DYNAMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STREAM FIELD OF COLD FRONT IN BOUNDARY LAYER*

The motion equation of atmospheric boundary layer with cold front surface under geostrophic momentum approximation is solved and some characteristics of the stream field for the cold front surface in the boundary layer are derived,for example,the slope of the cold front surface increases with the increases of geostrophic vorticity and the temporal tendency of geostrophic wind speed,and also increases with the decrease of the component of thermal wind speed along the motion direction of the front:the stream field above and below the cold front surface in the boundary layer depends on the slope of the front surface,geostrophic wind speed and its temporal and spatial distributions.A common characteristic is that there exist updraft motion above the cold front surface and downdraft motion below it.     

边界层内冷锋流场的动力学特征

文中求解了锋面存在时地转动量近似下的大气边界层运动方程 ,得到了边界层内冷锋流场的一些特征 ,如冷锋坡度随地转涡度增加而增加 ,随地转风速时间倾向的增加而增加 ,随沿锋面传播方向的热成风分量的减少而增加。而边界层内冷锋面上下的流场与锋面坡度、地转风及其时空变化特征有关 ,共同特点是在冷锋面高度以下有下滑运动 ,而其上有一层上滑运动区。     

地形上空边界层流中低层锋面结构的理论研究 I：冷锋、均匀地转流

文中利用一个包含地形、边界层摩擦作用的二层锋面简化模型 ,讨论了地形、边界层对冷锋锋面结构、环流的动力学影响作用问题。冷锋的倾斜主要与冷锋暖区的地转流分布、锋面移动速度、锋面与地形的相对位置有关。当冷锋位于迎风坡时 ,其坡度减小 ,位于背风坡时 ,其坡度增大。在静止冷锋存在两类不同的环流系 ,即位于大气低层、地面锋附近的反时针环流系和远离地面锋的顺时针环流系。静止冷锋位于背风坡 ,其冷域中的这支闭合环流增强 ,范围增大 ,而位于冷锋界面上的环流转向点沿锋面上移 ,暖域中沿锋面的暖空气运动范围变大。当静止冷锋位于迎风坡时 ,结果相反。冷锋移动较慢时 ,其冷域远离地面锋的这支顺时针环流主体可被地形完全阻塞在迎风坡。当静止冷锋移离地形时 ,由于地形作用可在锋面暖域、地形下游形成一个背风槽。地形对锋区的垂直运动影响主要通过地形与边界层共同作用 ,改变锋区流场辐合辐散的分布及地形强迫抬升两条途径实现。由于边界层摩擦的辐合作用 ,在地面冷锋的前缘可形成一支范围较窄、强度较大的上升运动带 ,当冷锋位于迎风坡时 ,其强度增强 ,当冷锋位于背风坡时 ,其强度减弱。当冷锋位于背风坡时 ,在暖区沿锋面上升的暖空气运动范围增大 ,可以出现沿锋面相间隔的多个上升区     

地形上空边界层流中低层锋面结构的理论研究Ⅰ:冷锋、均匀地转流

文中利用一个包含地形、边界层摩擦作用的二层锋面简化模型,讨论了地形、边界层对冷锋锋面结构、环流的动力学影响作用问题.冷锋的倾斜主要与冷锋暖区的地转流分布、锋面移动速度、锋面与地形的相对位置有关.当冷锋位于迎风坡时,其坡度减小,位于背风坡时,其坡度增大.在静止冷锋存在两类不同的环流系,即位于大气低层、地面锋附近的反时针环流系和远离地面锋的顺时针环流系.静止冷锋位于背风坡,其冷域中的这支闭合环流增强,范围增大,而位于冷锋界面上的环流转向点沿锋面上移,暖域中沿锋面的暖空气运动范围变大.当静止冷锋位于迎风坡时,结果相反.冷锋移动较慢时,其冷域远离地面锋的这支顺时针环流主体可被地形完全阻塞在迎风坡.当静止冷锋移离地形时,由于地形作用可在锋面暖域、地形下游形成一个背风槽.地形对锋区的垂直运动影响主要通过地形与边界层共同作用,改变锋区流场辐合辐散的分布及地形强迫抬升两条途径实现.由于边界层摩擦的辐合作用,在地面冷锋的前缘可形成一支范围较窄、强度较大的上升运动带,当冷锋位于迎风坡时,其强度增强,当冷锋位于背风坡时,其强度减弱.当冷锋位于背风坡时,在暖区沿锋面上升的暖空气运动范围增大,可以出现沿锋面相间隔的多个上升区.     

地形上空边界层流中低层锋面结构的理论研究Ⅱ:暖锋、均匀地转流

利用一个有地形、边界层摩擦作用、简化的二层浅水锋面模型,在理论上研究了地形上空边界层流动中地面暖锋的结构及环流分布特征问题。暖锋的坡度主要取决于其暖域地转流、锋面移速,它随锋面移速增大而减小,这与冷锋特征相反。地形对暖锋坡度的影响作用较小。与无地形作用时相比,静止性暖锋冷域中,位于锋面界面附近的闭合正环流系,当暖锋位于地形上游,其伸展范围增大;当暖锋位于迎风坡时,其伸展范围缩小,中心位置上抬;锋面移至背风坡时,其伸展范围重新增大。对于冷域中远离地面暖锋的另一支正环流系来说,当暖锋位于地形上游或迎风坡时,它可被地形完全阻塞于背风侧,地形高度越高,地形阻塞作用越大。在暖锋锋区附近主要存在三支垂直上升运动带：（a）由于边界层摩擦辐合作用,导致在地面暖锋后缘暖区中形成一支水平尺度较小、强度较大的垂直运动带,它随着暖锋移速增大而减弱。该垂直运动带,当暖锋位于地形迎风侧,强度增加;暖锋位于地形背风侧,其强度减弱。（b）在锋区暖域沿锋面存在均匀的上升运动,（c）在冷域远离地面暖锋处,存在一支水平范围较宽,其中心位于边界层顶部附近的垂直运动带,当暖锋位于迎风坡时,这支垂直运动带可被地形阻塞于地形背风侧。     

锋面滑升运动的物理机制

锋面滑升运动是形成锋面降水的重要原因,弄清锋面滑升运动的物理机制对锋面降水的预报是必要的。依据大气动力学原理,对锋面滑升运动的物理成因进行了研究。已知暖空气沿锋面的滑动与暖空气垂直于锋面的风速(u_w)和锋面移动速度(c)之差有关。当暖空气垂直于锋面的风速小于锋面的移动速度(u_wc)时,暖空气向上滑动;当暖空气垂直于锋面的风速大于锋面的移动速度(u_wc)时,暖空气向下滑动。因为锋面的移动速度小于锋后冷空气垂直于锋面的风速(cu_c),所以,暖空气沿锋面的滑动与锋区中垂直于锋面方向的风速的分布有关,当锋区中有(?)u/(?)u0时,暖空气必定向下滑动;暖空气若向上滑动,锋区中必为(?)u/(?)x0。本文依据大气动力学原理给出了锋面坡度公式,通过演绎该式,得到了分析锋区中(?)u/(?)x的公式,结果表明:(1)当锋面坡度增大时,大气沿锋面向上滑动,反之向下滑动。(2)锋面强度加强时,大气沿锋面向上滑动,反之向下滑动。(3)暖平流时上滑,冷平流时下滑。(4)当锋面上出现气旋式涡度增大时,大气沿锋面向上滑动,反之向下滑动。(5)当垂直于锋面方向的地转风沿锋面由下向上增大时,大气沿锋面向上滑动,反之向下滑动。     

Effects of local accelerations and baroclinity on the mean structure of the atmospheric boundary layer over the sea

Substitution of the geostrophic wind by the actual upper wind in the equations of motion for the boundary layer implies less sensitivity of the mean wind to inertial effects. This is confirmed by observations, although the problem of computing time or spatial derivatives from scattered data reduces the accuracy and the clarity of the results. It is found that acceleration (deceleration) increases (decreases) the cross-isobar angle whereas the geostrophic drag coefficient is a minimum (maximum) for crosswind acceleration (deceleration). On the other hand, cold air advection increases the cross-isobar angle whereas the geostrophic drag coefficient is a maximum when the thermal wind is parallel to the surface wind. The universal functions A _m and B _m based on vertically averaged winds are also rather insensitive to inertial influences.     

大气边界层的初值形成

采用850毫巴和地面的大尺度天气状况和物理特性作为外参数,将大气边界层下层的地表层进行特殊处理,考虑了层结的作用,其上分成等距15层,考虑地转民随高度线性变化。上下层耦合,建立一个定常平衡初值模型,并将所得的初值作为第一级近似,再利用地面、300、600、900、1500米五个高度测风资料进行动力调整,试图建立一个更加接近实际状态的边界层初值。 文中利用所建立的模型,对大气边界层的一些物理参数的作用进行了分析,并对动力调整过程以及垂直分层的选取等作了讨论。 最后例举华北地区1966年8月23日08时边界层的各层次风场和垂直运动,清楚地显示出边界层内的细致结构。     

斜压性与非线性Ekman抽吸的动力特征

本文利用Ekman动量近似研究了斜压性对Ekman层动力学的影响,得到了一些新的结果。大气斜压性对Ekman层的水平风速分布及近地面的风速矢的水平分量夹角有重要的改变作用。斜压边界层顶部的非线性Ekman抽吸(垂直运动)由三个不同的物理因子决定,第一、正压性的地面地转涡度,第二、斜压性作用产生的热成风涡度,第三、正压性的地面地转涡度与斜压性的热成风涡度的非线性相互作用。这些理论结果为边界层的参数化及数值模拟结果的解释提供物理基础。     

Some Characteristics of the Surface Boundary Layer of a Strong Cold Air Process over Southern China

In southern China,cold air is a common weather process during the winter season;it can cause strong wind,sharp temperature decreases,and even the snow or freezing rain events.However,the features of the atmospheric boundary layer during cold air passage are not clearly understood due to the lack of comprehensive observation data,especially regarding turbulence.In this study,four-layer gradient meteorological observation data and one-layer,10-Hz ultrasonic anemometer-thermometer monitoring data from the northern side of Poyang Lake were employed to study the main features of the surface boundary layer during a strong cold-air passage over southern China.The results show that,with the passage of a cold air front,the wind speed exhibits low-frequency variations and that the wind systematically descends.During the strong wind period,the wind speed increases with height in the surface layer.Regular gust packets are superimposed on the basic strong wind flow.Before the passage of cold air,the wind gusts exhibit a coherent structure.The wind and turbulent momentum fluxes are small,although the gusty wind momentum flux is slightly larger than the turbulent momentum flux.However,during the invasion of cold air,both the gusty wind and turbulent momentum fluxes increase rapidly with wind speed,and the turbulent momentum flux is larger than the gusty wind momentum flux during the strong wind period.After the cold air invasion,this structure almost disappears.     

一个诊断非平坦地形上边界层风的数值模式

根据半地转大气边界层模式，由大尺度数值模式并考虑了下垫面地形及粗糙度的水平非均匀性及大尺度气压场的时空变化，给出了一个诊断边界层风的数值模式。对低纬度运用塔层风模式进行诊断。诊断结果与实测资料比较，风向风速均达到了一定的精确度。     

Variability of surface wind directions over Finnmark, Norway, and coupling to the larger-scale atmospheric circulation

This study documents the temporal and spatial variability of surface wind conditions over the Norwegian county of Finnmark and the coupling of local surface winds to the larger-scale atmospheric circulation, represented by the mean sea level pressure field. At locations along the northern coast, thermally driven offshore winds from the south dominate, especially during the cold season. During the warm season, downward mixing of westerly overlying winds becomes more important as the stability of the boundary layer stratification decreases. In the western part, locations are situated in valleys, resulting in two opposing along-channel dominant wind directions. Seasonal changes in atmospheric conditions are reflected in a reversal of the dominant wind direction, with a component towards the coast during the cold season. At all locations, a clear separation between different prevailing surface wind directions in each season can be achieved based exclusively on local mean sea level geostrophic wind direction. This allows statistical downscaling of the prevailing surface wind conditions from lower-resolution simulations of the surface pressure field and may improve local wind forecasts over complex terrain.     

一次冷锋过境后的边界层结构

本文利用声雷达探测、80米铁塔观测的风、温资料和探生资料,结合天气图分析,讨论锋后强天气过程的边界层结构。结果表明,冷锋后大风的形成是与高层下沉冷空气有着密切的关系,并与边界层过程也有密切的联系。 资料分析表明,大风天气过程的形成可能是下沉运动引起的边界层动量和热量输送相互作用的结果。     

The numerical experiments on applicating geostrophic momentum approximation to the baroclinic and non-neutral PBL

In this paper, Wu and Blumen’s boundary layer geostrophic momentum approximation model (Wu and Blumen, 1982) is applied to baroclinic and non-neutral PBL, the motion equations for the PBL under the geostrophic momentum approximation are solved, in which the eddy transfer coefficient is a function of the distributions of the wind and temperature. The results are compared with those in barotropic and neutral conditions with the geostrophic momentum approximation. It is found that in the baroclinic condition, the wind distribution has both the characteristics of a steady, homogeneous and baroclinic PBL and those caused by the geostrophic momentum approximation. Those in non-neutral conditions show that they retain the intrinsic characteristics for the wind in non-neutral PBL, at the same time, the effects of the large-scale advection and local variation are also included. We can predict the wind in the non-neutral and baroclinic PBL by use of the geostrophic mo-mentum approximation when the temporal and spatial distributions of the geostrophic wind, as well as the po-tential temperatures and their variation rates at the upper and lower boundary of the PBL are given by large-scale model. Finally, the model is extended to the case over sea surface.     

边界层动力学中的Ekman动量近似

自由大气中,大气运动的基本状态是地转风,近年来发展的地转动量近似,是为了进一步研究非均匀地转流的动力学问题,然而,在边界层大气中,运动的基本状态是经典的Ekman流,所以对边界层运动来说,地转动量近似是不合适的,需作一推广。本文提出了一种所谓Ekman动量近似,它相似于自由大气中的地转动量近似,并讨论了Ekman动量近似的物理基础,对边界层的风场结构及边界屋顶部的垂直速度也作了详细分析。     

Helicity Dynamics of Atmospheric Flow

Helicity is an important physical variable which is similar to the energy and enstrophy in three-dimensional fluid. It can be used to describe the motion in the direction of fluid rotation and also can be regarded as a new physi-cal variable in turbulence theory. In recent years, it has been used in atmospheric dynamics. In this paper, helicity of atmospheric flow, especially helicity in the boundary layer and in the vicinity of front was discussed. These results show that helicity is usually positive in the boundary layer due to the effect of friction. The helicity of boundary layer flow is larger in anticyclone than that in cyclone, resulting from the different wind structures of boundary layers in an-ticyclone and cyclone under the geostrophic momentum approximation. It is possible that the helicity is negative at certain height in the baroclinic boundary layer. The influences of nonlinearity and baroclinity on the helicity are im-portant. The so called “Cloud Street” in the boundary layer is related to the dynamics of helicity. Helicity in the at-mosphere can be expressed as the temperature advection under some conditions, so helicity would be allowed to des-cribe the frontogenesis and development of frontal structure. The amplitude of helicity increases with time in the frontogenesis. A large gradient of helicity is generated in the region located to the northeast of the surface low and in which the front is formed. In warm frontal region, as well as behind the trough of temperature, the helicity is positive, while the helicity is negative in cold frontal sector and in the ahead ridge of temperature. The largest helicity occurs in the boundary.     

中尺度对流系统的动热力特征及其演变对风垂直切变的响应

为探究环境风切变在对流系统发生发展与维持过程中的重要性,利用2009年6月5日20时（北京时）上海宝山站的探空资料生成理想试验初始场,设计了包含改变整层、中层和低层风切变在内的多组试验,对比分析各试验系统的动热力结构特征及其演变发现:(1)整层环境风切变的改变对中尺度对流系统的影响最显著,其次是中层风切变。增大整层风切变时,对流系统强度及组织性最强,生命史增长。减小整层风切变时,系统强度最弱且组织结构易发散。(2)风切变增加,水平涡度增大,其受垂直运动影响转化为垂直涡度,涡旋对与垂直运动间相互作用形成的正反馈过程是系统强度增强并可以长时间维持线状结构的重要原因。(3)风切变减小,对流系统移动速度远小于阵风锋,阵风锋移至系统前方,阻断系统前沿上升气流必需的暖输送。阵风锋后冷而稳定的环境令系统逐渐消散。      

Mesoscale Wind Field Modifications over the Baltic Sea

For two consecutive days during spring 1997, the windfield over the Baltic Sea has been studied. Thestrength of the geostrophic wind speed is the majordifference in synoptic conditions between these twodays. During both days, the mesoscale wind field overmost of the Baltic Sea is quite heterogeneous; themodifications primarily being caused by the land-seacontrasts. On the day with the weaker wind speed,sea-breeze circulations develop. As a consequence, thewind direction at lower levels is more or lessopposite to the geostrophic over large areas of theBaltic Sea and the surface wind speed decreases withoffshore distance. Wind speed maxima caused by the seabreezes are found along the east coasts in the studiedarea. For the other day, the slow growth of a stableinternal boundary layer over the sea also gives asurface wind speed decrease with offshore distancefrom the coast.     

Forest and Airport Wind Speeds

Abstract

A simple equation is developed for determining the ratio of wind speed above a rough vegetative canopy, such as a forest, to the wind speed over a relatively smooth surface, such as an airport, when both sites are subject to the same geostrophic wind. The usual assumptions for simplifying flow in the planetary boundary layer are followed and appropriate canopy parameters are introduced.

Values for the ratio of forest to airport wind speeds range from 0.4 to 0.7, with a typical value of 0.5.     

一次回流型降雪过程的成因和相态判据分析

利用常规高空和地面观测资料、天津铁塔和雷达资料、全球资料同化系统(GDAS)分析资料、雷达变分同化分析系统资料、EC和NCEP再分析资料对2016年11月20—21日天津初雪天气进行成因分析,结果表明:本次过程是在高空槽和回流冷空气共同作用下产生的,主要水汽来源为对流层中低层槽前西南暖湿气流和回流东风,回流东风经渤海低空运行时吸收水汽由"干冷"变为"湿冷";动力条件主要来自回流冷垫的动力抬升作用,降水期间回流东风层厚度由1.5km增加至2km;锋面上的非地转次级环流可将回流东风水汽向上输送成为降水原料,同时可加强其上暖湿空气的垂直上升运动;高空云水粒子向云冰粒子的转换和边界层回流冷空气加强对本次雨雪相态转换是不可或缺的,回流冷空气北风分量风速和厚度陡增、800～950hPa出现均温层、云冰粒子陡增并向低空延伸、700～850hPa与850～1000hPa厚度的变化特征对雨雪相态的判别均有较好的指示作用。