major stress accumulation which is released occasionally in form of earthquakes. The lateral geometry of the Himalayas shows clusters of seismicity at an angle of ～20^° from the centre part of the arc. Such spatial distribution is interpreted in terms of compression across the arc and extension parallel to the arc. This biaxial deformation results in the development of dilational shear fractures, observed along the orogenic belt, at an angle of ～20^° from the principal compressive stress axis.     

Sand-box modelling of basement-controlled transfer zones in extensional domains

The interaction modalities of transfer zones connecting rift segments may be influenced by several factors. Amongst these, the location and architecture of transfer zones in narrow rifts has been repeatedly associated with the presence of inherited basement anisotropies. Sand-box models were made to investigate how the orientation, geometry and kinematics of transfer zones depend upon pre-existing basement anisotropies. Analogue models reproduced offset rift segments linked by transfer zones bordered by arcuate normal faults. Strike-slip faults are present inside the transfer zone, provided that angle α (between the extension direction and the axis of the transfer zone) is less than 50°. Narrower transfer zones, striking oblique to the extension direction, occur for angle φ (between the direction perpendicular to the extension direction and the direction of the basement anisotropy) less than 90°; wider transfer zones, subparallel to the extensional direction, occur for φ > 90°. Increasing the overstep induces narrower transfer zones striking subparallel to the extension direction. Similar geometrical and kinematical patterns have been found at transfer zones in narrow rifts. The comparison between experimental and natural data shows how the geometry, kinematics and orientation of natural transfer zones depends upon the trend of inherited anisotropies: transfer zones along inherited basement structures set at lower angles to the extension direction, and display lower aspect ratios, than transfer zones where inherited anisotropies are absent.     

含交叉裂隙节理岩体单轴压缩破坏机制研究

对含交叉裂隙相似材料试件进行单轴压缩试验,用Abaqus对含交叉裂隙节理岩体进行应力分析,研究了含交叉裂隙节理岩体单轴压缩下的破坏机制。结果表明：交叉裂隙的主裂隙与加载方向呈30°、45°时,主裂隙是裂隙扩展及破坏的控制裂隙,此时含交叉裂隙岩体强度高于含单向裂隙岩体,是由于主裂隙裂尖最大环向应力σθmax低于单向裂隙;主裂隙与加载方向呈0°或90°时,次裂隙是控制裂隙;主裂隙与加载方向呈0°时,大部分次裂隙裂尖σθmax及裂尖最大应力强度因子KⅡmax高于单向裂隙,因此,此时大部分含交叉裂隙岩体强度低于含单向裂隙岩体;在主裂隙与加载方向呈90°工况组中,主、次裂隙夹角为45°时,次裂隙裂尖KⅡmax最大,所以此工况组中此时强度最低。     

硬脆性大理岩拉剪破坏特征与屈服准则研究

岩土工程中常用的屈服准则多以压缩剪切为其破坏机制,然而硬脆性岩体的脆性破坏包括拉伸破坏、张拉剪切破坏和压缩剪切破坏3类,且随着岩体工程向深部发展,张拉剪切破坏成为了洞壁围岩的主要破坏机制。针对此问题,开展了硬脆性大理岩的室内拉剪试验,分析了大理岩拉剪破坏特征,并结合压剪试验结果,建立了考虑张拉剪切破坏机制和应力状态影响的Mohr-Coulomb准则。研究结果表明,硬脆性大理岩破裂面在拉剪应力状态和低正应力压剪应力状态下均具有张拉剪切破坏特征,高正应力压剪应力状态下则只具有压缩剪切滑移特征;拉剪应力状态下,大理岩破裂面张拉破坏特征明显,无明显剪切痕迹,剪切力固定时,剪切位移随着轴向拉力增加而增加;凝聚力和内摩擦角受应力状态影响,凝聚力随正应力增大先减小后增大,内摩擦角则随正应力的增大而减小;凝聚力、内摩擦角随正应力的变化趋势可分为4段,拉剪段、低压应力段、中压应力段和高压应力段,每段的凝聚力、内摩擦角与正应力皆可认为是线性关系,靠近抗拉强度处,内摩擦角趋近90°,凝聚力趋于无穷大;考虑张拉剪切破坏机制和应力状态影响的Mohr-Coulomb准则曲线分为两部分,可采用二次抛物线进行拟合的拉剪段和考虑凝聚力、内摩擦角随正应力演化的压剪段,由此建立的Mohr-Coulomb准则更全面、精度也更高。