基于生态系统的挪威海海洋环境综合管理计划

为推动我国国土空间规划新视角下的海洋空间规划实践,提升我国海洋综合管理水平,文章概述基于生态系统的挪威海海洋环境综合管理计划的主要内容,并重点分析挪威海的海洋环境空间管理措施。研究结果表明:挪威海海洋环境综合管理计划是基于生态系统的海洋空间规划,建立在良好的海洋环境状况和海洋生物多样性与其栖息地的保护基础之上,以可持续利用海洋资源来实现海洋产业的价值创造与生态系统服务供给;该管理计划制定一系列海洋环境保护措施和人类活动空间管理措施,以实现挪威海海洋环境的有效保护和海洋经济产业的有效管理;挪威海海洋空间规划的发展可为我国国土空间规划涉海内容的编制、海洋资源的可持续利用与海洋产业的快速健康发展提供重要参考。     

The Norwegian plan for integrated ecosystem-based management of the marine environment in the Norwegian Sea

A White Paper on a new integrated management plan for the Norwegian Sea was launched by the Norwegian government in May 2009. Following international guidelines for ecosystem-based management, the plan provides an overall framework for managing all human activities (mainly oil and gas industry, fishing, and shipping) in the area to ensure the continued production and function of the ecosystem. The plan is based on an assessment of the present and projected future impact of human activities and of the interactions between them, taking into account deficits in current knowledge of ecosystem state and dynamics. Areas of particular value in terms of biodiversity or biological production were identified. In each of these valuable areas, any access for substantial human activity is to be carefully managed. To monitor the overall development of the Norwegian Sea, a set of indicators with associated environmental quality objectives have been selected. The approach used builds upon experience gained from the first integrated Norwegian management plan for a marine area, the Barents Sea–Lofoten region, developed in 2002–2006. Work towards a Norwegian management plan for the North Sea, including Skagerrak, was initiated in 2009.     

海洋功能区划控制体系研究

合理利用海域、改善海洋环境质量和降低海洋开发利用活动负外部性,都需要通过加强海洋开发利用活动的控制来实现,而海洋功能区划是控制和管理开发利用活动的重要手段和工具。从文本控制、图则控制、指标控制、海域使用全过程控制四个方面构建了海洋功能区划控制体系,其中文本控制由目标、原则和文本条款组成;图则控制由图则边界、用海类型和管理要求组成;指标控制由规模控制、结构控制、利用方式控制、海域使用强度和效率控制、环境控制指标构成;海域使用全过程控制由建设期、运行期和结束后构成。通过构建海洋功能区划控制体系,有助于区划目标     

海洋生物多样性保护空间规划分区体系构建及其在泉州湾的应用

基于海岸带综合管理的理念,通过海域生态环境敏感性评价与海域生物多样性保护重要性评价,综合利用地理相关分析法、空间叠置法等定性和定量分区相结合的方法进行海洋生物多样性保护空间规划分区划界,提出了海洋生物多样性保护空间规划分区体系,将规划区域划分为生物多样性重点保护区、生物多样性养护区和生物多样性保护重点监督区.以福建泉州湾为案例,应用海洋生物多样性保护空间规划分区体系,得出泉州湾生物多样性保护极重要地区是泉州湾河口湿地省级自然保护区,泉州湾生物多样性保护比较重要地区是晋江河口、洛阳江河口、晋江南岸地区及清源山.泉州湾海洋生物多样性保护空间规划分区方案共划定26个分区,包括生物多样性重点保护区3个,生物多样性养护区14个,生物多样性保护重点监督区9个.泉州湾的应用结果表明,本研究提出的海洋生物多样性保护空间规划分区体系具有一定的可行性和可操作性,可为泉州湾生物多样性保护管理提供重要科学依据.     

沿海石化园区海洋环境风险区划评估

为加强沿海石化园区海洋环境风险区划的科学管理和决策,降低相关区域的海洋环境综合风险,文章根据海洋环境风险源和污染源排查,海洋敏感区、易受损区分布和环境现状调查以及园区风险管理和应急制度核查等的结果,基于PSR模型,从海洋环境风险指数、海洋环境敏感指数和海洋环境风险防控能力指数3个方面,构建沿海石化园区海洋环境风险区划评估框架;分别选取突发性环境风险和累积性环境风险、自然风险和社会风险以及政府和企业等各项相关指标,制订评估方案;通过确定评估指标权重,计算海洋环境综合风险值,并将风险等级划分为5级。以大连市沿海某石化园区为例进行评估,评估结果表明:该石化园区所在海域总体处于低风险等级,无极高风险和高风险区;在保持现有海洋环境风险防控能力的基础上,通过大力改善区域海洋生态环境,可进一步降低园区海洋环境综合风险。     

基于PSR模型的石化园区海洋环境影响后评估指标体系研究

我国将建成七大国家级石化产业园区,这些石化园区无一例外的位于沿海地区或海岛上,为此加强石化园区运营期海洋环境保护意义重大.环境影响后评估是运营期检验园区环境管理水平、查找园区环境问题的重要手段之一.目前,石化园区环境影响后评估主要以环境要素逐一分析法最为常见,而将石化园区作为一个整体从资源、环境、管理等角度综合评估的方法尚不多见.本研究在阐述我国海洋环境后评估和深入分析石化园区用海特点的基础上,结合PSR框架模型加以总结,提出了石化园区海洋环境影响后评估框架与指标体系,分为框架层、方案层和指标层,共25项考核指标,以期为今后沿海石化园区海洋环境管理研究提供思路.同时,本研究明确了各类评估指标赋值和权重等计算方案,并以大连某石化园区为案例进行了评估效果验证.     

Perceptions and attitudes regarding marine reserves: a comparison of stakeholder groups in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary

The Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS) developed a zoning plan as part of its overall management plan, fully implemented as of 1997. The plan created several closed areas or harvest refugia in which consumptive activities are prohibited. This research reports results of surveys that we conducted with members of three stakeholder groups in the Florida Keys: commercial fishers, dive operators, and members of local environmental groups. Surveys requested responses regarding the information sources individuals tapped when learning of the zoning plan and the FKNMS; their degree of public participation; their perceptions and acceptance of the zoning strategy and the process of its design; and the expected outcomes of the zoning strategy. Many responses show significant differences among the three groups. Fishers felt highly alienated from the process of zone designation and displayed a sense of anger and powerlessness with respect to what they considered to be an attempt to exclude their group from the harvest refugia. Dive operators demonstrated the highest levels of participation in the designation process, but were concerned that refugia regulations could limit their activities in the future. Members of environmental groups were the strongest supporters of the harvest refugia concept and the FKNMS. This research suggests numerous ways in which marine resource managers could improve their public outreach and information dissemination strategies when developing future harvest refugia and marine protected areas.     

我国海洋倾倒区使用现状与管理对策研究

海洋倾废是海洋空间资源环境效益的重要体现,对其进行科学有效的管理,是保护海洋环境及海洋资源的一项重要内容和主要任务。文章对我国海洋倾倒区分布及使用现状进行了分析,对目前海洋倾倒区使用与监管中存在的海洋空间资源利用不合理、倾倒区空间布局与已有区划冲突、部分省、市倾倒需求得不到满足、倾废记录仪利用效率不高、倾倒执法监察与监管效率低下等问题进行了研究,并在此基础上提出海洋倾倒管理应加强法制化管理;科学合理地规划、设置和使用海洋倾倒区;加强对海洋倾倒区审批后的监视监控;加快构建海洋倾废综合管理信息平台等对策建议。     

Toward the conservation and management of Sedlo Seamount: A case study

Seamount-associated communities and ecosystems have proven to be highly vulnerable to the impact of human activities. Globally, seamount and cold-water coral habitats and species, which often go along with each other, are considered a priority for developing conservation and sustainable management measures within and beyond national jurisdiction. Seamounts may be good candidates for site-based management such as by means of marine protected areas (MPAs), due to their singularity and isolation. In the north-east Atlantic, so far, there are only two seamounts managed as marine protected areas, both in the waters of the Azores, and several others as closed areas to fisheries by Northeast Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC).This paper describes, using the example of Sedlo Seamount, the development of a framework for the management of activities and interests of a potential offshore marine protected area. The work is based on the scientific results of the OASIS project and on input from various stakeholders, including fishery organizations, government and scientists. It reviews the current state of the site in terms of natural setting, existing uses and potential threats and proposes boundaries and regulations with the overall goal to manage human activities around Sedlo in a way that protects its ecosystem function and biodiversity, and its significance as a rather unexploited example of a seamount within a network of marine protected areas in the NE Atlantic. The resulting proposed management plan is a fundamental prerequisite to the establishment of the Sedlo Seamount as an offshore MPA, contributing to the OSPAR network of MPAs in the north-east Atlantic.     

环境规制能否促进海洋科技创新——基于我国沿海地区面板数据的门槛检验

为促进我国海洋环境保护和海洋科技创新的协调发展,本研究利用我国沿海地区的面板数据,检验环境规制与海洋科技创新的关系是否支持“波特假说”,进而采用门槛效应模型验证不同类型的环境规制对不同海洋科技创新变量的非线性影响,并提出发展建议。研究结果表明：“波特假说”在海洋领域更多适用于控制型环境规制与科技创新,其所强调的严苛环境保护政策对海洋科技创新的影响路径是增加海洋环境污染治理项目,进而强化海洋科技课题应用成果;未来应加强和规范海域使用金的征收和使用管理,不断优化海洋产业结构,以及科学选择环境规制工具和合理确定环境规制强度。     

海洋环境分类管理分级控制区划理论体系研究

本文以可持续发展理论、协调发展理论、生态学理论为理论基础,根据社会经济发展需要和不同海域在环境质量现状、环境承载力和主导海洋功能上的差异,提出海洋环境分类管理分级控制区划的基本原则、技术方法和区划方案．通过采用空间叠置法、相关分析法等定性和定量分区相结合的方法对各管理区进行划界,将规划海域划分为重点保护区、控制性保护利用区和污染控制区,并确定各分区的环境质量目标．其主要目的是按照社会发展的需要和各分区的海洋资源与环境特点,对海域内及周边区域的开发活动实施分类指导,促进沿海地区海洋经济的可持续发展．     

Developing a new grey dynamic modeling system for evaluation of biology and pollution indicators of the marine environment in coastal areas

Pollution of the marine environment leads to corresponding changes within the ecosystem. Thus, evaluation of the marine environment for management purposes, which is a procedure complicated by multi-hierarchy, multi-factors, and multi-uncertainty, should be considered from both ecological and environmental standpoints. Currently, the lack of consideration of the relationship between bio-indicators and water pollution in marine environmental evaluation hinders the efforts of conventional modeling approaches in this field. This paper presents an innovative dynamic modeling system that we call the grey dynamic modeling system (GDMS). This system synthesizes the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), grey target theory (GTT), and grey forecasting modeling approaches (GM(1,1)), and it takes both ecological and environmental factors into account during evaluation and forecasting of the marine environment in coastal areas. To effectively eliminate the subjective errors of the traditional AHP process, the GTT analysis is used to replace expert scoring, which defines the grey relational grades of the bio-indicator indices(BI) and the water pollution indices(WPI).The structure of the AHP then is applied to link the bio-indicators and pollution, which enables the system to generate the primary factors necessary for the evaluation of the marine environment from both ecological and pollution perspectives. The new modeling system was used to evaluate and forecast the marine eco-environment in the Tianjin section of Bohai Bay, China. This case study highlights the key features of the approach. The bio-indicator indices(BI) and water pollution indices(WPI) monitoring data from 2002 to 2007 of 8 monitoring sites are input to this dynamic modeling system and the results illustrate the following: Pollution of the study area is currently serious and tends to be worse in the future, and the worst areas are sites 2, 3, and 4 based on their key pollution indices biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP), and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN)) which have the main effects on marine eco-system. These results can be used as the basis for marine environmental manager to define the key pollution factors, key pollution sites and the pollution trends of the marine environment of the whole study area.     

海洋空间利用年度计划制度的提出与体系构建探讨

海洋空间利用年度计划是自然资源部“三定”职责之一,是应对海洋空间资源短缺、空间利用效率低、海洋资源环境损害等的有效措施。生态文明体制改革以来,国家进一步加强对自然资源的总量和规模控制,强化自然岸线保有率的约束作用,重视国土空间整治修复和围填海历史遗留问题处置。基于以上自然资源管理改革精神,研究提出了海洋空间利用年度计划的概念,结合海域使用分类对海洋空间利用年度计划的管控类型进行了判别和分析,并构建了海洋空间利用年度计划的指标体系。     

棘皮动物学研究现状与展望

棘皮动物为海洋中特有,从热带海域到寒带海域,从潮间带到数千米的深海都有分布,在海洋生态系统的结构和功能中发挥着重要作用。作为一类重要的经济动物,棘皮动物与人类有着密不可分的关系,发展棘皮动物学研究及其产业化十分紧迫。本文综述了棘皮动物学的发展和研究现状,提出了未来发展趋势及对策,包括棘皮动物生物学与生物多样性、遗传与行为生态学、种质资源保护与遗传改良、健康苗种规模化繁育、病害预防与环境控制、健康养殖设施与模式、产品安全与质量控制、产业发展规划与市场管理等。     

基于CiteSpace的养殖活动对海洋保护地生态环境影响分析

为促进我国海水养殖和海洋生态环境保护的协调可持续发展,文章选取国内外权威数据库的中英文文献数据,基于CiteSpace工具系统梳理和分析海洋保护地养殖活动研究进展,并结合实际情况进行讨论。研究结果表明：海洋保护地养殖活动研究文献的发文量较少,但呈现逐渐增加的趋势,近期英文文献的发文量超过中文文献;中英文文献的高频关键词...     

东亚海区的海岸带综合管理经验:从地方性示范到区域性合作

本文阐述了东亚海区海岸带综合管理实践如何从地方性的示范发展到区域性的合作管理框架，如何实现海洋和海岸带资源的可持续利用．文中着重突出了厦门市政府在维持环境保护和经济发展的平衡，启动和实施海岸带综合管理，以及与沿海国在国际合作方面的经验，总结了厦门实施海岸带综合管理的主要经验，包括多部门间综合协调机制、海岸带综合管理法律框架、科技支撑体系的建立，海洋功能区划、环境剖面和战略环境管理计划的制定，以及实现海上联合执法等等．同时阐述了东亚海域环境管理区域合作计划（PEMSEA）与澳大利亚合作伙伴之间的关系在推动沿海城市的国际合作中将起到的作用．     

我国海砂资源的开发与对策

对国内外海砂开采现状、需求、环境影响综合分析的基础上,认为今后海砂开发势必由近岸向浅海区发展,通过编制海砂开采规划,加强海砂管理,保护海洋环境,加强海砂勘探、开采、洗砂和环境影响评价等工作,为台湾浅滩海砂开采做好技术储备,以促进台湾浅滩海砂开采产业的发展。     

Marine capacity building in North and West Africa

The North and West African coastal and marine areas discussed in this paper consist of the countries from Morocco to Libya for North Africa, and from Morocco to South Africa (up to the Cape of Good Hope) in West Africa. These marine areas consist of a wide to narrow continental shelf, estuaries, lagoons, coastal plains, isolated mountains, mangroves and wetlands. These areas are centres of productive socio-economic activities with a high population density, vast fisheries, and mineral resources. Presently, these resources are exploited with little attention for the environmental consequences. Sustainable management of the marine environment and its resources requires effective management plans and a human capacity to formulate, implement and monitor these plans. However, most of the countries still lack funds, human and infrastructural capacity for the management of their marine territories and its resources. Though there are many universities, research institutes and private organisations with a modest infrastructure for both data and information handling and the management of the marine environment, the region still lags behind in human and infrastructural capacity. Existing capacity development programmes by United Nations agencies, governments, universities, nongovernmental agencies, have so far not been very effective. A vigorous marine capacity building effort is needed to ensure the sustainable management of the marine environment in this African region. Externally funded programmes with a focus ensuring technology cooperation are needed. Such programmes must be based on mutual co-operation and participation of scientists and administrators from the region at all levels of programme formulation, implementation and assessment.     

Organizing coordination in a public marine research and management advice organization: The case of the Norwegian Institute of Marine Research

Public organizations involved in marine management are increasingly confronted with coordination challenges in marine governance. This study examines why and how the Norwegian Institute of Marine Research (IMR) reorganized its formal coordination structures between the areas of fisheries management and marine environmental management. The findings indicate that organizing efficient and, at the same time, legitimate coordination structures between different areas of marine governance is a “wicked” organizational problem with no ultimate and single optimal solution. In contrast to the assumptions of classical organization and management theory, the study finds that the reorganization of formal coordination structures is not necessarily driven for reasons of efficiency and perceived coordination problems. Instead, public marine management organizations also change their organizational structures to live up to external expectations to adopt modern management concepts, such as the Ecosystem Approach to Management (EAM). However, the study indicates that the adoption of the EAM has stimulated coordination and integration efforts in the research and advisory activities of the IMR.