刘桥一矿陷落柱发育规律及含水性研究

根据刘桥一矿1971年建井至今发现的8个陷落柱实际资料，通过对揭露陷落柱的地质、水文地质及分布特征的分析，阐述了陷落柱发育的根基所在，对陷落柱发育规律及成因进行了探讨，对于含水陷落柱的注浆封堵、留设保护煤岩柱，以及本矿矿井的深部开采都具有借鉴意义。     

岩溶陷落柱的形成条件——以范各庄矿为例

岩溶陷落柱是华北石炭二叠煤系中发育的一种特殊地质构造,以其隐蔽性和突发性对煤矿安全生产造成严重威胁。长期以来,开滦范各庄矿深受陷落柱水害威胁,其中1984年范各庄煤矿陷落柱出水淹井造成重大经济损失和人员伤亡。通过范各庄矿井地质资料、水文地质类型划分报告,以及对已发现的陷落柱资料进行分析,在前人理论基础上对范各庄矿陷落柱形成条件总结,认为该区在总体走向为北东向的开平复式向斜构造背景控制下,在奥灰岩溶发育,地下水不断交替,岩体自重应力和真空负压动力及地质构造条件下形成陷落柱。     

华北煤田岩溶陷落柱分类及其特征

在总结华北煤田多起陷落柱突水事例及对徐淮煤田40多个矿区调研的基础上,依据陷落柱不同发育阶段的水文地质工程地质特征等,将其分为4个发育阶段:前期发育阶段、强烈发育阶段、衰退阶段和死亡阶段。通过分析陷落柱发育的不同层位,将其划分为3类,即奥灰层位之上可溶岩组、奥陶纪可溶岩组及寒武纪可溶岩组。继而,将陷落柱综合划分为12类,并总结分析了各类型陷落柱的地质特征。      

西山煤田古交矿区陷落柱特征及其导水性分析

在分析区域地质特征的基础上,对西山煤田古交矿区陷落柱的数量、形态特征及分布规律进行了总结。从陷落柱的发育特征出发,对其导水条件进行了研究,认为本区岩溶陷落柱是否突水,关键取决于其是否有导水的力学薄弱通道。研究表明,本区岩溶陷落柱柱体胶结致密,后期活化程度弱,距煤层较近的峰峰组含水层的富水性弱,而煤层与上马家沟组强含水层之间隔水层厚度大,因而,在正常块段开采中,岩溶陷落柱作为集中导水通道导致重大突水的可能性较小。     

地震波形差异技术在山西ky矿预测陷落柱中的应用

地震波形差异主要表现在陷落柱边界部位的差异、不连续/间断的异常特征。在地震时间剖面分辨率不能满足陷落柱精细解释时,依靠地震波形差异属性特征值的空间变化,可以有效地刻画出陷落柱在各煤层中的发育边界及高度。以山西ky矿为例,在陷落柱的解释中,对三维地震勘探技术中的常规时间剖面、波形差异属性雕刻技术、方差体切片等进行对比分析,结果表明利用地震时间剖面解释陷落柱的边界及高度误差较大,而地震波形差异属性可以精细刻画出陷落柱的边界及冒落高度。通过地震波形差异技术在该区的运用,圈定陷落柱7处,其结果经矿方实际采掘验证,效果较好。     

基于内部结构概化的华北型煤田岩溶陷落柱分类

岩溶陷落柱是华北型煤田所具有的一种特殊地质构造,对煤矿安全生产造成巨大威胁。为了研究岩溶陷落柱的突水机理,确保煤矿采掘工程的安全,提出了岩溶陷落柱的内部结构概化模型,包括堆石段、泥石浆段、岩块碎屑段和柱壁裂隙段4个不同的部分,各部分之间既有相互联系,又显示出不同的力学和水力特征。基于此模型,对岩溶陷落柱按照内部结构的不同进行了分类,将岩溶陷落柱分为堆石型、堆石裂隙型、堆石泥石浆型等8种不同类型,并总结分析了不同类型岩溶陷落柱的结构特征和突水特征,且对不同类型岩溶陷落柱煤矿采掘工程提出了建议。      

陷落柱地震波超前探测数值模拟与应用

针对陷落柱与周围煤体之间存在明显波阻抗差异的特点,建立巷道内地震波超前探测陷落柱数值模型。采用波场正演模拟方法,分析巷道前方存在陷落柱时的地震波场特征,总结出基于绕射偏移的陷落柱边界探测方法。在新元矿南二正巷实际超前探测中,该方法准确圈定了巷道前方陷落柱的范围。探测结果和实际揭露情况对比表明：地震波超前探测技术可以对巷道前方120m范围内的陷落柱构造进行有效预测。     

瞬变电磁法在采空区及陷落柱探测中的应用

通过对山西宁武煤田勘探区及勘探区地层电性特征分析,结合该区的地形地貌、地表水系等资料,选择瞬变电磁法为该区采空区及陷落柱勘探的物探方法。通过分析对比电阻率参数,认为根据勘探范围内地层的物性差异,可有效地寻找含水采空区及陷落柱的分布,划分出含水区范围。     

王坡煤矿陷落柱发育特征及其对煤层气开发的影响

陷落柱是影响煤矿区煤炭与煤层气开发的主要制约因素之一。研究煤矿区陷落柱成因及分布特征,有助于降低煤炭开采与煤层气开发的风险。通过对陷落柱控制因素和发育特征的分析,结合王坡煤矿已发现陷落柱的分布情况,探讨了陷落柱对王坡煤矿煤层气分布及其开发的影响机制。分析认为:陷落柱周围3号煤的气含量有所降低;在煤层气开发过程中,陷落柱可能会贯通奥陶系灰岩层与煤系地层,从而对煤层气的钻井、压裂以及排采工程产生不利影响。      

煤田陷落柱特殊波对陷落柱解释的影响

对典型陷落柱建立圆锥状陷落柱数学模型,采用波动方程法对陷落柱模型进行地震射线追踪和波场模拟。模拟结果说明:由于陷落柱构造形态的特殊性,在陷落柱附近形成了正常煤层反射波、断陷点绕射波、延迟绕射波、延迟反射波及柱顶绕射波组成的纵波波场。在此基础上,模拟野外放炮,然后对生成的单炮记录进行常规处理,形成叠加、偏移剖面。通过对正演剖面和实际揭露资料分析,认为陷落柱特殊波的存在,是判别陷落柱构造的一个重要特征,但又造成了实际揭露陷落柱规模往往小于地震资料解释结果。将研究结果用于实际勘查,效果较好。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.