CLIMATIC JUMP FROM LATE 1970S TO EARLY 1980S AND ITS EFFECT*

By use of the moving T test to do research on the interdecadal climate jump of the Northern Hemisphere sea level pressure.500 hPa height and North Pacific sea surface temperature,we found that in recent 50 years an obvious interdecadal climate jump existed at the late 1970s to the early 1980s.There is significant difference before and after the jump in terms of the Northern Hemisphere sea level pressure,500 hPa height and North Pacific sea surface temperature.Furthermore,the focus is then placed on the effect of the jump on temperature and rainfall in China.     

北方涛动同北半球温带大气环流的遥相关(一)——基本结构

本文利用1951—1980年逐季的平均值资料(共120个季)讨论了北方涛动和与其相联系的北太平洋海温与北半球海平面气压场、500hPa位势高度场遥相关的基本结构,并与南方涛动和赤道东太平洋海温的结果进行了对比分析.发现北太平洋Namias海区和加利福尼亚海流区海温的变化与北方涛动具有很密切的联系;北方涛动和这两个海区的海温同北半球中高纬度大气环流特别是PNA型和NAO型环流异常存在明显的遥相关关系;南方涛动和赤道太平洋海温同WP型或NPO型环流异常关系比较密切,而与PNA型和NAO型的关系不如北方涛动和Namias海区及加利福尼亚海流区海温的显著.     

奇异值分解和奇异交叉谱分析方法在华北夏季降水诊断中的应用

利用1965~2000年华北5省市及相邻省73个地面观测站逐月平均降水场及北半球500 hPa高度场、北太平洋海温场资料, 采用奇异值分解 (SVD)、奇异交叉谱 (SCSA) 分析方法, 将华北夏季降水场分别与1月北半球500 hPa高度场、冬季北太平洋海温场进行了诊断分析, 得出奇异向量分布型及相互作用的耦合周期信号。在对前4对奇异向量的分析中发现, 华北夏季降水全区域为正距平时与1月北半球500 hPa高度场PNA遥相关型关系非常密切。ENSO对华北夏季降水的影响确实存在, 但华北夏季降水全区域为正距平时与冬季北太平洋ENSO关系并不明显。同时还找出了华北降水与北半球500 hPa高度、北太平洋海温场相互作用的关键区。在华北各型降水与高度场、海温场关键区相互作用的耦合周期中, 前者以准2~7年振荡为主; 后者则周期较长, 最短周期仍为准2年振荡, 最长周期为准10~11年振荡。以上结论为进一步研究华北夏季降水短期气候预测方法, 提供了参考依据。     

北半球对流层厚度的时空变化特征

利用1948—2010年NCEP/NCAR逐月位势高度再分析资料、美国国家海洋局提供的1948—2010年逐月海温再分析资料,分别定义了1 000—500 hPa和500—200 hPa厚度,利用EOF、SVD等方法研究了北半球对流层厚度时空演变特征及其与大气环流和海面温度的关系。结果表明,冬季平均厚度EOF第一模态均具有北太平洋及附近高纬度亚洲大陆地区与北美大陆高纬地区反位相变化的特点,而夏季第一模态则是北半球范围内较一致的位相分布;冬、夏季平均厚度EOF第二模态均突出体现了欧亚大陆及附近地区与北半球其他地区反位相变化的特点;冬、夏季厚度场的变化形势与大气环流及海面温度具有密切联系。     

Teleconnections of the sea surface temperature in the indian ocean with sea surface temperature in the eastern equatorial pacific,and with the 500 hPa geopotential height field in the Northern Hemisphere

The observational data of global sea surface temperature and the 500 hPa geopotential height field in the Northern Hemisphere are used to get two teleconnection patterns. The time interval of the data is from January 1950 to December 1979. The results show that the sea surface temperature anomalies in the Indian Ocean have evident positive correlation with the SSTA in the eastern Pacific and obvious teleconnection with the 500 hPa geopotential height field in the Northern Hemisphere.     

热带太平洋SST异常对IAP-9 LAGCM 年际变率影响的模拟

通过1960~1989年实测的热带太平洋(30.5°N~30.5°S,120°E~70°W)SST(热带太平洋区域以外用气候平均值)强迫AGCM得到的结果,以此来研究热带SST的变化对全球大气环流年际变化的影响。首先,我们分析了南方涛动,分别给出了Tahiti和Darwin海平面气压异常及赤道附近(-5°S~5°N)外逸长波辐射(OLR)时间演变,都能很好与观测相比较。然后,讨论了全球大气环流对热带SST的变化的响应,全球主要的遥相关型都能很好地再现。最后,通过奇异值分解(SVD)技术研究了热带SST与冬季北半球500 hPa位势高度主要的耦合型,模拟的相关型与NCEP再分析资料的相关型非常相似。     

The relationship between sea surface temperature anomalies and atmospheric circulation in GCM experiments

Several 19-year integrations of the Hamburg version of the ECMWF/T21 general circulation model driven by the monthly mean sea surface temperature (SST) observed in 1970–1988 were examined to study extratropical response of the atmospheric circulation to SST anomalies in the Northern Hemisphere in winter. In the first 19-years run SST anomalies were prescribed globally (GAGO run), and in two others SST monthly variability was limited to extratropical regions (MOGA run) and to tropics (TOGA run), respectively. A canonical correlation analysis (CCA), which select from two time-dependent fields optimally correlated pairs of patterns, was applied to monthly anomalies of SST in the North Alantic and Pacific Oceans and monthly anomalies of sea level pressure and 500 hPa geopotential height in the Northern Hemisphere. In the GAGO run the best correlated atmospheric pattern is global and is characterized by north-south dipole structures of the same polarity in the North Atlantic and the North Pacific sectors. In the MOGA and TOGA experiments the atmospehric response is more local than in the GAGO run with main centers in the North Atlantic and North Pacific, respectively. The extratropical response in the GAGO run is not equal to the sum of the responses in the MOGA and TOGA runs. The artificial meridional SST gradients at 25°–30°N probably influence the results of the MOGA and TOGA runs. The atmopsheric modes found by the CCA were compared with the normal modes of the barotropic vorticity equation linearized about the 500 hPa. winter climate. The normal modes with smallest eigenvalues are similar to the model leading variability modes and canonical patterns of 500 hPa geopotential height. The corresponding eigenvectors of the adjoint operator, which represent an external forcing optimal for exciting normal modes, have a longitudinal structure with maxima in regions characterized by enhanced high frequency baroclinic activity over both oceans.     

华北夏季旱涝的环流特征分析

本文运用月降水量、500hPa、100hPa月平均高度场和海平面气压场，在对50a华北夏季旱涝等级重新评定的基础上，分析了与华北夏季旱涝年对应的环流异常特征。结果表明华北旱涝年，对应整个北半球上各层都存在显著的环流异常变化。旱年500hPa环流异常使得极涡偏心，相应乌拉尔山和北美的气候槽偏强；中纬度位于华北的平均槽东移到朝鲜日本一带，而西部脊东移控制华北；低纬西太平洋副高偏东，印度低压槽偏弱。涝年则相反。在海平面气压场上，除了在与高层对应的显著异常区有相应变化外，在我国东部大陆大部及赤道中东太平洋上也有一显著的异常区，证实夏季风和KNSO与华北旱涝存在密切的联系。在100hPa高度场旱涝年环流差异主要表现为南亚高压南北界的位置变化。     

2003年北半球大气环流及中国气候异常特征

2002年发生的厄尔尼诺事件于2003年初结束；受这次事件的影响，西太平洋副热带高压冬、春、夏、秋季持续偏强；夏季西伸脊点位置偏西；6、7月脊线位置偏南，8月偏北。初夏6月上中旬有贝加尔湖阻高影响，6月下旬至7月中旬有鄂霍次克海阻高影响；盛夏东亚夏季风异常偏强；青藏高原500hPa高度年趋势偏高，大部分地区冬季积雪少；热带对流强度年趋势偏弱。     

北京冷暖冬年环流特征及其与前期北太平洋海温的关系

利用1951～2005年北京气温资料和北半球500 hPa高度及北太平洋海温资料,分析了北京冬季气温的异常变化及其环流特征以及与前期北太平洋海温的关系.20世纪50年代以来北京冬季气温变化具有50、60年代低,自70年代开始逐年代升高的趋势,90年代至今处于高温时期.北京冷暖冬年,其同期和前期500 hPa环流特征具有明显不同;前期北半球副高及有关副高单体其强弱变化,对北京冬季气温有很好的指示性.前期春季西风漂流区海温和南赤道海流区海温异常变化可作为北京冬季异常冷暖的前兆信号.前期春季南赤道海流区海温异常偏高时,有利于北京暖冬年环流形势的形成.前期春季西风漂流区海温异常偏低时,有利于北京冷冬年环流形势的形成.     

El Niño teleconnections in CMIP5 models

Teleconnections associated with warm El Niño/southern oscillation (ENSO) events in 20 climate model intercomparison project 5 (CMIP5) models have been compared with reanalysis observations. Focus has been placed on compact time and space indices, which can be assigned a specific statistical confidence. Nearly all of the models have surface temperature, precipitation and 250 hPa geopotential height departures in the Tropics that are in good agreement with the observations. Most of the models also have realistic anomalies of Northern Hemisphere near-surface temperature, precipitation and 500 hPa geopotential height. Model skill for these variables is significantly related to the ability of a model to accurately simulate Tropical 250 hPa height departures. Additionally, most models have realistic temperature and precipitation anomalies over North America, which are linked to a model’s ability to simulate Tropical 250 hPa and Northern Hemisphere 500 hPa height departures. The skills of temperature and precipitation departures over the Northern Hemisphere and North America are associated with the ability to realistically simulate realistic ENSO frequency and length. Neither horizontal nor vertical resolution differences for either the model atmosphere or ocean are significantly related at the 95 % level to variations in El Niño simulation quality. Overall, recent versions of earlier models have improved in their ability to simulate El Niño teleconnections. For instance, the average model skills of temperature and precipitation for the Tropics, Northern Hemisphere and North America for 11 CMIP5 models are all larger than those for prior versions.     

神经网络模型预报湖北汛期降水量的应用研究

使用人工神经网络方法建立了湖北省汛期 (6～ 8月 )总降水量的短期气候预测模型 ,该神经网络模型的输入是汛期前期 (2～ 4月 )的北半球月平均 5 0 0 h Pa高度场、海平面气压场和太平洋海温场的扩展自然正交展开 (EEOF)的前几个主要模态的时间系数 ,输出了湖北汛期降水场的自然正交展开 (EOF)的前 2个主要模态的时间系数。41 a历史资料的交叉检验表明 :样本试验的预报技巧评分平均为 0 .2 4 6 ,虽然该模型对各年的预报效果仍存在一定的不稳定性 ,但它可为湖北汛期降水的短期气候预测提供一种具有明显统计预报正技巧的预报方法     

南疆夏季异常高温的气候背景分析

利用1951-2005年若羌、且末及和田3个代表站55 a气温和北半球500 hPa高度及北太平洋海温资料,分析了南疆地区夏季高温年的气候变化,并对其形成进行海温场背景分析。发现南疆地区夏季高温的形成与北半球大气环流和北太平洋海温异常变化相联系。前期10月和2月相关的北半球副高特征指数对南疆地区夏季温度有很好的指示性;南疆地区夏季高温年发生的前期1月份开始,即在北太平洋建立西南海区高东北海区低的海温距平分布型,这种分布型持续到5月份结束。但这2个海区前期海温的异常变化不同,表现为:1-2月份西南海区海温变化幅度小,东北海区海温变化幅度大。3-5月份则西南海区海温变化幅度大,东北海区海温变化幅度小。     

EFFECTS OF VARIATION OF WINTER SEA-ICE AREA IN KARA AND BARENTS SEAS ON EAST ASIA WINTER MONSOON*

By analyzing the observation data and performing the numerical simulation tests,it is shown that the Kara and the Barents Sea area is a key region to influence climate variation over the Northern Hemisphere.The variation of winter sea-ice area in the key region is closely associated with that of the EU teleconnection pattern at 500 hPa and East Asia winter monsoon(EAWM) intensity.When a heavy sea-ice prevails in the key region,the EU teleconnection pattern at 500 hPa is excited easily(there are positive 500 hPa height anomalies over around Japan and West Europe),and winter Siberia high is weakened,meanwhile,sea level pressure(SLP) has positive anomalies over the Northern Pacific.Therefore,EAWM will be weakened,winter temperature over East Asia is above normal and the frequency of cold-air activity in February in China will be decreased.When the light sea-ice occurs in the key region,the results will be opposite.     

EFFECTS OF VARIATION OF WINTER SEA-ICE AREA IN KARA AND BARENTS SEAS ON EAST ASIA WINTER MONSOON

By analyzing the observation data and performing the numerical simulation tests,it is shownthat the Kara and the Barents Sea area is a key region to influence climate variation over theNorthern Hemisphere.The variation of winter sea-ice area in the key region is closely associatedwith that of the EU teleconnection pattern at 500 hPa and East Asia winter monsoon(EAWM)intensity.When a heavy sea-ice prevails in the key region,the EU teleconnection pattern at 500hPa is excited easily(there are positive 500 hPa height anomalies over around Japan and WestEurope),and winter Siberia high is weakened,meanwhile,sea level pressure(SLP)has positiveanomalies over the Northern Pacific.Therefore,EAWM will be weakened,winter temperatureover East Asia is above normal and the frequency of cold-air activity in February in China will bedecreased.When the light sea-ice occurs in the key region,the results will be opposite.     

夏季中高纬500 hPa高度和海表温度异常特征及其相关分析

用旋转主分量（ＲＰＣ）方法,对１９４９～１９８８年４０个夏季的中高纬５００ｈＰａ高度场以及北太平洋和北大西洋海表温度异常（ＳＳＴＡ）的主要时空分布特征作分析,然后通过交叉相关讨论夏季海气相互作用的特征。结果表明,夏季中高纬５００ｈＰａ高度场最明显的异常型为副热带型（ＳＴ）,极地北美型（ＰＡ）,４波型（ＦＷ）,以及３波型（ＴＷ）。夏季北太平洋ＳＳＴ的主要异常型为赤道东太平洋型（ＥＥＰ）,阿拉斯加湾型（ＢＡＬ）,热带中太平洋（ＣＴＰ）,以及北部北太平洋型（ＮＮＰ）。而夏季北大西洋ＳＳＴ的主要异常型为赤道大西洋型（ＥＡＬ）,加勒比海型（ＣＡＲ）,东部北大西洋型（ＥＮＡ）和中部北大西洋型（ＣＮＡ）。夏季中高纬海气之间的最强相关出现在海气异常对应的空间位置上。这种区域性或邻域性的海气相关呈正相关的特征。但海气之间的相关耦合不及冬季紧密,赤道ＳＳＴＡ与中高纬５００ｈＰａ高度异常的相关不显著。太平洋ＳＳＴＡ所对应的５００ｈＰａ高度场的相关中心多为局地性,而大西洋ＳＳＴＡ所对应的５００ｈＰａ高度场的相关中心呈现更有组织性的,甚至是波状的形态。     

华南盛夏气温异常成因及预测研究

利用1951～2007年中国大陆160站和台湾地区3个代表站盛夏(7～8月)温度资料、北半球500 hPa高度及北太平洋海温资料.通过合成分析、对比分析和相关分析等方法,研究了台湾地区及其与华南大陆地区盛夏气温的一致性;华南地区盛夏气温异常的年代际变化特征及其与北半球500 hPa高度场、北太平洋海温场的关系.结果表明...     

p—σ混合坐标原始方程模式对地气交换的敏感性试验

在五层及九层ｐ－σ混合坐标有限区域原始方程模式中,选择几种方案对影响地气系统之间动量、热量交换的拖曳系数进行了敏感性试验,并以一次寒潮为试验个例。试验结果表明：模式结果对拖曳系数的选取是敏感的;原模式对该系统在青藏高原地区的取值偏小,增大高牟地区的ＣＤ取值能取得更好的预报效果。     

冬季极涡的长期预报

利用北半球500 hPa高度场及北太平洋海温场资料,进行统计分析,重点讨论了对我国气温影响颇为显著的冬季Ⅰ区极涡面积指数的预报问题。结果表明：前期3月北大西洋西风环流及5月北美大槽强度对冬季Ⅰ区极涡强弱变化具有很好的指示性。Ⅰ区极涡异常强弱年份,北太平洋海温距平分布表现出截然相反的两种类型。北太平洋中南部地区海温经向差及北太平洋中西部地区海温纬向差对Ⅰ区极涡面积具有显著影响。     

我国华南3月份降水年代际变化的特征

利用1951～2005年华南3月份降水资料、太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)指数以及NCEP再分析资料,对华南3月份降水年代际变化特征、及其对应的大尺度环流以及与PDO的关系进行了分析。结果表明,华南3月份降水存在显著的年代际变化特征,并且Mann-Kendal突变检验表明华南3月份降水在1978年左右发生年代际突变,从之前的降水偏少转变为降水偏多。我国华南3月份降水与PDO有着显著的相关。进一步研究表明,在年代际降水偏少时期,PDO处于负位相(北太平洋海温偏高,中东太平洋海温偏低),北太平洋海平面气压场和高度场偏高,亚洲大陆海平面气压场和高度场偏低,赤道西太平洋到赤道东印度洋附近的海平面气压场偏低,赤道辐合带附近地区的高度场偏低,东亚对流层大气偏暖,西太平洋副热带高压偏东,东亚高空急流偏北,东亚Hadley环流偏弱。在年代际降水偏多时期,PDO处于正位相,情况则与降水偏少时期相反。