Assessment of the major hazard potential of interfacial solitary waves moving over a trapezoidal obstacle on a horizontal plateau

Over the last few decades, a lot of attention has been concentrated on the consequences of marine impacts, especially those caused by the tsunami wave train. Internal solitary waves are similar to the surface waves that commonly occur in the waters of the ocean or large lakes and can have significant effects on oceanic mixing, climate change, the movement of submerged plankton, and the weathering of geological structures. This motion can be severe enough to create natural hazards such as submarine tsunamis in the ocean. These could also even occur in large lakes. The present work aims to contribute to this knowledge base by studying internal wave propagation on a shallow continental shelf following a particular marine impact. A series of laboratory experiments were conducted in order to clarify the movement of an interfacial solitary wave across a uniform slope and a horizontal plateau forming a slope-shelf topography. The results obtained from test runs indicate that the wave maintains its strength, having a direct impact on the natural ecology of the local oceanic environment. Comparison with different seabed topographies is also presented to demonstrate the propagation of an internal wave over a trapezoidal barrier. A better fitting and more appropriate model is employed to examine the relationship between the physical parameters for better predicting the evolution of an internal solitary wave as it moves over a trapezoidal obstacle on a horizontal plateau.     

Review of the Seabed Sediment Resuspension by Internal Solitary Wave

Internal Solitary Waves (ISWs) are nonlinear, large amplitude motions of the interface between two fluids with different densities in the stratified ocean. Because of their strong vertical and horizontal current velocity, and the vortex, turbulent mixing caused by breaking, they affect marine environment, seabed sediment and man-made structures in the ocean. In the paper, we systematically analyzed and summarized the ISW-induced shoaling break mechanisms, models of suspension, and seabed dynamical response. Then, we discussed the ISW-induced sediment resuspension criteria, forming bottom and intermediate nepheloid layer and the capacity to suspend sediments in the seabed, and further put forward the unsolved problems based on the conducted work and related achievements. In shallow seas with complex terrain variations, shoaling can cause ISWs to deform, break, and split. Studies on the propagation of ISWs of depression over sloping topography have shown that an adverse pressure gradient causes the rotation of the flow separation, which produces vortices, and this results in global instability of the boundary layer and ISW burst. The separation vortices increase the bottom shear stress, vertical velocity, and near-bottom Reynolds stress, which leads to sediment resuspension and transport in the flow and vortex core. Although episodic, ISW-induced resuspension is hypothesized to be important enough to shape the topography. Shoaling ISWs may erode, resuspend and transport mud-like sediments, first towards shore by boluses, and subsequently offshore through the generation of intermediate nepheloid layers. Shoaling ISWs might be an important mechanism of muddy sediment dispersal along continental shelves. Furthermore, recent hypotheses suggest that sediment mobilization and transport caused by internal waves in general, and ISWs in particular, may be at the origin of some sedimentary structures found in the sedimentary rock record and also the hummocky-cross stratification. Observed on-shelf propagating frontal ISW most likely interacts with the sand waves, sediment waves or sand dunes. ISWs contribute to their generation, as they are trailed by considerable shear-induced turbulence and high-frequency internal waves close to the buoyancy frequency. This work is of great value for further understanding the process of ISW-induced sediment resuspension, transportation, and the capacity to suspend sediments in the seabed. It helps further study of the dynamic process of marine ecological environment dynamic process by ISW and the deep sea sedimentation process.     

Depression and elevation tsunami waves in the framework of the Korteweg–de Vries equation

Although tsunamis in the deep ocean are very long waves of quite small amplitudes, as they propagate shorewards into shallow water, nonlinearity becomes important and the structure of the leading waves depends on the polarity of the incident wave from the deep ocean. In this paper, we use a variable-coefficient Korteweg–de Vries equation to examine this issue, for an initial wave which is either elevation, or depression, or a combination of each. We show that the leading waves can be described by a reduction of the Whitham modulation theory to a solitary wave train. We find that for an initial elevation, the leading waves are elevation solitary waves with an amplitude which varies inversely with the depth, with a pre-factor which is twice the maximum amplitude in the initial wave. By contrast, for an initial depression, the leading wave is a depression rarefaction wave, followed by a solitary wave train whose maximum amplitude of the leading wave is determined by the square root of the mass in the initial wave.     

内孤立波环境下圆柱和方柱受力特征——Ⅰ.物理实验

随着近岸海洋的开发,海洋石油钻井平台底部的柱状支撑以及海洋中石油管线等水下结构物的安全问题受到的关注日益增多。而内孤立波对水下结构物的安全有着不可忽视的影响,这就决定了内孤立波对柱体受力的研究在工程实践中具有重要意义。国内外就内孤立波对柱体作用力的物理试验研究较少,而在分层流环境下圆柱和方柱受力规律的对比研究更鲜有报道。在大型重力式分层流试验水槽中,借助一套新型且专用于分层流环境下的内孤立波造波及水动力测力系统,进行了内孤立波环境下柱体受力规律的试验研究。对比分析了不同内孤立波波幅对圆柱和方柱受力的作用规律。研究表明,在分层流环境下,随着内孤立波波幅的增大,圆柱和方柱所受的水平作用力均增大;相同波幅情况下,方柱相较于圆柱会受到更大的水平力。研究成果可为分层流环境中柱体设计及安全评价提供科学依据。     

分层密度流体的边界波动在不透水刚性底床的运动行为——Ⅱ分层条件对传动波型的影响

在两层流体中,内波的特性受到许多控制变因的影响,其中包括上下层水深比、造波区位能差(位能大小)、上下层的密度比等。本文以成功大学水工试验所研发的MNDAS套装软件记录,协助数据分析及处理,研究上下层水深比对内波波型的影响,当水深比值差异越大造成的孤立波形与明显,且Kdv及修正mKdV可以合理描述内波振幅与频率之间的关系。     

Statistical landslide susceptibility assessment of the Mansehra and Torghar districts,Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province,Pakistan

This paper presents laboratory experiments and numerical simulations of effects of submerged obstacles on tsunami-like solitary wave and its run-up. This study was carried out for the breaking and non-breaking solitary waves on 1:19.85 uniform slope which contains a submerged obstacle. New laboratory experiments are performed to describe the mitigation of tsunami amplitude and run-up under the effect of submerged obstacles. We are based on experimental results obtained to validate the numerical model. The numerical modeling using COULWAVE aims essentially to show the effect of the obstacle on the shape of solitary wave and the limit of this effect. Using a multiple nonlinear regression, we have determined a model to estimate height of run-up according to the amplitude of the wave and the obstacle peak depth.     

Manuel Rocha Medal Recipient Wave interaction with underground openings in fractured rock

Summary The objective of this work is to lead to improved models of seismic wave propagation around underground openings by studying the interaction of the waves with the fractured rock surrounding these openings. It demonstrates that seismic models can help in stability problems such as rockbursting in deep-level mining, or in the interpretation of micro-fracturing at waste storage sites. A significant emphasis is placed on comparing the models with observations from controlled experiments. These comparisons demonstrate that the wave propagation can be reliably and accurately modelled, and in so doing it motivates their application to the larger rock engineering problems. Seismic wave models are first applied to laboratory experiments on multiple fractures. Simulation through multiple displacement discontinuities yields strikingly similar waveforms to the experiments, while also identifying the need to build stress dependence into the fracture models, such as stress dependent fracture stiffness. The wave-fracture modelling is extended to in situ fractures in rock at the surface of a deep tunnel, using data collected during an acoustic emission experiment at the URL Mine-by tunnel. Waveforms from the velocity scans are compared against those from elastic models and various models of fracture, such as random assemblies of small open fractures (cracks) and larger fractures with fracture stiffness. Results indicate that it is possible to account for the wave-speeds and amplitudes using models with fractures. A generic method is then proposed for calculating the frequency variation of wave-speed and amplitude for any collection of cracks. The models of fracture are then applied to the rockburst problem, to investigate how the excavation affects the amplitude and the distribution of ground motion. The results provide important insights into the causes of the apparent amplification observed by researchers in this field. The thesis also covers the theory of the models used, including novel numerical work on dispersion and new grid schemes. The full detail of the work cannot be covered in this paper which instead seeks to summarize the main achievements.     

Abiki oscillations in Sakitsu Bay,west Kyushu,Japan

Sakitsu and Yokaku bays in Amakusa in west Kyushu, Japan, experienced inundation damage in the February 2009 meteotsunami (Abiki) event. The oscillation characteristics of both bays are investigated by taking field measurements and conducting numerical experiments with regard to flood mitigation with the aim to reduce the flood impact during Abiki events. A continuous wavelet transform and bandpass filtering both of the pressure and water level indicated that a sequence of pressure disturbances, as small as 1.0 hPa, caused the large amplified oscillation within Sakitsu Bay. When a sequence of ocean long waves entered the bay, a surf beat evolved in the early stages. Subsequently, the sea level began to undergo large amplitude oscillations, and there was a secondary peak of oscillation with a period of around 24 min, as seen in both field measurements and numerical experiments. A surf beat with the period of 12 min formed in Yokaku Bay owing to the continuous incidence of ocean waves with period of 12 min, but its wave period was almost half of that of the natural period of the bay. This surf beat may have entered Sakitsu Bay with natural period of 11.8 min and caused large water-level fluctuations.     

应力波在平台-桩系统中传播的实验研究

分析了应力波在平台－桩系统中的传播图案。对有限尺寸的平台来说，应力波在平台边界面上会发生反射，反射波不仅有同类波同时还有转换波，除此之外，平台表面的响应还受桩及桩土相互作用的影响。除非桩身反射波走时较长，可以避开平台上的各种干扰波，否则，由平台实测波形特征来分析平台下桩的完整性是很困难的。通过对平台上完整桩实测波形与异常桩波形进行比较，可以提高波形识别的准确度，此外，根据桩侧面测点及平台表面测点走时，相位、幅值间关系，将两者信号进行比较，可以从复杂的信号中辨别出桩身反射波信号。     

可压缩流体饱和孔隙介质中孔隙压力波传播数值分析

首次将高精度时空守恒元/解元方法推广到可压缩流体饱和孔隙介质中孔隙压力波传播的数值计算中。将孔隙度梯度从源（汇）项中分离,直接引入流通量,改进了理论模型。通过对孔隙介质激波问题的数值模拟,验证了方法的精度和有效性。在此基础上,提出了孔隙介质中二维黎曼问题,并揭示了孔隙压力波存在接触间断、激波、膨胀波、压缩波等复杂的结构特征。该成果对二氧化碳地质封存、二氧化碳提高石油采收率、页岩气压裂开采以及地震破裂过程的研究具有重要的理论与应用意义。     

Mudbank regime off the Kerala coast during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons

Field experiments conducted in the nearshore ocean to understand the dynamics of mudbank off Kerala, south-west coast of India, are highlighted. Real time monitoring of the nearshore ocean off Purakkad, Kerala was accomplished using pressure transducers for nearshore surface wave measurements, and current sensors for nearshore velocity measurements. Comprehensive information on the spatial structure of mudbank was obtained from aerial surveys. Extensive data collected on surface waves and currents in the nearshore ocean, indicate that the infra-gravity (IG) waves (leaky modes and trapped edge wave modes), and far infra-gravity (FIG) waves coupled with strong shoreline reflections and undertow play an important role in the dynamics associated with the mudbanks off Kerala during the monsoon season. During the non-monsoon season evidence for progressive edge waves in the infragravity frequency band, an energetic gravity wave band and a strong undertow with weak reflections was observed.     

Field observations of the threshold of sediment motion by wave action

Two field experiments were carried out to determine critical conditions at the threshold of sand motion beneath irregular sea waves. The experiments were performed outside the breaker zone at Blackpool Sands, Start Bay, Devon, in waters of depth 4–10 m. From synchronous video and near-bed velocity records, critical conditions at the threshold of motion have been established in terms of the measured free-stream velocity amplitude. Despite the irregular nature of the (swell) waves and the mixture of grain sizes on the bed, agreement between the present field results and previous laboratory results is reasonable, provided that proper allowance is made for the presence of sand ripples. In order to define threshold motion conditions on a more rational basis than in terms of the free-stream velocity amplitude, calculations of the bottom stress have been made on the basis of laboratory-derived wave drag coefficients. The threshold-motion conditions thus established from the field data are in good agreement with sediment threshold values from Shields' curve derived from laboratory work, at least for cases in which it has been possible to calculate the skin-friction contribution to the total bed shear stress.     

近海陆架区内潮观测研究进展

内潮是近海陆架区内最常见的海洋内波,一般是由正压潮经过特殊地形或海况激发产生,内潮由此具有天文潮周期且出现频率相对稳定。频繁出现的内潮对人类海上活动的影响有弊也有利,它可引发强烈的海水混合或产生上升流,使深层营养盐提升从而形成丰富的渔场;而大振幅内潮或由其演变出的强孤立内波会干扰海洋工程作业,对建成的石油钻井平台和海底油气管道构成严重的威胁;内潮导致的水体扰动还会对海上舰船的行驶产生不利影响。所以对近海陆架区内潮的观测研究一直为人们所重视。对内潮的一些相关特点做了简要介绍,主要论述了国际上近海陆架区内潮观测研究的进展情况,以及近几年来观测方法的最新发展趋势;并着重分析了南海北部海区内潮研究现状,讨论了目前南海内潮观测研究中存在的一些问题,进而提出今后开展进一步观测研究的思路。     

不耦合装药下爆炸应力波传播规律的试验研究

通过室外爆破试验,利用预埋研制的PVDF压力传感器对耦合及水不耦合延长药包装药爆破时爆炸应力波的中远场压力进行测量,拟合实测结果,得到4种不耦合系数下爆炸应力波峰值随传播距离衰减的指数关系式。分析试验结果可知： ①在试验所涉及的范围内,不耦合装药时爆破应力波峰值衰减幅度小于耦合装药（即K =1）时爆破应力波峰值衰减幅度,验证了水介质作为炸药爆轰产物与岩体间的弹性缓冲层作用,减少了粉碎孔壁岩体造成的能量耗散,增加了能量传递,加大了爆炸的作用范围;②当不耦合系数K = 3.29时,应力波峰值衰减指数表现出大于K =1.79及大于K =2.57时应力波峰值衰减指数的趋势,表明过大的不耦合系数造成了不耦合介质--水过多的能量耗散（在高温高压下水并不完全是弹性的）,削弱了不耦合装药爆破的优势;③在不耦合装药爆破中,存在最佳的不耦合系数,此时爆炸应力波峰值衰减最慢,爆炸能得到充分利用,达到最优的爆破效果。研究结果对不耦合装药爆破的设计及工程应用有一定的指导意义。     

SWAN浅水波浪模式在渤海的应用研究——Phillips线性增长比例系数的改进

将国际上通用的SWAN波浪数值模式应用到渤海,以检验其适应性。通过对由风引起的波浪的增长和耗散作用源函数的实验研究,发现SWAN中所采用的Phillips线性增长部分的比例系数和波浪成长有较大的关系,此比例系数随摩擦速度变化(原模式取此系数为一常数)。基于模式试验,引入了一个新的Phillips线性增长项公式,并且利用3个风过程对模式的改进进行了验证。3个风过程的计算结果和实测值比较表明,计算结果在3个过程当中都得到了明显的改进。     

考虑不同波形影响的主应力轴连续旋转下吹填土动力特性研究

通过GCTS空心圆柱扭剪仪,分别采用正弦波和三角波两种不同波形模拟海洋波浪的加载形式,对天津滨海吹填土进行一系列三向等压固结条件下的主应力轴循环旋转试验,探讨了动主应力方向连续旋转下循环剪应力幅值及振动波形对吹填土广义剪应变、动强度和孔压特性的影响.试验结果表明,循环剪应力幅值小于临界循环剪应力时,土体广义剪应变变化很...     

Zur Geometrie von Wellenrippeln in Sanden unterschiedlicher Korngröße

Field research of wave generated bed forms within complex sediment size distributions near the inlet of a tidal lagoon at the northern coast of Brittany has stimulated an experimental study in a laboratory wave tank. Several sediment mixtures, most of them with bimodal grain size distributions, were exposed to different monochromatic shallow water waves. The observations and measurements included the dynamics of the water waves and the generation, shape, and size of oscillatory bed forms. The experiments confirm the known relationship between grain size and ripple size. In addition it is shown that coarse sand, added to a preexisting fine bed material leads to an increasing asymmetry of ripples. There is some suggestion that the variability of ripple heights is reduced by higher contents of coarse sand. Bimodal sediment size distributions obviously do not cause unusual geometry of ripples — at least within the range of the experimental tests. The different sand size modes move together in one phase, forming structures with more or less homogeniously distributed bed material. Differentiation of sediment sorting does of course occur, but this is in the range of the whole test section. Finally the experiments allowed to test the validity of some wave formulas. The own experiments are compared with some results from field and laboratory studies of other authors.     

A laboratory experiment to monitor the contact state of a fault by transmission waves

We performed a series of laboratory experiments in which elastic waves were transmitted across a simulated fault. Two types of experiments were carried out: (1) Normal Stress Holding Test (NSHT): normal stress was kept constant for about 3 h without shear stress and transmission waves were observed. (2) Shear Stress Increasing Test (SSIT): shear stress was gradually increased until a stick-slip event occurred. Transmission waves were continuously observed throughout the process of stress accumulation. We focused on the change in transmission waves during the application of shear stress and especially during precursory slips.It was found in NSHT that the amplitude of transmission waves linearly increased with the logarithm of stationary contact time. The increase amounted to a few percent after about 3 h. Creep at asperity contacts is responsible for this phenomenon. From a theoretical consideration, it was concluded that the real contact area increased with the logarithm of stationary contact time.We observed in SSIT a significant increase in wave amplitude with shear stress application. This phenomenon cannot be attributed to the time effect observed in NSHT. Instead, it can be explained by the mechanism of “junction growth” proposed by Tabor. Junction growth yields an increase in real contact area. It is required for junction growth to occur that the material in contact is already plastic under a purely normal loading condition. A computer simulation confirmed that this requirement was satisfied in our experiments. We also found that the rate at which the amplitude increased was slightly reduced prior to a stick-slip event. The onset time of the reduction well coincides with the onset of precursory slip. The cause of the reduction is attributed to the reset of stationary contact time due to displacement. This interpretation is supported by the result of NSHT. Taking the time of stationary contact in SSIT into account, we may expect the change in wave amplitude to be, at most, only a few percent. The observed slight reduction in increasing rate is, in this sense, reasonable. The static stiffness of the fault also decreases with precursory slip. It was also found that low frequency waves are a better indicator of precursory slip than high frequency waves. This might suggest that low frequency waves with longer wavelength are a better indicator of average behavior of faults. The problem, however, merits a further investigation. The shifts in phase were also found to be a good indicator of the change in contact state of the fault. The changes in both amplitude and phase of transmission waves are unifyingly understood through the theory of transmission coefficient presented by Pyrak-Nolte et al. Rough surfaces have a tendency to give larger stick-slips than smooth surfaces. The amount of precursory slip is larger for rough surfaces than for smooth surfaces. Although it was confirmed by a computer simulation that rough surfaces have larger contact diameters than smooth surfaces, the rigorous relationship between the surface roughness (contact diameter) and the amount of precursory slips was not established.     

Compaction-driven fluid flow in viscoelastic rock

Abstract

Compaction driven fluid flow is inherently unstable such that an obstruction to upward fluid flow (i.e. a shock) may induce fluid-filled waves of porosity, propagated by dilational deformation due to an effective pressure gradient within the wave. Viscous porosity waves have attracted attention as a mechanism for melt transport, but are also a mechanism for both the transport and trapping of fluids released by diagenetic and metamorphic reactions. We introduce a mathematical formulation applicable to compaction driven flow for the entire range of rheological behaviors realized in the lithosphere. We then examine three first-order factors that influence the character of fluid flow: (1) thermally activated creep, (2) dependence of bulk viscosity on porosity, and (3) fluid flow in the limit of zero initial connected porosity. For normal geothermal gradients, thermally activated creep stabilizes horizontal waves, a geometry that was thought to be unstable on the basis of constant viscosity models. Implications of this stabilization are that: (1) the vertical length scale for compaction driven flow is generally constrained by the activation energy for viscous deformation rather than the viscous compaction length, and (2) lateral fluid flow in viscous regimes may occur on greater length scales than anticipated from earlier estimates of compaction length scales. In viscous rock, inverted geothermal gradients stabilize vertically elongated waves or vertical channels. Decreasing temperature toward the earth’s surface can induce an abrupt transition from viscous to elastic deformation-propagated fluid flow. Below the transition, fluid flow is accomplished by short wavelength, large amplitude waves; above the transition flow is by high velocity, low amplitude surges. The resulting transient flow patterns vary strongly in space and time. Solitary porosity waves may nucleate in viscous, viscoplastic, and viscoelastic rheologies. The amplitude of these waves is effectively unlimited for physically realistic models with dependence of bulk viscosity on porosity. In the limit of zero initial connected porosity, arguably the only model relevant for melt extraction, travelling waves are only possible in a viscoelastic matrix. Such waves are truly self-propagating in that the fluid and the wave phase velocities are identical; thus, if no chemical processes occur during propagation, the waves have the capacity to transmit geochemical signatures indefinitely. In addition to solitary waves, we find that periodic solutions to the compaction equations are common though previously unrecognized. The transition between the solutions depends on the pore volume carried by the wave and the Darcyian velocity of the background fluid flux. Periodic solutions are possible for all velocities, whereas solitary solutions require large volumes and low velocities. © Elsevier, Paris     

浅强跃层大振幅内波研究

海洋内波是分析整个海洋中能量的收支和平衡问题时必须研究的一个重要的物理过程 ,对它的研究不仅在整个海洋动力学的研究中占有重要的地位 ,而且对海洋环境与资源的开发和保护、推动其它相关学科的深入研究和发展都具有重要的应用价值。浅强跃层大振幅内波是海洋内波研究中的一个重要组成部分 ,它对人类在浅海中的活动之影响尤其引人注目 :如对海洋石油、天然气等资源的勘探及开采设施的安装施工和正常工作等具有直接的或潜在的破坏性 ;能够改变海水中声传播路线 ,从而影响声通讯设备的正常使用 ,使众多利用声信号进行测量的调查仪器所获取的大量观测资料中带有难以去掉的噪声信号 ;可将富含营养盐底层水带到表层 ,改进了海洋生态环境 ,因而对于海洋生态环境的保护、渔业捕捞及海洋养殖业的发展等具有指导意义 ;还对环流场、物质输运、航道淤积以及深水沉积等有一定的影响。文中主要从浅强跃层大振幅内波的生成机制、传播演变、模型描述以及观测方法等方面介绍了浅强跃层大振幅内波研究的进展状况、存在的问题及其发展趋势。