北极海盆的深海热液

从海底地壳开裂处涌出一般带有大量生物的深海热泉的现象已众所周知。一开始在太平洋和大西洋中找到了它们 ,而在 2 0世纪和 2 1世纪交接期印度洋中也发现了热液 ,而后就输到高纬度的北极海区了。在极区盆地中应当有热液已有过报道。例如 ,1 993年 9月 ,俄 德联合北极考察队乘坐“极地”(Polarstern)号破冰船 ,在拉普帖夫海加克利 (Гакке х)海岭东端 (77°45′N、1 2 5° 55′E ,水深 1 990m) ,获得了对研究热液非常有意义的样品 ,证实了在这个海岭上存在着热液活动 ;但是 ,在 2 0 0 1年 ,美国和德国破冰船“健康”(Healy)号和“极…     

国家自然科学基金重大研究计划 南海深海过程演变

1研究背景深海是地球表层最晚认识的部分,人类对于深海的知识绝大部分来自最近半个多世纪。1968年开始的深海钻探计划(DSDP),证明洋底在不断扩张;1978年开始的HEBBLE计划,证明几千米海底还有深海风暴;1970年代末发现大洋中脊喷出热液,支持着非光合作用的黑暗食物链;1990年代     

Long-term bottom water warming in the north Ross Sea

We measured potential temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen profiles from the surface to the bottom at two locations in the north Ross Sea (65.2°S, 174.2°E and 67.2°S, 172.7°W) in December 2004. Comparison of our data with previous results from the same region reveals an increase in potential temperature and decreases in salinity and dissolved oxygen concentration in the bottom layer (deeper than 3000 m) over the past four decades. The changes were significantly different from the analytical precisions. Detailed investigation of the temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and σ ₃ value distributions and the bottom water flow in the north Ross Sea suggests a long-term change in water mass mixing balance. That is to say, it is speculated that the influence of cool, saline, high-oxygen bottom water (high-salinity Ross Sea Bottom Water) formed in the southwestern Ross Sea has possibly been decreased, while the influences of relatively warmer and fresher bottom water (low-salinity Ross Sea Bottom Water) and the Adélie Land Bottom Water coming from the Australia-Antarctic Basin have increased. The possible impact of global warming on ocean circulation needs much more investigation.     

Sources and transport of suspended particulates in the Caribbean Sea

Gravimetric and light-scattering studies of total suspended matter reveal that the bulk of this material is introduced into the Caribbean through the passages of the Lesser Antilles, most likely the result of discharge of the Amazon and Orinoco Rivers. A broad suspended-matter high extends northward from the South American coast, apparently related to northward advection at the confluence of the westward-moving Caribbean Current and an easterly coastal countercurrent off Colombia. Particulate matter distribution may be accounted for by transport from the northern and eastern sills, with resuspension in the deep basins playing a minor role. Localized concentrations appear to be entering through the Greater Antillean sills, and then are carried westward by the prevailing currents.     

Vertical and horizontal distribution of coccolithophores in the Caribbean Sea

Coccolithophores are one of the major, living phytoplankton groups and play important roles in geochemical cycles and climate. They are a particularly dominant group in oligotrophic waters, yet a lot more needs to be learned about their horizontal and vertical distributions. Coccolithophores were collected at different photic depths from 15 stations across the Caribbean Sea during cruise 35/1 of the RV Meteor from April to May 1996. A total of 67 species was identified, with an average of 19 species per station. Coccolithophores were encountered at nearly all stations but abundances were fairly low (10²-10³ cells 1^-1). Coccolithophore assemblages in the four oceanographical provinces identified (Granada Basin waters, Atlantic surface waters, northern Caribbean waters, and Pedro Bank waters) differed in their species composition and abundances. Abundance peaks occurred near the surface and in the deeper photic zone (140-150 m) just below the deep chlorophyll-a maximum at the top of the nitrate nutricline.     

Suspended matter in the Caribbean Sea: A gravimetric analysis

Total suspended matter in the water column of the Caribbean was determined quantitatively by means of filtration through 0.45 μ membrane filters. Results show that prior values obtained by centrifuging methods are too low, and that the existence of a nepheloid layer cannot be gravimetrically demonstrated in the Caribbean.     

深海热液硫化物

自１９７９年人们首次在现代海底一系列的地质构造如洋中脊、岛弧后裂谷和海山上发现了热液硫化物矿床后，经过２０多年的调查研究发现，热液硫化物含有多种金属，且含量较高，是国际海底另一种具有广阔开采前景的资源之一。在过去的２０多年里，一些国家在热液硫化物的勘探和开发利用方面投入了大量的人力物力，并取得了阶段性的成果，有人估计，商业性开采不会遥远。但是根据《联合国海洋法公约》规定，国际海底区域及其资源是全人类共同遗产。因此，对其的勘探和开发将面临有关法律问题。国际海底管理局将于明年制定国际海底其它矿物资源…     

On the recent warming of the southeastern Bering Sea shelf

During the last decade, the southeastern Bering Sea shelf has undergone a warming of 3 °C that is closely associated with a marked decrease of sea ice over the area. This shift in the physical environment of the shelf can be attributed to a combination of mechanisms, including the presence over the eastern Bering Sea shelf of a relatively mild air mass during the winter, especially from 2000 to 2005; a shorter ice season caused by a later fall transition and/or an earlier spring transition; increased flow through Unimak Pass during winter, which introduces warm Gulf of Alaska water onto the southeastern shelf; and the feedback mechanism whereby warmer ocean temperatures during the summer delay the southward advection of sea ice during winter. While the relative importance of these four mechanisms is difficult to quantify, it is evident that for sea ice to form, cold arctic winds must cool the water column. Sea ice is then formed in the polynyas during periods of cold north winds, and this ice is advected southward over the eastern shelf. The other three mechanisms can modify ice formation and melt, and hence its extent. In combination, these four mechanisms have served to temporally and spatially limit ice during the 5-year period (2001–2005). Warming of the eastern Bering Sea shelf could have profound influences on the ecosystem of the Bering Sea—from modification of the timing of the spring phytoplankton bloom to the northward advance of subarctic species and the northward retreat of arctic species.     

深海极端环境深部生物圈微生物学研究综述

20世纪下半叶是人类进行自然探索最为活跃的一段时期。新发现、新技术和新概念层出不穷，大大拓展了人们对宇宙和生命的视野和认识。在海洋学领域，深海热液喷口化能自养(chemolithoautotrophy)系统的发现大大激发了人们对洋底生物多样性及生命形式、过程、起源和进化的兴趣和热情(Baross et al.，1985)。最近30年相继开展的国际深海钻探计划(deep sea drilling project，DSDP)和大洋钻探计划(ocean drilling program，ODP)为我们揭示了一个以前未曾想象到的埋藏在海底沉积物和上部洋壳中的海底深部生物圈(subseafloor deep biosphere)微生物世界。近期研究表明， 深海热液系统中的嗜热和极端嗜热古菌据推测就来源于海底深部生物圈(Delaney et al.，1998;Summit et al.，2001)，由此推断，生命的真正起源就发生在地球深部生物圈内。巨大的深度和广度，使得海底深部生物圈容纳了大量的微生物生物量和新颖独特的代谢潜力(Whitman et al.，1998)。由于洋壳板块运动而产生的海底地质构造和过程的异质性、洋壳地球化学过程的复杂性，以及在漫长地质年代中的气候变迁和海洋真光层颗粒物沉降输出的历史和地理差异性，埋藏在海底沉积物和上部洋壳中的生命赖以维持和繁衍的能量供给形式具有高度的多样性， 海底深部生物圈蕴育着丰富多样的代谢形式和新颖的生理生化机制(IPSC，2001)。海洋深部生物圈内的古菌群落将作为特定地质微生物标志(geomicrobiological signature)，用来指示过去和现代海洋的地球化学变化和地质环境变迁(inagaki et al.，2001)。海洋微生物生态学研究在最近的20年中取得了一些重要进展，与全球海洋地质历史、地质事件、地质过程和地质作用相关的深海微生物生态学研究，已发展成为一门具有独特魅力的新兴学科，即海洋“地质微生物学”(geomicrobiology)。在46亿年的地球历史中，地圈和生物圈的协同进化过程主要是在微生物的作用下完成的，微生物在海洋沉积物和洋壳中的生物地球化学作用，既是微生物的生态学，又是沉积地质过程和洋壳蚀变的动力学，许多原来以为“无机” 的地质过程，其实都是生命活动的结果(汪品先，2003)。在过去的10年中，分子、遗传、生化和基因组学等现代生物技术被引入地质微生物学的研究中，不但揭示了许多地质环境的微生物多样性，而且阐明了微生物在生物地球化学过程中所发挥的独特作用及环境和生态功能(Newman et al.，2002)。海洋深部生物圈微生物的研究已成为新世纪海洋领域中地学和生物学交叉互补、综合研究前沿的一个新热点和生长点，被列入刚刚启动的国际综合大洋钻探计划(Integrated Ocean Drilling Program，IODP)研究项目的首选(IPSC，2001；中国大洋钻探学术委员会，2003)。尽管这一领域的研究才刚刚起步，却已显示了旺盛的生命力和发展应用前景。     

1972-2013年北欧海深层水增暖

The warming of deep waters in the Nordic seas is identified based on observations during Chinese 5th Arctic Expedition in 2012 and historical hydrographic data. The most obvious and earliest warming occurrs in the Greenland Basin(GB) and shows a coincident accelerated trend between depths 2 000 and 3 500 m. The observations at a depth of 3 000 m in the GB reveal that the potential temperature had increased from-1.30°C in the early 1970 s to-0.93°C in 2013, with an increase of about 0.37°C(the maximum spatial deviation is 0.06°C) in the past more than 40 years. This remarkable change results in that deep waters in the center of the Lofton Basin(LB) has been colder than that in the GB since the year 2007. As for the Norwegian Basin(NB), only a slight trend of warming have been shown at a depth around 2 000 m since the early 1980 s, and the warming amplitude at deeper waters is just slightly above the maximum spatial deviation, implying no obvious trend of warming near the bottom. The water exchange rate of the Greenland Basin is estimated to be 86% for the period from 1982 to 2013, meaning that the residence time of the Greenland Sea deep water(GSDW) is about 35 years. As the weakening of deep-reaching convection is going on, the abyssal Nordic seas are playing a role of heat reservoir in the subarctic region and this may cause a positive feedback on the deep-sea warming in both the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic seas.     

Contraction and warming of Antarctic Bottom Water in the Amundsen Sea

Antarctic Bottom Water（AABW） plays an important role in the meridional overturning circulation and contributes significantly to global heat transport and sea level rise（SLR）. Based on the Global Ocean（1/12）°Physical Reanalysis（GLORYS12V1） products and conductivity-temperature-depth instrument data from the World Ocean Circulation Experiment hydrographic program, we analyzed the trends in the thickness, volume,temperature, salinity, and neutral density of the AABW in the Amundsen Sea from 1993 to...     

Upwelling in the north-western Black Sea during the period of summer-time warming

A numerical multilevel model based on primitive equations of sea thermohydrodynamics is applied to investigate the development of near-shore upwelling zones in the north-western Black Sea. Analysed are the results of eight numerical experiments on mapping the areas of upwelling and downwelling, depending on wind direction. The acquired data are matched up with the observations by the NOAA-11 satellite designed to measure sea surface radiation temperature twice a day. The numerical calculations are shown to agree with the remotely-sensed data. Translated by Vladimir A. Puchkin.     

深水大型沉积物波的成因机制

沉积物波是深海常见的底形,对其成因主要有等深流成因、浊流成因、滑塌成因、内波成因4种观点.分别对上述4种成因机制进行了阐述,并从波形、迁移方向等方面做了一系列的对比,分别就其合理性进行了讨论,特别对前人就洛克尔海槽上坡迁移沉积物波的解释提出了新的看法,对该区域的上坡迁移沉积物波进行了重新的解释;同时对等深流、浊流、滑塌、内波形成的沉积物波之间的联系与差异进行了初步的比较.沉积物波可能有多种成因,但内波作用是其主要成因之一.     

菲律宾海底层水体在1990s—2010s之间的暖化*

跨菲律宾海的重复断面水文观测揭示: 菲律宾海底层水体从1990s到2010s增暖了0.002~0.01℃。在西马里亚纳海盆和四国海盆, 较冷的下层绕极深层水(Lower Circumpolar Deep Water, LCDW)减少, 较暖的LCDW增加; 而在菲律宾海盆, 较冷的变性LCDW减少, 较暖的变性LCDW增加。菲律宾海盆4000dbar的热通量是0.0413W·m^-2, 而西马里亚纳海盆和四国海盆的是0.0221W·m^-2。菲律宾海盆由于深层海洋热膨胀引起的局地海平面上升速度是0.0621mm·yr^-1, 而西马里亚纳海盆和四国海盆的是0.0333mm·yr^-1。     

Deep Sea AUV Navigation Using Multiple Acoustic Beacons

Navigation is a critical requirement for the operation of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs). To estimate the vehicle position, we present an algorithm using an extended Kalman filter (EKF) to integrate dead-reckoning position with acoustic ranges from multiple beacons pre-deployed in the operating environment. Owing to high latency, variable sound speed multipath transmissions and unreliability in acoustic measurements, outlier recognition techniques are proposed as well. The navigation algorithm has been tested by the recorded data of deep sea AUV during field operations in a variety of environments. Our results show the improved performance over prior techniques based on position computation.     

全球变暖背景下南海动力海平面变化

由于分辨率不足等原因,当前大部分全球耦合气候模式对南海等海洋区域的模拟能力仍然较低。本文基于超高分辨率（Ultra high-resolution） CESM-UHR耦合模式（大气和海洋水平分辨率分别达到约25 km和约10 km）研究了南海动力海平面对全球变暖的响应。研究发现：（1） CESM-UHR能够较好地模拟出南海冬、夏季节性动力海面高度和表层环流变化;（2）在四倍二氧化碳试验下,冬季南海动力海平面变化呈现出中部低、近岸高的分布特征;夏季则呈现出西北部低、东南部高的分布特征,分别对应冬、夏表层地转流增强趋势;（3）冬、夏动力海平面变化特征与风应力旋度变化具有很好的对应关系;（4）全球变暖下南海海平面变化存在季节循环放大效应,这将增大南海极端水位灾害风险。     

Macrofauna Communities in the Eastern Mediterranean Deep Sea

Abstract. During two expeditions with RV ‘Meteor’ in summer 1993 and winter 1997/98 the structural and functional diversity of the benthic system of the highly oligotrophic eastern Mediterranean deep sea was investigated. The macrofauna communities were dominated by polychaetes even at the deepest stations. The fauna at shallow stations was dominated by surface deposit feeders, whereas subsurface deposit feeders and predators generally increased with depth. A high percentage of suspension‐feeding Porifera was found in the Levantine Basin. Mean abundance and number of taxa of both expeditions were significantly correlated to depth and distance to the nearest coast as well as to the total organic carbon (TOC) content in sediments. Numbers of taxa and abundance decreased generally with depth, although lowest numbers were not found at the deepest stations but in the extremely oligotrophic Levantine and Ierapetra Basin. Biomass measured during the second cruise was extremely low in the Ierapetra Basin and comparable to other extreme oligotrophic seas. The significant correlations found for TOC contents and macrofauna with distance to coast during both expeditions apparently reflect the role of hydrographically governed transport of organic matter produced in coastal regions into greater and extreme depths of the Mediterranean Sea. Seasonal differences in macrofauna communities due to seasonal differences in food supply were not found. However, recent large‐scale hydrographic changes (Eastern Mediterranean Transient, EMT) might change the oligotrophy and, thus, the structure of the benthic communities in the Eastern Mediterranean deep sea.     

Sea surface temperature 1871-2099 in 38 cells in the Caribbean region

Sea surface temperature (SST) data with monthly resolution are provided for 38 cells in the Caribbean Sea and Bahamas region, plus Bermuda. These series are derived from the HadISST1 data set for historical time (1871-1999) and from the HadCM3 coupled climate model for predicted SST (1950-2099). Statistical scaling of the forecast data sets are performed to produce confluent SST series according to a now established method. These SST series are available for download. High water temperatures in 1998 killed enormous amounts of corals in tropical seas, though in the Caribbean region the effects at that time appeared less marked than in the Indo-Pacific. However, SSTs are rising in accordance with world-wide trends and it has been predicted that temperature will become increasingly important in this region in the near future. Patterns of SST rise within the Caribbean region are shown, and the importance of sub-regional patterns within this biologically highly interconnected area are noted.     

The mesoscale variability in the Caribbean Sea. Part II: Energy sources

The processes which drive the production and the growth of the strong mesoscale eddy field in the Caribbean Sea are examined using a general circulation model. Diagnostics of the simulations suggest that:(1) The mean currents in the Caribbean Sea are intrinsically unstable. The nature of the instability and its strength vary spatially due to strong differences of current structure among basins.(2) The greatest and most energetic eddies of the Caribbean Sea originate in the Venezuela Basin by mixed barotropic-baroclinic instability of an intense jet, formed with waters mostly from the surface return flow of the Meridional Overturning Circulation and the North Equatorial Current which converge and accelerate through the Grenada Passage. The vertical shear of this inflow is enhanced by an eastward undercurrent, which flows along the south American Coast between 100 and 250 m depth. The shallow eddies (less than 200 m depth) formed in the vicinity of the Grenada Passage get rapidly deeper (down to 1000 m depth) and stronger by their interaction with the deep interior flow of the Subtropical Gyre, which enters through passages north of St. Lucia. These main eastern Caribbean inflows merge and form the southern Caribbean Current, whose baroclinic instability is responsible for the westward growth and strengthening of these eddies from the Venezuela to the Colombia Basin.(3) Eddies of lesser strength are produced in other regions of the Caribbean Sea. Their generation and growth is also linked with instability of the local currents. First, cyclones are formed in the cyclonic shear of the northern Caribbean Current, but appear to be rapidly dissipated or absorbed by the large anticyclones coming from the southern Caribbean. Second, eddies in the Cayman Sea, which impact the Yucatan region, are locally produced and enhanced by barotropic instability of the deep Cayman Current.(4) The role of the North Brazil Current (NBC) rings is mostly to act as a finite perturbation for the instability of the mean flow. Their presence near the Lesser Antilles is ubiquitous and they appear to be linked with most of the Caribbean eddies. There are some evidences that the frequency at which they form near the Grenada Passage is influenced by the frequency at which the NBC rings impinge the Lesser Antilles. But large Caribbean eddies also form without a close influence of any ring, and comparison between simulations shows that mean eddy kinetic energy and eddy population in the Caribbean Sea are not substantially different in absence or presence of NBC rings: their presence is not a necessary condition for the generation and growth of the Caribbean eddies.     

Modulation of the inflow into the Caribbean Sea by North Brazil Current rings

A two-year long record from a triangular mooring array between the Lesser Antilles islands Tobago, Barbados, and St. Lucia is used to investigate the inflow into the Caribbean Sea, the amount of South Atlantic Water (SAW) carried with the inflow, and the role of North Brazil Current (NBC) rings in the observed variability. The data set consists of time series from temperature/conductivity recorders and current meters in the moorings, bottom-mounted inverted echo sounders at the Tobago and St. Lucia mooring positions, and supplementary shipboard measurements. The acoustic travel time measurements of the inverted echo sounders and the conductivity/temperature time series are used for continuous estimation of dynamic height profiles and geostrophic currents between the surface and 1000 dbar as well as the amount of SAW found at the mooring positions.The observations show a domination of intraseasonal variability between 0 and 15 Sv, superimposed on the long-term fluctuations. With time scales of one to three months, these represent the signature of the NBC rings. The baroclinic transport time series shows nine periods of increased variability, indicative of the rings interacting with the Lesser Antilles island arc; with the exception of one, these periods were associated with corresponding sea surface height anomalies. No marked seasonality was observed in the transport variability or the ring frequency.The arrival of individual rings leads to a weakening of the inflow into the Caribbean. Nevertheless, the rings carry large amounts of SAW into the area, and the immediate increase of the transport towards the end of a ring event suggests a subsequent flow of this SAW-rich water into the Caribbean. At St. Lucia, rings sometimes cause a short-term decrease of SAW content, indicative of an influx of northern hemispheric water and a blocking situation. The average transport of SAW into the Caribbean south of St. Lucia during the observations amounted to 5.5 Sv, with no significant seasonal cycle, but a small positive trend in SAW fraction as well as in transport of about 15% and 1 Sv, respectively; a corresponding trend in the baroclinic volume transport was not observed.