苏鲁构造杂岩带乳山地区（石榴）斜长角闪岩P-T演化轨迹及其地质意义——来自岩石学、矿物化学及相平衡模拟的约束

大量来自于华北陆块的高压变质岩被发现发育于苏鲁构造杂岩带中,给俯冲带上盘物质如何卷入陆-陆俯冲碰撞作用的研究带来新的契机.通过对乳山地区（含榴）斜长角闪岩进行岩石学、矿物化学及相平衡模拟的研究,发现其保留有3个不同变质演化阶段的矿物组合,峰前矿物组合为粗粒石榴子石+斜长石+角闪石+石英+钛铁矿;峰期矿物组合由石榴子石+单斜辉石+斜长石+角闪石+石英+钛铁矿组成,为典型高角闪岩相矿物组合;峰后退变质阶段矿物组合为角闪石+斜长石+石英+石榴子石+钛铁矿,发育有典型的“白眼圈”结构.相平衡模拟与温压计算表明,乳山午极石榴斜长角闪岩峰前变质阶段的P-T条件分别为P=6.4~7.0 kbar、T=610~640℃,表明其俯冲至30 km左右的地壳深度;峰期变质阶段P-T条件分别为P=9.3~10.0 kbar、T=700~730℃,表明其已俯冲至36~40 km的地壳深度,峰后退变质阶段P-T条件分别为P=5.2~5.8 kbar、T=680~710℃.锆石U-Pb定年结果表明乳山午极石榴斜长角闪岩原岩时代为1 734±24 Ma,龙角山水库斜长角闪岩变质时代为1 849±28 Ma,研究表明二者均来源于华北构造岩片.结合前人研究资料,推测乳山地区石榴斜长角闪岩原岩可能经历三叠纪俯冲作用并发生变质;其与杂岩带中来自华南的构造岩片发生混杂,共同构成华北-华南板块间宽约80~100 km的构造杂岩带.      

东喜马拉雅构造结石榴角闪岩变质作用P-T-t轨迹:相平衡模拟与锆石年代学

东喜马拉雅构造结南迦巴瓦杂岩由多种类型的高级变质岩组成,包括片岩、片麻岩、大理岩、石榴角闪岩和基性麻粒岩。石榴角闪岩呈透镜状产出在片麻岩中,可见不连续分布的规模不等的浅色体。石榴角闪岩由石榴石、角闪石、黑云母、斜长石、石英、金红石、钛铁矿和榍石组成,石榴石变斑晶可见由浅色矿物组成的"白眼圈"。岩相学、矿物化学和相平衡模拟表明石榴角闪岩经历了一条顺时针型的P-T演化轨迹,可划分为两个阶段:(Ⅰ)升温升压的进变质阶段,由石榴石和斜长石斑晶记录,峰期矿物组合为石榴石+角闪石+黑云母+斜长石+石英+金红石+钛铁矿。运用石榴石变斑晶边部和斜长石变斑晶边部成分在视剖面图上的投点确定出峰期温压条件为~11.5kbar、790℃,达到了高压麻粒岩相条件,并经历了部分熔融,产生至少9%的熔体;(Ⅱ)降温降压的退变质阶段,由石榴石边部"白眼圈"冠状体记录。运用平均温压法计算冠状体中黑云母+斜长石+角闪石+石榴石组合的形成温压条件为~7kbar、~750℃。该阶段金红石消失,熔体结晶,并与早期矿物发生回反应。在石榴石角闪岩的锆石中获得了从29.2Ma到10.2Ma的连续变质年龄。由于锆石通常在熔体结晶过程中生长,因此确定该组年龄代表石榴石角闪岩退变质年龄。本文和以前的研究结果表明,南迦巴瓦杂岩中的高温和中温麻粒岩相亚单元具有相似的降温降压P-T轨迹,但高温单元具有较高的变质压力条件,表明其俯冲到了更大的深度。     

甘肃敦煌观音沟地区变质作用初步研究

敦煌东南三危山观音沟地区,出露有石榴斜长角闪片麻岩,岩石中保存了三个阶段的变质矿物组合。进变质阶段的矿物组合(M1)以石榴子石变斑晶中的包裹体矿物组合(Hbl1+Pl1+Qtz1)为代表,形成条件约为550~575℃/5.2~5.7kbar(绿帘角闪岩相)。变质高峰期矿物组合(M2)主要由石榴子石变斑晶和基质矿物(Hbl2+Pl2+Qtz2±Cpx2)组成,形成温度670℃,压力11.9kbar(角闪岩相)。退变质阶段矿物组合(M3)为后成合晶矿物组合(Hbl3+Pl3+Qtz3),形成条件约为590~640℃/4.3~5.9kbar(角闪岩相)。观音沟石榴斜长角闪片麻岩记录了包含进变质、变质高峰、退变质过程的造山过程"西阿尔卑斯"型P-T轨迹,其中退变质阶段具有明显的近等温降压特征。变质作用P-T轨迹指示本地区可能经历了俯冲-碰撞-快速抬升的造山过程。结合年代学资料,该期造山事件可能发生于泥盆纪。     

北祁连地区早古生代弧岩浆作用及变质作用事件:以门源-柯柯里地区为例

位于祁连地块北缘的门源-柯柯里杂岩体出露一套早古生代高级变质岩,其中长英质片麻岩的矿物组合以石榴子石+夕线石+黑云母+长石+石英为特征,变基性岩以石榴子石+单斜辉石+角闪石+斜长石+石英为特征,具有典型的高角闪岩相-麻粒岩相组合特征。岩相学观察、相平衡模拟和地质温压计估算结果显示门源地区石榴黑云斜长片麻岩和石榴角闪岩的峰期变质作用的温压条件分别为780℃、9.0kbar和790℃、8.4kbar。相平衡模拟揭示石榴黑云斜长片麻岩经历了近等压降温的逆时针P-T轨迹,可能反映了处于中地壳的岩石经历了与洋壳俯冲相关的弧岩浆岩和弧火山岩所带来大量的热所导致的高温变质及随后的等压冷却过程。锆石U-Pb定年显示门源-柯柯里地区2个高级变质岩的变质年龄和1个闪长岩的弧岩浆作用年龄分别为495±2Ma、493±3Ma和495±3Ma,表明门源-柯柯里一带共同经历了北祁连洋壳俯冲导致的500Ma左右的弧岩浆作用和变质作用。门源-柯柯里高温低压变质带和其北侧百经寺-清水沟一带出露的HP/LT变质岩组成了双变质带,并指示了北祁连洋早古生代时期的向南俯冲。     

西藏羌塘中部猫耳山石榴角闪岩的岩石学、地球化学及年代学研究

青藏高原腹地羌塘地体中部猫耳山增生杂岩内保留有早古生代变质记录，对研究冈瓦纳大陆北缘的早古生代构造格架和演化具有重要意义。猫耳山石榴角闪岩呈透镜状产出于斜长角闪岩内，主要由石榴石、角闪石、单斜辉石、斜长石、白云母、黝帘石、绿泥石、榍石和钛铁矿组成。石榴角闪岩的全岩地球化学分析表明其具有俯冲带上(SSZ型)蛇绿岩特征，与区域内寒武-奥陶纪蛇绿岩残片一致。根据岩相学、矿物化学、相平衡模拟以及锆石定年结果，得出石榴角闪岩的成因及变质过程如下：(1)石榴角闪岩原岩为～477Ma的特提斯洋蛇绿岩残片；(2)在394～383Ma发生麻粒岩相变质过程，峰期变质温压条件为～900℃、～1.55GPa,矿物组合为石榴石+角闪石+透辉石；(3)早期的折返导致其降温降压至～800℃、～1.0GPa,矿物组合为石榴石+角闪石+透辉石+斜长石；(4)进一步的角闪岩相退变质发生于358～348Ma,矿物组合为角闪石+斜长石+透辉石+钛铁矿，在石榴石周围和港湾处形成斜长石+角闪石的后成合晶结构。石榴角闪岩的P-T-t演化轨迹结合区域蛇绿岩和岩浆岩记录，指示早古生代特提斯洋壳俯冲、泥盆纪特提斯洋弧后扩张和石炭纪特提斯...     

大青山-乌拉山变质杂岩带石拐地区富铝片麻岩成因矿物学与变质演化

大青山-乌拉山变质杂岩中石拐地区富铝片麻岩出露于华北克拉通孔兹岩带中段,包括夕线石榴堇青二长片麻岩、紫苏石榴黑云二长片麻岩和夕线石榴黑云二长片麻岩,与基性麻粒岩彼此呈互层或夹层产出.根据岩相学观察、成因矿物学和变质反应结构的系统研究,结合地质温压计估算以及相平衡模拟的综合分析,揭示石拐地区富铝片麻岩的变质演化可划分为四个变质阶段.其中,早期进变质阶段(M1)矿物组合以石榴石核部及其包裹的细粒矿物黑云母+石英+斜长石±夕线石±钾长石±尖晶石为特征;峰期变质阶段(M2)的稳定的矿物组合为石榴石+基质中粗粒夕线石+黑云母+石英+斜长石+钾长石±磁铁矿±钛铁矿,形成的温压条件为T=840 ～ 860℃,P=10.0～10.5kbar;峰后近等温减压阶段(M3)以石榴石边部发育含堇青石的后成合晶为特征,并发生一系列典型的减压反应:Grt+ Sil+ Qz→Crd、Grt+ Melt→Crd+ Bt+ PI和Grt+ Melt→Crd+ Qz±P1,形成新的矿物组合为石榴石+堇青石+黑云母+斜长石+石英±夕线石±紫苏辉石,相应的温压条件为T=720～ 800℃和P=5.6 ～6.1kbar;晚期角闪岩相降温阶段(M4)的矿物组合是石榴石+石榴边部细粒黑云母+斜长石+石英+磁铁矿±钾长石±钛铁矿,记录的温压条件为T=616 ～661℃和P=3.4 ～5.2kbar.石拐地区富铝片麻岩及相关岩石具有典型的近等温减压的顺时针P-T轨迹,峰后经历了近等温减压和近等压降温的变质演化阶段.上述研究结果表明,石拐地区富铝片麻岩曾卷入到华北克拉通西部的阴山陆块和鄂尔多斯陆块间的俯冲-碰撞造山及随后的快速隆升的演化过程.     

俄罗斯白海活动带Uzkaya Salma地区含绿纤石榴辉岩的岩石学特征及其变质演化

俄罗斯白海活动带Uzkaya Salma地区榴辉岩中发现的绿纤石形成于榴辉岩化早期亚绿片岩相阶段。该绿纤石多以包体形式存在于退变榴辉岩的变斑晶石榴石矿物中,并与榍石、金红石、单斜辉石、绿泥石、绿帘石、石英等矿物伴生,极少量单颗粒绿纤石包裹在基质单斜辉石(透辉石)矿物中,呈浑圆状。绿纤石成分上属于铝绿纤石和铁绿纤石,其中以铝绿纤石为主。在详细的岩相学研究基础上,通过相平衡计算,结合矿物温压计计算结果,发现含绿纤石榴辉岩共经历了4阶段的变质演化:Ⅰ早期进变质阶段,以石榴石中的绿纤石+绿泥石+绿帘石+石英等矿物包裹体为特征,依据实验岩石学研究的矿物组合绿纤石+绿泥石+石英和铁绿纤石+绿帘石稳定域,估算该变质阶段温压条件t=160~320℃,p=0.2~0.8 GPa;Ⅱ峰期榴辉岩相阶段,矿物组合为石榴石+Di-Pl后成合晶推测的绿辉石+金红石±角闪石+石英,石榴石核部镁等值线和绿辉石硬玉分子等值线限定其峰期温压条件为t=725~740℃,p=1.4~1.5 GPa;Ⅲ高压麻粒岩相退变质阶段,矿物组合为石榴石+透辉石+角闪石+斜长石+石英,石榴石-单斜辉石温度计和后成合晶中斜长石钙等值线限定该阶段的温压条件t=725~750℃,p=1.1~1.3 GPa;Ⅳ晚期角闪岩相退变质阶段,矿物组合角闪石+斜长石±黑云母+石英,相平衡计算和角闪石-斜长石温度计限定温压条件为t=670~700℃,p=0.7~0.9 GPa。综上,确定了俄罗斯白海活动带Uzkaya Salma地区含绿纤石榴辉岩具有顺时针的p-T演化轨迹,峰期对应的地温梯度为15℃/km,俯冲进变质阶段经历了绿纤石-绿帘石相变质,由峰期榴辉岩相到退变质高压麻粒岩相具近等温降压的特征。研究表明,板块的"冷"俯冲作用在地球演化早期太古宙时期就可能出现了。     

东准噶尔扎河坝蛇绿混杂岩中的石榴角闪岩

继报道了超高压成因的石榴辉石岩和石英菱镁岩之后,作者在扎河坝地区又发现了具有超高压成因特征的石榴角闪岩。扎河坝石榴角闪岩主要组成矿物为角闪石、石榴石、辉石和钠长石,它不但含硬玉、多硅白云母等高压变质矿物,而且还残留着具有超高压成因特征的超硅石榴石和超硅辉石。根据野外产状和矿物组成特征,扎河坝石榴角闪岩可以细分成含硬玉石榴角闪岩和含多硅白云母石榴角闪岩两类,它们的原岩为大洋玄武岩。石榴角闪岩的厘定进一步证实在扎河坝蛇绿混杂岩带内确实存在着超深俯冲后折返的洋壳,同时超深俯冲洋壳的组成也较复杂,包括沉积岩、辉长岩和大洋玄武岩等。石榴角闪岩、石英菱镁岩及石榴辉石岩等超高压变质岩的存在表明扎河坝蛇绿岩带是一条大洋板块的超深俯冲带,它可能通过克拉玛依蛇绿岩带西延出境,形成一条横贯东西准噶尔北缘的超深俯冲带。这条超深俯冲带的发现为研究新疆北部早古生代洋陆转换过程及机制提供了新的视野和思路,对深入探讨准噶尔盆地北缘及阿尔泰南缘早古生代壳幔相互作用及中亚造山带形成的动力学机制具有重要的启示。     

秦岭造山带武关杂岩石榴黑云片岩的变质作用P-T轨迹与构造意义

秦岭造山带是华北板块与华南板块长期汇聚的产物。该造山带以商南-丹凤缝合带为界分为早古生代的北秦岭造山带和晚古生代-中生代的南秦岭造山带。武关杂岩位于南秦岭造山带的北缘,被认为是一套形成于弧前盆地的杂岩,原岩沉积时代为泥盆纪-早石炭纪,经历了晚石炭纪变质作用。本文对武关杂岩的石榴黑云片岩进行了岩石学研究。该岩石主要由斜长石、石榴石、黑云母和石英组成,含少量白云母、金红石和钛铁矿。变斑晶石榴石具有明显的生长成分环带,其核部以MgO含量增加和MnO降低为特征,幔部FeO含量逐渐增加,MgO、CaO和MnO逐渐减少,而在边部CaO明显升高,MgO、FeO和MnO含量不同程度降低。相平衡模拟和温压计计算结果表明,石榴黑云片岩具有复杂的顺时针P-T轨迹,早期进变质阶段(M1)为升温升压过程,峰期条件为~695℃和~8.3kbar,变质矿物组合为石榴石(核)和所含的黑云母、斜长石、石英及钛铁矿包裹体;中期退变质阶段(M2)是降温降压过程,达到~615℃和~6.2kbar变质条件,变质矿物组合是石榴石(幔)和包含的黑云母、斜长石、石英、白云母和钛铁矿包裹体;晚期是以近等温升压为特征的进变质过程(M3),达到~620℃和~9.1kbar条件,变质矿物组合为石榴石(边)和基质矿物黑云母、斜长石、石英、白云母和金红石。M1和M2阶段的构造了一个"发夹状"的顺时针P-T轨迹,为俯冲带变质作用典型特征,表明岩石经历了早期俯冲和后来的折返过程。而以显著增压为特征的晚期进变质作用(M3)很可能表明岩石经历了又一期俯冲作用。因此,本研究表明武关杂岩中的石榴黑云片岩很可能处于俯冲通道之中,经历了多旋回俯冲与折返过程。     

浙西南松阳地区石榴辉石岩变质作用演化与地质意义

浙西南松阳地区的八都群中分布有一套基性变质岩:石榴辉石岩与石榴角闪岩,其变质作用演化特点目前尚不明确。根据岩相学和矿物微区化学系统研究,发现石榴角闪岩是由石榴辉石岩退变而来,而非由榴辉岩退变而来,并经历了三个变质演化阶段,分别为峰期高压麻粒岩相阶段(M1),其矿物组合为石榴石+次透辉石±钛铁矿±石英;峰后近等温减压中压麻粒岩相退变质阶段(M2),以出现典型的减压反应结构和斜方辉石+斜长石(An_(90-92))为标志;角闪岩相退变质阶段(M3),以角闪石+斜长石(An_(33-53))+钛铁矿±次透辉石±石英等退变矿物组合为特征。相平衡模拟与传统地质温压计结合限定M1期温压条件为P=11. 6～12. 5kbar,T=780～840℃,M2期温压条件为P=7. 4～8. 2kbar,T=800～880℃,M3期温压条件为P=6. 6～7. 5kbar,T=500～560℃,三个变质阶段的温压条件具有典型的顺时针近等温减压型ITD型特征,这种演化轨迹通常代表加厚下地壳快速折返地表的动力学过程,因此,该项研究对华夏地块构造作用演化的动力学过程具有重要意义。     

Palaeoecology and taxonomy of Pentoxylales from the Albian of Antarctica

Reproductive pentoxylalean material from the Albian Triton Point Formation, Fossil Bluff Group of Alexander Island, Antarctica is the youngest record of this group globally. Leaves are referred to Taeniopteris daintreei McCoy, ovulate reproductive organs to Carnoconites cranwelli Harris, and stem material to Pentoxylon sp. Occurring in leaf litter layers on palaeosol surfaces the sedimentology suggests that pentoxylalean plants grew upon areas of the floodplain distal to the river channel, where they covered the forest floor in a similar habit to modern brambles. The forest floor was shared with Equisetales and liverworts, an abundance of ferns [Cladophlebis Brongniart, Gleichenites Goeppert, Phyllopteroides Medwell, Sphenopteris (Brongniart) Sternberg], as well as angiosperms. Bennettitales, Ginkgoites Seward and Nilssonia Brongniart were rare within these communities, as were coniferous trees.     

Reconstructing the migration patterns of late Pleistocene mammals from northern Florida, USA

We used analyses of the strontium isotope (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) ratios of tooth enamel to reconstruct the migration patterns of fossil mammals collected along the Aucilla River in northern Florida. Specimens date to the late-glacial period and before the last glacial maximum (pre-LGM). Deer and tapir displayed low ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios that were similar to the ratios of Florida environments, which suggest that these taxa did not migrate long distance outside of the Florida region. Mastodons, mammoths, and equids all displayed a wide range of ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios. Some individuals in each taxon displayed low ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios that suggest they ranged locally, while other animals had high ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios that suggest they migrated long distances (> 150 km) outside of the Florida region. Mastodons were the only taxa from this region that provided enough well-dated specimens to compare changes in migration patterns over time. Pre-LGM mastodons displayed significantly lower ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios than late-glacial mastodons, which suggests that late-glacial mastodons from Florida migrated longer distances than their earlier counterparts. This change in movement patterns reflects temporal changes in regional vegetation patterns.     

Revision of the conchostracan genus Estherites from the Upper Cretaceous Nenjiang Formation of the Songliao Basin and its biogeographic significance in China

The diagnosis of Estherites corrugatus from the basal part of the Coniacian Second Member of the Nenjiang Formation in Nenjiang County, north-east China is revised following the application of a new preparation technique to some of the carapaces and an examination of specimens under a scanning electron microscope, both of which revealed morphological features on the carapace that had not been recognized previously. Restudy of the type species of the two subgenera Estherites (Euestherites) and Estherites (Parestherites) also revealed details of carapace features not seen hitherto. These indicate that they should be separated from Estherites. As a result, Euestherites is upgraded to genus level and Parestherites is placed in synonymy. The importance of Estherites and Euestherites is considered in the context of Late Cretaceous assemblages of these crustaceans and the three conchostracan provinces (South-West, South-East and North China) that are recognized to have been present in China during the Turonian–Santonian period.     

TOPO-OZ: Insights into the various modes of intraplate deformation in the Australian continent

As the fastest, lowest, flattest and amongst the most arid of continents, Australia preserves a unique geomorphic record of intraplate tectonic activity, evidencing at least three distinct modes of surface deformation since its rapid northward drift commenced around 43 million years ago. At long wavelengths (several 1000s km) systematic variations in the extent of Neogene marine inundation imply the continent has tilted north–down, southwest–up. At intermediate-wavelengths (several 100s km) several undulations of ~ 100–200 m amplitude have developed on the 1–10 myr timescale. At still shorter wavelengths (several 10s km), fault related motion has produced local relief at rates of up to ~ 100 m/myr over several million years. The long-wavelength, north–down tilting can be related to a dynamic topographic effect associated with Australia's northward drift from the geoid low, dynamic topography low now south of the continent to the geoid high, dynamic topography low centred above the south-east Asian and Melanesian subduction zones. The short wavelength, fault-related deformation is attributed in time to plate-wide increases in compressional stress levels as the result of distant plate boundary interactions and, in space, in part to variations in the thermal structure of the Australian lithosphere. At the intermediate wavelengths, transient, low amplitude undulations can be ascribed to either lithospheric buckling or the development of instabilities in the thermal boundary layer beneath the lithosphere. In the latter case, topographic asymmetries suggest the Australian lithosphere is moving north with respect to the mantle beneath, providing a unique attribution to the progressive alignment of seismic anisotropy and absolute plate motion observed near the base of the Australian lithosphere.     

Early Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera from the Tethys: the large, many-chambered representatives of the genus Globigerinelloides

This paper deals with the taxonomic revision of the Early Cretaceous large, many-chambered planispiral planktonic foraminifera, historically assigned to the genus Globigerinelloides or alternatively assigned in the 1990s to the genera Globigerinelloides Cushman and ten Dam, Biglobigerinella Lalicker, Blowiella Krechmar and Gorbachik and Alanlordella BouDagher-Fadel. In a previous paper we demonstrated that the morphological and microstructural features used in the literature for distinguishing Blowiella from Globigerinelloides have value only at species level, and the former genus was thus invalidated (being the junior synonym). Moreover, the Late Aptian specimens assigned to Biglobigerinella by some authors, based on the presence of twin last chamber(s), are also included in Globigerinelloides because individuals sharing the same features (number of chambers, growth rate, size of umbilicus, and a finely perforate wall) may or may not possess twin last chamber(s). Meanwhile, Moullade et al. questioned the taxonomic value of Alanlordella, erected by BouDagher-Fadel to accommodate planispiral taxa possessing a macroperforate wall. All the species analysed here possess a finely perforate wall and consequently cannot be assigned to this taxon.The large species of Globigerinelloides retained here, with six or more chambers in the outer whorl, are G. algerianus Cushman and ten Dam, G. aptiensis Longoria, G. barri (Bolli, Loeblich and Tappan) and G. ferreolensis (Moullade).In the sections studied, Globigerinelloides aptiensis was first found close to the Barremian/Aptian boundary, even though this species was recorded in Spain (Rio Argos) in the mid Upper Barremian; very rare, small, seven-chambered individuals here assigned to Globigerinelloides ferreolensis are recorded in the Lower Aptian (just below and within the Selli Level, OAE1a), while a few specimens belonging to Globigerinelloides barri occur in the Globigerinelloides ferreolensis Zone (Upper Aptian). Globigerinelloides aptiensis and G. ferreolensis range up to the Ticinella bejaouaensis Zone while Globigerinelloides barri disappears at the top of the Globigerinelloides algerianus Zone; finally, Globigerinelloides algerianus obviously spans the eponymous total range zone.From an evolutionary point of view, two lineages within the many-chambered Globigerinelloides have been recognized. In the first, already known in the literature, Globigerinelloides aptiensis gave rise to G. ferreolensis, which evolved into G. algerianus; the latter in turn gave rise to Pseudoplanomalina cheniourensis as the final evolutionary member. In the second lineage Globigerinelloides barri originated from G. blowi.     

The oldest barnacle from the Caribbean is a rudist bivalve (Maastrichtian, Jamaica)

Four new specimens of Euscalpellum? coatesi Donovan and Davis-Strickland from the Maastrichtian of Jamaica are described; two of these occur in association with the right valve of the rudistid bivalve Chiapasella radiolitiformis (Trechmann). This demonstrates that E.? coatesi is not a barnacle, but rather represents an unusual preservational state of the left valve of C. radiolitiformis retaining only the cellular inner part of the shell.     

Bird and dinosaur footprints in the Woodbine Formation (Cenomanian), Texas

The ichnofauna of the Woodbine Formation (Cenomanian), Denton County, Texas includes bird and dinosaur tracks. A new bird trackway,Magnoavipes loweiichnogen. et ichnosp. nov., appears to represent the largest bird tracks known from the Mesozoic. A theropod trackway,Fuscinapedis woodbinensisichnogen. et ichnosp. nov., is characterized by long digits of uniform width and pointed small claws. Six hadrosaurid trackways,Caririchnium protohadrosaurichnosichnosp. nov., are the oldest hadrosaurid tracks associated with skeletal elements. They include one isolated small footprint, a medium sized quadrupedal, and five large bipedal hadrosaurid trackways.     

滇中川街盆地中侏罗世弓鲛(软骨鱼类)化石新材料

云南禄丰县川街盆地中侏罗统产出弓鲛鱼类化石后甸弓鲛(Hybodus houtienensis Young)、新庄弓鲛(新种)(Hybodus xinzhuangensis Sun)、川街弓鲛(新种)(Hybodus chuanjieensis Sun)。后甸弓鲛(Hybodus houtienensis Young)是中国发现最早的弓鲛鱼类之一,正型标本为破碎的鳍棘,副型标本为一枚牙齿齿冠。依据在川街盆地相同层位发现的新化石材料,对后甸弓鲛副型标本进行了增补,补充了描述,建立了2个弓鲛新种:新庄弓鲛与川街弓鲛,丰富了"后甸弓鲛带"弓鲛类群,并讨论了弓鲛属的生物地层、生活的古环境和地理分布特征。     

Modelling of the thermal history of metamorphic zoning in the Connemara region (western Ireland)

The Connemara region of the Irish Caledonides is a classic example of regional-scale metamorphism of low pressure and high temperature. This terrane is considered as part of a fold belt comprising metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks that are correlated with the Neoproterozoic–Lower Paleozoic Dalradian Supergroup of Scotland. In mid-Ordovician time, the extensive and high-temperature metamorphism was superimposed on the Dalradian rocks resulting in the Connemara zoning. The key feature of the zoning is elevated horizontal thermal gradient of ca. 14 °C/km. Geological data and geochronological evidence point to a causative link between metamorphism and associated magmatic intrusions, and a brief period of development for the metamorphic zoning. Magmatic intrusion into the middle part of continental crust is treated as a most plausible source of heat for metamorphism, and other conjectures as to the origin of the zoning (flow of hot fluid through the permeable rocks, fracture conduit flushed by flowing magma) are believed to be improbable. To examine in sufficient detail the problem of the nature of heat source, a series of appropriate calculations have been performed to reach the best agreement between the observed and simulated spatial distribution of maximum temperatures at different times. The mathematical modelling shows that the temperature–spatial structure of the Connemara zoning is best explained by the model version based on mid-crustal heating above the upper contact of magmatic intrusive body gently curved and tilted at an angle between 20° and 40°, with an initial temperature of the magma appropriate to a basaltic melt. The model estimate of total lifetime of the temperature anomaly in the crust is of the order of 5–6 Ma. In general, this is in rather good agreement with the currently available evidence of geochronological duration of metamorphism and magmatism in Connemara.