浮式海上接收终端方案研究

分析国内外海上LNG接收终端的发展趋势和需求状况,针对目前受广泛关注的FSRU形式,提出了适合国内应用的旧船改造浮式海上接收终端方案,包括储存、系泊、气化、发电、辅助设施等系统,以及工艺系统的模拟方案,并论述了海上浮式终端的各种改造、建造技术以及存在的问题,为国内进一步开展海上接收终端的设计和建设提供参考。     

An experimental study of the wave excitation in the gap between two closely spaced bodies,with implications for LNG offloading

The side-by-side offloading of liquid natural gas (LNG) at offshore terminals involves a fixed and a floating body in close proximity; the offshore terminal being the fixed body and the LNG tanker the floating body. The closeness of the two bodies leads to the formation of a long and relatively narrow gap, within which there is the potential for large amplifications of the water surface elevation. The present paper uses experimental results to characterise both the size and nature of the excitation within the gap. It also illustrates the effect of the vessel motion on this amplification by considering a 1:100 scaled model of an LNG tanker as well as its fixed approximation. It is found that the body's ability to move acts to increase the frequency at which resonant amplification within the gap occurs (the resonance frequency). The incident wave conditions considered include regular and irregular waves in both beam- and head-sea orientations; the latter leading to very different gap end conditions. The nature of the resonant amplification for the floating LNG tanker is shown to be similar for the two orientations, suggesting that the gap end conditions do not drive the resonant amplification. Consideration of the nonlinearity within the gap illustrates that resonant amplification occurs at the resonance frequency, irrespective of whether the fluid motion is first or second harmonic. The present paper provides data relevant to the safe offloading operations of an LNG tanker and demonstrates the importance of incorporating the vessel motion in numerical modelling procedures.     

The Behaviour of LNG Carrier Moored to a Jetty Exposed to Waves,Swell,Unsteady Wind and Current

—Most terminals for tankers are piers and sea islands,while other types include single pointmoorings and multiple-buoy moorings.The LNG and LPG carrier moored to the jetty is a very commonterminal for transfer of gas in open seas.It is important to estimate the motions and line tensions of theLNG carrier when it moors to a jetty in metocean environment.Normally,the motions of the LNG carrierwould be restricted by the loading arm,which is connected to LNG carrier＇s manifold.An example of125,000m~3 LNG carrier moored to a jetty exposed to a set of environment conditions is given.Amathematical model which is based on the equations of motion in the time domain is used to the analysisof LNG moored to an offshore jetty exposed to waves,swell,wind and current.By means of a time do-main computer program TERMSIM computations are carried out to determine and optimize the lay-outand/or orientation of the jetty and mooring gear in terms of forces in mooring lines and fenders and theenvelope of motions of the loadi     

Jurisdiction and offshore petroleum in Australia: creating symmetry between the Commonwealth and states by sharing benefits and avoiding costs

This article examines the federal legislative regime for governing offshore oil development in Australia. Adopting an evolutionary perspective, the article considers how the Australian petroleum regime has been able to avoid the ‘asymmetry of costs and benefits’ which have shut down the offshore oil leasing program on the US west coast. To this end, it is shown that the Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Act has overcome jurisdictional issues by creating a partnership between the federal and state governments, enabling both to share in the benefits of policy making. This joint decision-making structure is narrowly focused upon exploitation, though, and does not deal with environmental issues outside of its original scope. The absence of a complementary regime to fill this policy gap permits environmental costs to go unaccounted in petroleum development. This shortcoming notwithstanding, the Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Act provides a useful model by which federal/state jurisdictional limitations can be overcome. Ocean and coastal issues are currently receiving political attention in Australia, and it is timely for the cooperative governance model to be revisited and also extended to other marine policy sectors. Moreover, joint authority approaches could be considered by other federations struggling with offshore jurisdiction issues.     

The existing law and policy framework for ocean energy development in Ireland

This paper considers the existing law and policy framework for ocean energy development in Ireland. As a nation, Ireland proposes to have 75 MW of ocean energy connected by 2012 and a further 500 MW by 2020. This has been supported by various policy documents and Government initiatives in recent years. Despite the obvious Government support for offshore renewable energy, the existing legal framework presents a veritable barrier to development progress. This paper provides a succinct overview of the existing applicable legal regime focusing on licensing and planning aspects. Specifically it examines the realities of the Foreshore Acts, Electricity Regulation Act, Planning and Development Acts and associated Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations and their role in wave energy development. This sets the context for a review of the problems associated with the existing legal regime, including delay and uncertainty, before presenting possible measures which may help address them. The latter discussion is framed within the context of developing and forthcoming European and national initiatives such as the Integrated Maritime Policy, Maritime Spatial Planning, Integrated Coastal Zone Management and Strategic Environmental Assessment.     

海上风电场高桩承台群桩基础平台的设计研究

针对国内海上风电基础设计没有统一的规范及标准,为提升海上风电基础设计建设的水平,通过对东南沿海某海域海上风电基础的设计进行了有限元计算分析论证,验证了群桩高承台结构设计方案的设计方法和设计参数。分析结果表明该设计的最大应力主要发生在塔筒底座与承台接触部位及钢管桩与承台连接段,应在连接部位加强措施处理;基础竖直位移较小,水平位移相对较大;分界部位应力较集中,刚度不能顺畅过渡,可考虑填充碎石土等方法加强。本研究对海上风电基础设计技术的研究与探索,可为将来制定中国海上风电行业标准提供可靠的依据,对中国未来大批量的海上风电能源的开发有着重要意义。     

Attitudes of Scottish fishers towards marine renewable energy

Development of the offshore renewable energy sector will have implications for the fishing industry by limiting access and navigation, and potential impacts (both positive and negative) upon commercially fished species. Fishers' attitudes and behaviour have been found to influence the success of fishery management measures, compliance with regulations, and Marine Protected Areas; suggesting they may also affect offshore renewable energy developments. A postal survey was conducted to investigate fishers’ attitudes towards offshore energy extraction and any influential factors in terms of fishing experience and practice, association membership, location, and knowledge of offshore renewable energy installations. The most important factor influencing fishers’ opinions was whether they knew of a nearby offshore development, followed by location (whether they operate from the mainland or the islands); and despite concerns regarding the perceived impacts and mitigation the majority of fishers held either neutral or positive attitudes towards offshore renewable energy extraction.     

From Scotland to New Scotland: Constructing a sectoral marine plan for tidal energy for Nova Scotia

Competing usage of marine space has prompted several coastal nations to implement marine spatial planning (MSP). While progressive governments promote the deployment of renewable energy technologies (RETs) in order to meet renewable energy capacity and greenhouse gas emissions reductions targets, offshore RETs become another player operating within a finite and already stressed marine environment. This paper applies the sectoral MSP process employed by Scotland to the Nova Scotia context in order to draft a MSP for the province's tidal energy sector. Applicable legislation is reviewed in order to establish the regulatory authorities with powers to plan for both the marine development and ecosystem protection agendas. The scoping process identifies suitable resource areas based on the operational parameters of commercially viable tidal current turbines (TCTs), while the sustainability appraisal identifies areas of cultural, industry, ecological, and socioeconomic constraint and exclusion. Plan option areas emanating from the applied methodology demonstrated a 238.345 km² (98.1%) increase in suitable TCT deployment area than the marine renewable energy areas identified in Nova Scotia's Marine Renewable Energy Act which did not undertake such a methodology.     

英国海上风电行业发展前景展望 ——基于差价合约制度的分析

英国海上风电产业起步较晚,但发展迅猛,成为全球海上风电产业的领头羊。英国海上风电产业扶持政策依次经历过非化石燃料义务制度、可再生能源义务制度、差价合约制度等阶段。差价合约制度作为可再生能源义务制度的后继制度,在制度上有较多的创新之处,有效地推动了英国海上风电产业的发展。文章基于差价合约制度与可再生能源义务制度的分析和比较,结合英国海上风电2030年规划目标,深入分析发现差价合约制度对英国海上风电产业发展具有较大的推动力。研究表明,差价合约制度改进了可再生能源义务制度的不足之处,能够充分利用市场机制提高海上风电企业的投资热情,降低消费者的电力消费成本,并可减轻政府的财政压力,从而推动英国海上风电产业的快速发展,这对我国具有一定借鉴意义。     

深冷环境下海水冷冻淡化性能试验研究

提出利用液态天然气(LNG)冷能实现海水冷冻淡化,针对LNG的储运工艺,开展海水在超低温环境下的过冷度、结晶、脱盐等机理研究。试验测试了海水在电导率为20～40 mS/cm、冷冻温度为-30～-80℃冷冻条件下,制冰率、制冰速率、脱盐率等性能指标,并分析了影响各性能指标的因素,得出了超低温工况下系统最优过程参数。该研究结果为基于LNG冷能实现海水冷冻淡化的工程设计提供了必要的技术基础和设计依据。     

星载SAR近岸海上风能遥感研究进展

星载SAR已成为近岸海上风能资源研究的新技术手段之一。本文回顾了SAR近岸海上风能遥感研究进展,特别是国内外星载SAR近岸海上风能遥感探测技术研究、遥感应用研究以及SAR风机尾流遥感探测研究的发展。同时针对星载SAR近岸海上风能遥感研究目前存在的问题和今后有待研究的方向进行了探讨。     

山东省周边海域波浪能资源评估

采用第三代海浪模式SWAN对2001-2010年期间山东省周边海域的波浪状况进行了数值模拟。波浪能数值模拟值与台站观测值的比对结果表明模拟值可靠、实用。分析发现山东省周边海域平均波能流密度以2 000W/m以下为主,低于中国南部海域及欧美沿岸波能流密度。选取12个典型代表点,从波能流密度大小、变化特征、稳定性等角度分析了不同代表点的波浪能情况,发现山东周边波能流密度受气候变化影响近10年来呈上升趋势。综合不同区域波浪能大小及需求情况,建议选取山东半岛东部海域、蓬莱外围岛屿近渤海中部海域和渤海中部海域作为波浪能开发利用的首选区域。其中成山头东部海域波能流密度在冬季高达5 000 W/m,在该季节大部分区域可归为一类资源丰富区。基于此,建议开发利用中小规模的波浪能供电设备或供电设施。     

海上风电对海洋生态环境与海洋生物资源的综合影响研究进展

海上风电具有就近消纳方便、发电效率高和不消耗化石能源等特点,在低碳经济发展背景下,加快海上风电开发已成为全球各国促进能源结构转型与可持续发展的普遍共识。但海上风电在建设及运营过程中所产生的噪音和磁场对海洋环境和生物的影响尚不明确。本文系统梳理了全球海上风电发展现状,分析了海上风电开发对海洋生态环境与生物资源的综合影响,从生理、行为和分子三个层面重点分析了海上风电所产生的噪音和磁场对海洋生物的潜在影响,以期为科学利用海上风电提供参考。     

海上风电工程对海洋生物影响的研究进展

随着世界各国对能源安全、生态环境、气候变化等问题日益重视,加快发展风电已成为国际社会推动能源转型发展、应对全球气候变化的普遍共识和一致行动。过去十余年,我国海上风电产业受益于国家政策的大力推动而蓬勃发展,大有乘势崛起,赶超其他清洁能源的势头。相比陆上风电场,海上风电场对环境的影响较小,但其开发实施以及运行对海洋生态环境和资源开发的累积影响还尚不明确。本文系统全面地梳理了海上风电工程对鸟类、鱼类、海洋哺乳动物、底栖生物、浮游生物及海洋生物多样性等影响的研究进展,总结了海上风电环境影响研究的现状。结合我国实际,提出了将科学研究与海上风电工程环境影响评价紧密结合,开展海上风电项目对区域生态环境影响的研究等有关建议。     

On the energy dissipation of jacket type offshore platforms with different pile–leg interactions

In recent years, considerable amount of effort has been made to design earthquake resistant offshore structures in seismic active areas. In order to achieve this objective, all components of a typical structure should function properly to dissipate seismically-induced energy within the members. Among components of an offshore installation, braces are of significant importance as they contribute substantially to total energy dissipation of the structure. Buckling in compression and yielding in tension assist the process of energy absorption. Nevertheless, the functionality of braces is dependent upon their joints where joint-cans are included to avoid any brittle fracture and unpredicted failure mechanisms.In this paper, special attention is being paid to energy dissipation of jacket type offshore platforms with two different pile–leg interactions. A case study representing an offshore platform is studied both analytically and experimentally. Analytical models are validated step by step based on available experimental tests and observations on individual members. Several parameters such as cyclic behavior, maximum bearing load and most importantly energy dissipation of two different 2D frames are investigated. Results provide promising insights into design and fabrication of fixed platforms with different pile–leg interactions.     

The Canada-Newfoundland Atlantic Accord Implementation Act: Transparency of the environmental management of the offshore oil and gas industry

This paper considers the overall outcome of a “public environmental audit” of the government management of the oil and gas offshore industry in eastern Canada. Five requests for data sets were placed using the Access to Information Act; all five requests were denied by the Canada-Newfoundland Labrador Offshore Petroleum Board. This lack of access to environmental monitoring data significantly hinders the ability of independent scientific inquiry and/or public involvement in the environmental assessment process.     

Structural Safety Assessment for FLNG-LNGC System During Offloading Operation Scenario

The crashworthiness of the cargo containment systems (CCSs) of a floating liquid natural gas (FLNG) and the side structures in side-by-side offloading operations scenario are studied in this paper. An FLNG vessel is exposed to potential threats from collisions with a liquid natural gas carrier (LNGC) during the offloading operations, which has been confirmed by a model test of FLNG-LNGC side-by-side offloading operations. A nonlinear finite element code LS-DYNA is used to simulate the collision scenarios during the offloading operations. Finite element models of an FLNG vessel and an LNGC are established for the purpose of this study, including a detailed LNG cargo containment system in the FLNG side model. Based on the parameters obtained from the model test and potential dangerous accidents, typical collision scenarios are defined to conduct a comprehensive study. To evaluate the safety of the FLNG vessel, a limit state is proposed based on the structural responses of the LNG CCS. The different characteristics of the structural responses for the primary structural components, energy dissipation and collision forces are obtained for various scenarios. Deformation of the inner hull is found to have a great effect on the responses of the LNG CCS, with approximately 160 mm deformation corresponding to the limit state. Densely arranged web frames can absorb over 35% of the collision energy and be proved to greatly enhance the crashwo-rthiness of the FLNG side structures.     

海洋石油支持船节油途径浅探

海洋石油支持船的船舶特性及其作业任务的特殊性,决定了不能照搬照抄航运企业的经验,必须探索出一条自己的节能减排路径.在分析各种影响船舶油耗的因素的基础上,筛选出海洋石油支持船节油空间较大以及可控的影响因素,提出节能减排的实施思路.     

Wave run-up on cylindrical and cone shaped foundations for offshore wind turbines

During the last decade, several offshore wind-farms were built and offshore wind energy promises to be a suitable alternative to provide green energy. However, there are still some engineering challenges in placing the foundations of offshore wind turbines. For example, wave run-up and wave impacts cause unexpected damage to boat landing facilities and platforms. To assess the forces due to wave run-up, the distribution of run-up around the pile and the maximum run-up height need to be known. This article describes a physical model study of the run-up heights and run-up distribution on two shapes of foundations for offshore wind turbines, including both regular and irregular waves. The influence of wave steepness, wave height and water depth on run-up is investigated. The measured run-up values are compared with applicable theories and previous experimental studies predicting run-up on a circular pile.