EXTRA-SEASONAL PREDICTIONS OF SUMMER RAINFALL IN CHINA AND ENSO IN 2001 BY CLIMATE MODELS*

China is a monsoon country.The most rainfalls in China concentrate on the summer seasons.More frequent floods or droughts occur in some parts of China.Therefore,the prediction of summer rainfall in China is a significant issue.As we know,the obvious impacts of the sea surface temperature anomalies(SSTA)on the summer rainfall over China have been noticed.The predictions of the SSTA have been involved in the research.The key project on short-term climate modeling prediction system has been finished in 2000.The system included an atmospheric general circulation model named AGCM95,a coupled atmospheric-oceanic general circulation model named AOGCM95,a regional climate model over China named RegCM95,a high-resolution Indian-Pacific OGCM named IPOGCM95,and a simplified atmosphere-ocean dynamic model system named SAOMS95.They became the operational prediction models of National Climate Center(NCC).Extra-seasonal predictions in 2001 have been conducted by several climate models,which were the AGCM95,AOGCM95,RegCM95,IPOGCM95,AIPOGCM95,OSU/NCC,SAOMS95,IAP APOGCM and CAMS/ZS.All of those models predicted the summer precipitation over China and/or the annual SSTA over the tropical Pacific Ocean in the Modeling Prediction Workshop held in March 2001.The assessments have shown that the most models predicted the distributions of main rain belt over Huanan and parts of Jiangnan and droughts over Huabei-Hetao and Huaihe River Valley reasonably.The most models predicted successfully that a weaker cold phase of the SSTA over the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean would continue in 2001.The evaluations of extra-seasonal predictions have also indicated that the models had a certain capability of predicting the SSTA over the tropical Pacific Ocean and the summer rainfall over China.The assessment also showed that multi-model ensemble(super ensembles)predictions provided the better forecasts for both SSTA and summer rainfall in 2001,compared with the single model.It is a preliminary assessment for the extra-seasonal predictions by the climate models.The further investigations will be carried out.The model system should be developed and improved.     

SIMULATION OF HEAVY RAINFALL IN THE SUMMER OF 1998 OVER CHINA WITH REGIONAL CLIMATE MODEL

The heavy rainfall in the summer of 1998 over China has been simulated with the NCCRegional Climate Model(RegCM_NCC).It was successful for RegCM_NCC to reproduce thelocation and seasonal shift of the seasonal rain belt in the summer of 1998 over China.The rainyseason in the summer of 1998 over China can be divided into 7 episodes,including the pre-summerrainy season in South China.the Meiyu onset over the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin,shortappearance of North China rain season and the retreat of seasonal rain belt,the second Meiyuseason over the Yangtze River Valley,the rainy period over the Yellow and Huaihe River Valleyand the seasonal retreat of rain belt over North China.The shortcoming of the RegCM_NCC isover-estimation of precipitation amounts.The regions with large latent heat flux,upper soilmoisture and total runoff are located in the rainy area and move with the simulated rain belt duringthe different episodes.On the contrary,the regions with small sensible heat flux are located in thesimulated rainy area and move with the simulated rain belt during the different episodes.     

区域气候模式对我国中、东部夏季气候的数值模拟

利用高分辨率的区域气候模式RegCM3(ICTP,2004年)对1994、1997、1998年我国夏季(6～8月)气候进行了数值模拟试验,并对比分析了不同积云对流方案对降水场模拟结果的影响。结果表明:该模式能够较真实地描述出我国夏季温度场的主要高、低温中心及月际变化,但模拟的气温场偏低;选择不同的积云对流方案对降水的模拟结果影响很大,采用Grell积云对流方案模拟出的我国夏季降水场最接近观测场,较好地模拟出我国东部地区夏季主要雨带的大致位置及变化,但雨带的位置偏南、中心降水量值偏大;500 hPa位势高度场的模拟结果和实际观测场较为一致,但西风带的位置偏南,相应地副热带高压588位势什米线位置较观测场向东南偏移。     

区域气候模式对中国夏季降水的10年回报试验及其评估分析

该文使用国家气候中心全球海气耦合模式嵌套区域气候模式(RegCM_NCC)对1991～2000年中国夏季降水进行了数值回报试验.从模式回报的降水10年平均状况来看,模式基本上能够反映这10年夏季的平均状况.用国家气候中心预报评分P、技巧评分SS、距平相关系数(ACC)和异常气候评分TS 4种评估参数对模式的回报试验进行了总体评估分析,结果表明该模式对我国汛期降水具有一定的跨季度预报能力,对部分地区(西部,东北,长江下游等)有较强的预报能力.从相关系数来看,预报准确率较高(即相关系数较高)的地区是中国东北地区的北部(内蒙古的北部和黑龙江的西北部),内蒙古-河套-长江中游地区,新疆的西北部,西藏的东部和四川的西部,江南部分地区,广西部分地区.这些地区的中心一般均超过0.90的信度检验.160个站中相关系数高于0.20的有54个,约占33.73%.     

INTERDECADAL VARIATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENSO AND SUMMER INTERANNUAL CLIMATE VARIABILITY IN CHINA

Interdecadal variation of the relationships between ENSO and the summer interannual climate variability in China is investigated by using techniques of sliding correlation analysis with the tropical Pacific SSTA and the observed surface air temperature and precipitation from stations in China. The results indicate that there are stable and robust relations that the Northern China is relatively dry during the developing phase of ENSO while the Yangtze River valley is relatively wet during the decaying phase of ENSO. On the other hand, interdecadal variations of the relations are also found in other regions. Over the time both prior to the Pacific decadal climate shift (before the late 1970s) and after it (after the late 1970s), during the developing phases of ENSO the summer precipitation anomaly in South China changed from below to above normal, whereas that in Northeast China changed from above to below normal; the summer surface air temperature anomaly in North and Northeast China changed from cooling to warming, whereas that in South China changed to cooling; during the decaying phases of ENSO the North China changed from wetter to dryer while the Huai River valley changed from dryer to normal; North China, Yangtze River valley and South China tend to be warmer. Based on the composite analysis of the NCAR/NCEP reanalyze datasets, significant differences existing in ENSO-related atmospheric circulation anomaly in East Asia during pre- and post-shift periods may be responsible for the interdecadal variation of relationships between ENSO and surface air temperature and precipitation in China.     

IMPACT OF ENSO ON VARIABILITY OF SUMMER MONSOON OVER ASIA AND SUMMER RAINFALL IN CHINA

In this paper, the variability of the Asian summer monsoon circulation during the ENSO period is diagnostically analyzed. Evidence suggests that every member of the Asian summer monsoon system change in varying degrees, even, oppositely, during El Nino and La Nina events. Then, the basis of the summer rainfall in east China analyzed using EOF, both region and extent of impact of the eastern tropical Pacific SSTA on the summer rainfall in East China are analyzed. This impact is closely related with development phase of the ENSO cycle, being most notable in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze and south of China.     

SIMULATION OF HEAVY RAINFALL IN THE SUMMER OF 1998 OVER CHINA WITH REGIONAL CLIMATE MODEL*

The heavy rainfall in the summer of 1998 over China has been simulated with the NCC Regional Climate Model(RegCM_NCC).It was successful for RegCM_NCC to reproduce the location and seasonal shift of the seasonal rain belt in the summer of 1998 over China.The rainy season in the summer of 1998 over China can be divided into 7 episodes,including the pre-summer rainy season in South China.the Meiyu onset over the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin,short appearance of North China rain season and the retreat of seasonal rain belt,the second Meiyu season over the Yangtze River Valley,the rainy period over the Yellow and Huaihe River Valley and the seasonal retreat of rain belt over North China.The shortcoming of the RegCM_NCC is over-estimation of precipitation amounts.The regions with large latent heat flux,upper soil moisture and total runoff are located in the rainy area and move with the simulated rain belt during the different episodes.On the contrary,the regions with small sensible heat flux are located in the simulated rainy area and move with the simulated rain belt during the different episodes.     

ENSO与中国夏季降水的联系:冬季QBO的调制作用

使用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、中国气象局台站降水资料和GPCC降水资料,系统研究了在冬季平流层准两年振荡(Quasi-Biennial Oscillation, QBO)调制下,厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation, ENSO)不同阶段与中国夏季降水的可能联系。根据两者的位相和强度,可将它们的配置分为QBO西风/El Ni?o、QBO西风/La Ni?a、QBO东风/El Ni?o、QBO东风/La Ni?a。研究结果表明,在年际时间尺度上,ENSO和QBO无显著相关关系。冬季QBO西风位相时,El Ni?o发展年夏季,我国整体偏旱,而华南偏涝;衰减年夏季,华南、华东北部偏旱,东北、长江流域偏涝。La Ni?a发展年夏季,我国东部降水异常呈负-正-负的三极分布;衰减年夏季,东南沿海偏涝。冬季QBO东风位相时,El Ni?o发展年夏季,长江以北偏旱;衰减年夏季,我国东部降水异常呈负-正-负的三极分布。La Ni?a发展年夏季,江淮和华南南部偏旱;衰减年夏季,我国东部沿海偏涝。ENSO是影响我国夏季降水异常的重要因子,而QBO的调制作用在ENSO衰减年夏季更为显著。相比冬季QBO东(西)风位相,QBO西(东)风位相时El Ni?o (La Ni?a)期间赤道西太平洋负(正)海温异常更强,衰减年夏季位于西太平洋的异常下沉(上升)运动和印度洋的异常上升(下沉)运动更强更深厚,西太平洋副热带高压范围更大(小),南亚高压更偏东(西)。      

EFFECTS OF ENSO ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IOD AND SUMMER RAINFALL IN CHINA

Based on the data of 1950 – 1999 monthly global SST from Hadley Center, NCAR/NCEPreanalysis data and rainfall over 160 weather stations in China, investigation is conducted into thedifference of summer rainfall in China (hereafter referred to as the “CS rainfall”) between the years withthe Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) occurring independently and those with IOD occurring along with ENSO soas to study the effects of El Ni?o - Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the relationship between IOD and theCS rainfall. It is shown that CS rainfall will be more than normal in South China (centered in Hunanprovince) in the years of positive IOD occurring independently; the CS rainfall will be less (more) thannormal in North China (Southeast China) in the years of positive IOD occurring together with ENSO. Theeffect of ENSO is offsetting (enhancing) the relationship between IOD and summer rainfall in SouthwestChina, the region joining the Yangtze River basin with the Huaihe River basin (hereafter referred to as the“Yangtze-Huaihe basin”) and North China (Southeast China). The circulation field is also examined forpreliminary causes of such an influence.     

高分辨嵌套区域气候模式对我国中、东部地区夏季气候的数值模拟

利用引进的ＮＣＡＲ＿ＲｅｇＣＭ２模式在较高分辨率情况下,对我国东部地区夏季气候状况进行了数值模拟。结果表明,模式能够较真实地再现我国东部 地区夏季气候的基本状况。模拟的海平面气压场、５００ｈＰａ高度场、地表温度场以及对流层高、低层风场等的分布形式,都与实测场比较一致。并且较好地模拟出了７月中旬副热带的北跳。模式模拟的夏季降水场分布形式也与观测结果一致。高、低值中心等对应较好,不足之处是模拟中心值测     

我国东部夏季气侯基本态特征研究

利用１８８１年￣１９９８年２９个观测站的夏季降水、气温资料,研究了我国东部夏季降水、气温大于３０年的慢变平均值（气候基本态）的变化特征。用经验正交分解方法研究了夏季降水与气温的气候基本态的特征模态及时间演变规律。结果表明,我国东部夏季降水、气温的气候基本态与我国夏季天气及夏季大气活动中心的气候基本态关系密切。     

区域气候模式对华北夏季降水的气候模拟

使用美国ＮＣＡＲ区域气候模式ＲｅｇＣＭ２对１９９１和１９９４年我国华北夏季降水进行了气候模拟研究,以检验ＮＣＡＲ区域气候模式对华北夏季降水的气候预测能力。模拟结果表明,该模式能较好地模拟华北夏季降水的主要分布特征,对华北少水年（１９９１年）和我水年（１９９４年）夏季降水的模拟都比较成功。模式还能罗好地模拟夏季季风的发展过程,地环流场的模拟也与分析场比较一致,因而该模式可以用于研究物预测华北夏季降水     

我国东部夏季气侯基本态特征研究

利用１８８１年～１９９８年２９个观测站的夏季降水、气温资料,研究了我国东部夏季降水、气温大于３０年的慢变平均值（气候基本态）的变化特征。用经验正交分解方法研究了夏季降水与气温的气候基本态的特征模态及时间演变规律。结果表明,我国东部夏季降水、气温的气候基本态与我国夏季天气及夏季大气活动中心的气候基本态关系密切。     

ENSO与中国夏季年际气候异常关系的年代际变化

利用热带太平洋海表温度和中国降水和气温站点观测资料,通过滑动相关分析,揭示了ENSO与中国夏季年际气候异常关系的年代际变化事实。结果表明:ENSO与中国夏季年际气候异常的关系既有稳定的方面,又存在年代际变化特征。稳定的关系表现在:处于发展阶段的ENSO事件往往造成华北夏季降水偏少;处于衰减阶段的ENSO事件则易引起长江流域及江南地区夏季降水偏多。而二者关系的年代际变化表现在:1970年代中后期,处于发展阶段的ENSO事件引起的夏季降水异常在华南地区由偏少变为偏多,东北地区则由偏多变为偏少,而江淮地区偏多的现象不再明显,华北和东北夏季气温异常也由偏冷转变为偏暖,而华南则有偏冷趋势;处于衰减阶段的ENSO事件引起的夏季降水异常在华北地区由偏多变为偏少,江淮地区降水由偏少变为正常甚至偏多,华北夏季气温异常则由偏冷变为偏暖,长江流域和华南也有偏暖趋势。利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料合成分析表明,在不同的年代际背景下ENSO引起的东亚中高纬度大气环流异常型发生了明显改变是ENSO和降水气温关系发生年代际变化的原因。     

ENSO对亚洲夏季风异常和我国夏季降水的影响

首先对ＥＮＳＯ过程中亚洲夏季风环流的变化进行了诊断分析，结果表明在Ｅｌ Ｎｉｎｏ事件和ＬａＮｉｎａ事件中亚洲夏季风系统各成员均发生不同程度的变化，甚至出现相反的变异特征。其中，对我国东部地区夏季降水进行了ＥＯＦ分析，并在此基础上分析了赤道太平洋ＳＳ－ＴＡ对我国东部地区夏季降水影响的区域和程度，该影响与ＥＮＳＯ循环的发展阶段密切相关，且在长江中下游地区和华南地区最为显著。     

CLIMATE CHANGE AND NATURAL VEGETATION IN CHINA

The climate change scenarios due to the human activity for East Asia and China by 2050 have been estimated bymeans of a simple global social-economic-climate-impact model combined with seven GCMs.The climate change sce-narios present that the annual mean temperature might increase obviously,by about 1.4℃,and the annual total precipi-tation might increase by about 4% in whole China in comparison with the present climate.The change of the precipita-tion might be much smaller than that of the temperature.The potential impacts of human activity-induced climate change on natural vegetation in China were estimated us-ing the vegetation-climate model developed specially for Chinese vegetation types and different climate change scenariosderived from seven GCMs for 2050.All scenarios suggest a great change in natural vegetation although details of pre-dicted types vary among the scenarios.There will be a northward shift of the vegetation types,with increase in the arealextent of tropical rainforests and decrease of the cold temperate coniferous forest and tundra.Consequently,consideringthese changes and shifts,especially in combination with the likely negative balance of precipitation andevapotranspiration,the moisture stress,i.e.,less water availability arises,the possible influences of climate change onChinese agriculture is also assessed roughly in this paper.     

SIMULATION OF SUMMER CLIMATE IN CHINA DURING 1997 AND 1998 USING A REGIONAL AIR-SEA COUPLED MODEL

Using the regional air-sea coupled climate model RegCM3-POM,a series of numerical experiments are performed to simulate the summer climate in 1997 and 1998 with different coupling time steps.The results show that the coupled model has good performance on the simulation of the summer sea surface temperature(SST) in 1997 and 1998,and the simulation results of CPL1(with the coupling time step at 1 hour) are similar to those of CPL6(with the coupling time step at 6 hours).The coupled model can well simulate SST differences between 1997 and 1998.As for the simulation of the drought in 1997 and the flood in 1998,the results of CPL6 are more accurate.The coupled model can well simulate the drought in 1997 over North China,and compared with the results of the atmosphere model RegCM3,the simulation ability of the coupled model is improved.The coupling model has better ability in the simulation of the circulation in the middle and low levels,and the water vapor transportation in the coupling model is reasonable in both 1997 and 1998.RegCM3(an uncoupled model) cannot correctly simulate the transportation path differences between 1997 and 1998,but the coupled model can simulate the differences well.     

NCC_CGCM模式的我国夏季降水集合预报方法效果评估及改进

通过对国家气候中心全球海气耦合模式(NCC_CGCM)1983～2006年48个不同初值样本的我国夏季降水预报(回报)、等权重集合预报及二次非线性订正预报的评估效果比较,其中订正预报的平均效果比等权重集合预报的平均效果好,但总体平均预报效果都不高.在评估中发现,48个样本在不同地区的预报效果的差异显著,正相关显著区域出现的位置各不相同,有的样本出现在江南,有的出现在东北,还有的出现在黄淮等地,因此提出了用历史回报的相关系数构建新的集合预报.试验表明,新集合预报的平均效果优于等权重集合预报、二次非线性订正预报和业务系统中现有的集成方法.     

EXPERIMENTS OF SHORT-TERM CLIMATE PREDICTION BY THE OSU/NCC GCM FOR SUMMER SEASON IN CHINA

By using of an ensemble method,the tests of rainfall for the predictions of the seasonal,interseasonal and annual scales in China during 1982—1995 have been made by the atmosphericGCM/mixed layer ocean and ice model(OSU/NCC).Contrasts between forecasts by the OSU/NCC and the observations show that the model has a certain ability in the prediction ofprecipitation for summer over China in all of the three different time scales.And it indicates thatthe interseasonal prediction is the best among the forecasts of three scales.It is also indicated thatthe prediction is especially acceptable in certain areas.     

ENSO对IOD与中国夏季降水关系的影响

利用1950～1999年Hadley中心海温资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和中国160站降水资料,通过讨论印度洋偶极子(IOD)独立发生时及IOD与ENSO联合发生时中国夏季降水的差异,研究了ENSO对IOD与中国夏季降水关系的影响.IOD独立发生时,其正位相年以湖南为中心的华南地区夏季降水偏多;IOD与ENSO联合发生时,正位相年河套、华北地区夏季降水偏少,东南沿海地区降水偏多.ENSO对IOD与中国夏季降水关系的影响主要表现为:在华南西部、江淮流域、河套及华北地区起抵消作用,而在东南沿海地区起协同作用.还从环流场角度分析了ENSO对IOD与中国夏季降水关系影响的初步成因.