数字及模拟地震观测中的台基噪声评价指标

研究了模拟、数字地震观测中评价台基噪声的不同指标;提出用噪声包络幅度作为背景噪声的统计特征量;得到了位移、速度、加速度噪声的包络幅度与峰值放大倍率之间的对应关系;阐明了用数字记录的包络振幅估算峰值放大倍率的方法。     

利用地震背景噪声互相关检测流动地震台波形时钟漂移

时钟精度是地震观测中最重要的参数之一,需要通过卫星授时信号来保障。当卫星信号被屏蔽或仪器守时部件出现问题时,地震计内部时钟会逐渐漂移,给后续数据处理带来极大困扰。利用地震背景噪声台站对互相关提取的经验格林函数,不仅可以用于结构成像,也可以用于检测波形时钟是否存在漂移,并获得时钟漂移幅度。使用地震背景噪声互相关方法对2017—2019年云南永胜地区4个流动观测台站的连续波形进行了时钟漂移检测,结果发现部分流动台站在不同时间段存在不同模式的时钟漂移,最大幅度可达到1.75 s。同时,利用云南宾川气枪重复震源激发的信号进行互相关计算,对上述结果进行了验证,发现两种结果具有较好的一致性。研究表明,背景噪声互相关对波形的时钟漂移有较高的灵敏度,能够有效检测出时钟问题,防止波形被误用,可为后续波形时钟校正提供参考信息。     

鄂西地区宽频地震台阵背景噪声特征

利用鄂西地区长时间段宽频地震台站的三分量背景噪声记录,采用波形互相关方法得到台站对间的互相关函数,并通过聚束分析获得瑞雷波和勒夫波的慢度谱,研究鄂西地区背景噪声源的时空分布特征。结果表明,5~10 s周期范围,背景噪声来源于南太平洋且没有季节变化;10~20 s周期范围,慢度谱上显示明显的能量环,表明噪声源来源于多个方向,且表现出强烈和急剧的季节变化;20~40 s周期范围,慢度谱上也存在明显的能量环,其产生机制可能与此周期下提出的次重力波机制相似。在不同的周期范围内,噪声源分布方位有所不同,但在周期10~40 s范围噪声源在各方向均有分布。因此,利用长时间段连续噪声数据计算的互相关函数在周期10~40 s范围内满足背景噪声面波层析成像的理论前提。     

Estimation of Background Noise for International Monitoring System Seismic Stations

v--vThe prototype International Data Centre (IDC) in Arlington, Virginia has been acquiring data from seismic stations at locations designated in the Comprehensive Test-Ban Treaty for the International Monitoring System (IMS) since the start of 1995. A key characteristic of these stations is their background noise levels and their seasonal and diurnal variability. Since June 1997 an automated sample selection effort has collected over 700,000 individual noise sample spectra from 39 primary and 57 auxiliary stations. Monthly median and 5 and 95 percentile estimates have been calculated for each channel of every station. Compatibility of median spectra obtained for the same station and channel in the same month for two different years confirms the consistency of the noise-sampling algorithm used. A preliminary analysis of the results shows strong (more than a factor of two) seasonal variation at a quarter of all stations. Strong diurnal variations at half of the sites indicate that many of the selected sites are poorly located with respect to cultural noise sources. The results of this study are already being used to evaluate station quality, improve those processes that require background noise values, such as automatic association and requesting auxiliary station data, and to improve the estimation of station and network detection and location thresholds.     

Broadband Registration of High-Frequency Seismic Noise for Studying Tidal Effects

The possibility of registering high-frequency seismic noise in a broadband frequency range (f = 5–400 Hz) has been considered. The use of an accelerometer on based on the S mode of bending vibrations increases the sensitivity and expanses the frequency range. The operating principle of the accelerometer and its main technical characteristics have been described. Pilot registration of seismic noise was organized at Nachiki seismic station in Kamchatka. The comparative results of tidal effects in seismic noise have been presented according to the data of the broadband accelerometer (f = 5–400 Hz) and resonance sensor (f₀ = 30 Hz) during long-term registration on a common base.     

基于概率统计的甚宽频带地震计自噪声水平分析

使用连续1000hr的数据计算甚宽频带地震计自噪声,应用概率统计方法对计算结果进行分析,分别以单小时结果众值、单频点概率统计及分频带概率统计等3种表达方式对分析结果进行展示。通过比较分析,发现第1种方式便于异常结果溯源,但无法获取自噪声非均匀分布特征;第2种方式可以获取固定频点上自噪声水平非均匀分布的详细特征,但高概率值呈现条带分布,没有明显量级差异;第3种方式得到了对应于中心频点的且具有量级差异的高概率值,为地震计自噪声的数学数值建模提供了支持。在异常数据数量较少的情况下,异常结果在后2种方式中得不到体现。     

由宽频带辐射能量目录和地震矩目录给出的视应力及其地震学意义

对NEIC宽频带地震辐射能量目录和哈佛矩心矩张量（CMT）目录的比较，给出了关于视应力的一些可能是有意义的结果，尽管目前的结果误差仍很大，可靠性也是有限的，但这种比较所提供的线索却颇值得注意，视应力的计算给出关于地震断层面上非线性动摩擦函数的线索，能量／地震矩之比随地震大小的变化表明，在BK模型框架下，对于走滑型地城,依赖于滑动速度的摩擦似乎占主要地位，而对于非走滑型地震，依赖于位移的摩擦似乎占主要地位，主震和余震的能量／地震矩之比的比较表明，对于走滑型地震，余震的视应力平均地说来低于主震的视应力，而对于非直滑型地震，余震的视应力即有高于主震的也有低于主震的，这对于障碍体和凹凸模式的讨论及模型中地震破裂停止条件的设置可能具有一定的参考意义。     

山东数字地震台网子台背景噪声位移值的分布特征

利用山东数字地震台网的实时记录波形资料,采用在频率域积分方法,计算出各台站背景噪声的位移值。然后进行统计分析,得出了山东地区背景噪声位移值的空间分布和时间变化特征：台站背景噪声幅值与不同地区地质环境、岩性密切相关,位于第四系黄土覆盖层较厚的鲁西聊城、菏泽地区,鲁西北德州地区和鲁北东营、滨州地区各子台的背景噪声位移值较大,鲁中、鲁南山区和胶东半岛地区的基岩台站背景噪声位移值较小;同时,白天噪声值大于夜间噪声值,但深井观测台站的背景噪声值相对稳定。此项研究为绘制台网监测能力图提供基础数据,并为计算各台站的场地响应及震级修正值等测震学研究提供基础资料,促进台网的改建和发展。     

Best Practice in Earthquake Location Using Broadband Three-component Seismic Waveform Data

—?We present an earthquake location algorithm, the Broadband Waveform Regional Earthquake Location Program (BW_RELP), which utilizes phase onset times and wave azimuths recorded by three-component broadband seismic stations and an adaptive migrating grid search algorithm to find the global minimum in an arbitrary normed misfit parameter. The performance of BW_RELP is demonstrated using regional (300–800?km distant) broadband recordings to locate events in the 1995 Ridgecrest, California earthquake sequence. The purpose of this study is to introduce the BW_RELP algorithm in detail and to expand on the previous paper by Deger et?al. (BSSA, 88, 1353–1362, 1998), using one Berkeley Digital Seismic Network (BDSN) station (YBH) and two USNSN stations (ELK and MNV) which span 300–800?km in distance and 55 degrees in azimuth, to further investigate the capability of a sparse broadband network of three-component stations at monitoring a region located outside of the network, as will be the case in the monitoring of the Comprehensive Test-Ban-Treaty (CTBT) for low magnitude seismic events. We assess the capability of this sparse three-station broadband network and we compare locations estimated from phase onset time and wave azimuth measurements to a ground-truth catalog of high-quality earthquake locations derived from data recorded by the Southern California Seismic Network (SCSN). The results indicate that in the regional distance range it is possible, when an appropriate calibration event is available, to obtain absolute event locations to within 18?km as is prescribed by the CTBT.     

应用概率密度函数方法自动处理地震台站勘选测试数据

将McNamara等人（2005）提出的地震噪声概率密度函数（PDF）方法用于地震台站台址勘选测试数据的自动处理,实现了对台址地震噪声水平主要评价指标加速度功率谱密度（PSD）与用RMS表示的速度有效振幅的自动估算,大大提高了台址噪声测试数据的处理速度。该方法已被应用于福建地震烈度速报台网84个新选台址的勘选数据处理工作。     

新型雷电预警系统在地震台站的应用

福建地区的雷电活动频繁,地震台站的数据完整性和数据质量因雷电灾害严重降低。为确保台站仪器稳定运行及数据有效可靠,福建局实施多个措施对地震台站内、外部防雷进行整体改造。新型雷电预警系统设定多级报警阀值,并实时监视台站20km范围内大气电场强度,当系统监测值超阀值时,则发出预警并自动切换电源,为前兆仪器设备的防雷发挥着至关重要作用,也为取代人工断电模式提供安全保证,有利于地震台站稳定运行。     

Extracting the Group Velocity of Rayleigh Waves from the Cross Correlation of the Ambient Seismic Noise Between Two Seismic Stations

This paper uses the 8 broad-band stations＇ microseism data recorded by the Seismic Monitoring Network of Fujian Province to calculate the vertical correlation coefficient between two stations at intervals of 5 minutes. According to the time intervals technique we obtain the different coefficients and then add the correlative coefficients. Depending on this, we extract the group velocity of Rayleigh waves from the cross correlation of the ambient seismic noise between two seismic stations and figure out the group velocity＇ spatial distribution. The results show that the signal noise ratio （SNR） increases proportionally to the superposition times, but the results from different days are similar to one another. Synchronously, the arrival-time is also stable and there is no obvious change when coming across typhoons. It is found the velocity of the surface wave is 2.9 - 3.1 km/s in Fujian Province, which is close to the observationally attained value.     

利用双台脉动记录的相关系数估计福建地区瑞利面波的群速度

本文利用福建省数字地震监测台网中8个宽频带台站的速度型脉动记录,计算两两台站之间垂直分量的脉动在相同时间窗(窗长为5分钟)的相关系数,按照移动窗技术得到各个不重叠窗口的相关系数,并对其进行相干叠加,依此计算出两个台站之间瑞利面波的群速度及其在福建地区的空间分布。结果表明,叠加结果的信噪比随叠加次数的增加而增加,不同时间段叠加结果波形相似;峰值到时稳定,台风不会对结果产生明显影响;利用这个方法得到的福建地区周期约为3～5秒的瑞利面波群速度在2.9～3.1km/s之间,这和传统方法得到的瑞利面波的传播速度很接近。     

地震台站噪声水平定量评估及其在气枪源探测中的应用

对福建气枪源探测实验中所接入315个实时传输台站分1~10 Hz、0.1~1 Hz、10~60 s 3个频段进行台网噪声水平评估研究。统计240个小时的背景噪声记录,得到各台站的噪声水平MODE线,再利用本文提出的全球新高低噪声模型线与MODE线所占面积比来量化台网噪声水平,根据不同色标将台网噪声水平划分为十个等级进行评估,评选出优质台站。进一步研究背景噪声对气枪激发效果的影响,验证了台站接收能力与背景噪声密切相关,分析了不同台基（固定、加密、流动、海底）环境噪声水平的影响,得出环境噪声水平由低到高分别为固定台、加密台、流动台、海底台。通过台网噪声评估能有效提高气枪震源信号的检测能力,也为优质台站重点维护提供重要参考。     

The IDC Seismic,Hydroacoustic and Infrasound Global Low and High Noise Models

The International Data Centre (IDC) in Vienna, Austria, is determining, as part of automatic processing, sensor noise levels for all seismic, hydroacoustic, and infrasound (SHI) stations in the International Monitoring System (IMS) operated by the Provisional Technical Secretariat of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO). Sensor noise is being determined several times per day as a power spectral density (PSD) using the Welch overlapping method. Based on accumulated PSD statistics a probability density function (PDF) is also determined, from which low and high noise curves for each sensor are extracted. Global low and high noise curves as a function of frequency for each of the SHI technologies are determined as the minimum and maximum of the individual station low and high noise curves, respectively, taken over the entire network of contributing stations. An attempt is made to ensure that only correctly calibrated station data contributes to the global noise models by additionally considering various automatic detection statistics. In this paper global low and high noise curves for 2010 are presented for each of the SHI monitoring technologies. Except for a very slight deviation at the microseism peak, the seismic global low noise model returns identically the Peterson (1993) NLNM low noise curve. The global infrasonic low noise model is found to agree with that of Bowman et al. (2005, 2007) but disagrees with the revised results presented in Bowman et al. (2009) by a factor of 2 in the calculation of the PSD. The global hydroacoustic low and high noise curves are found to be in quantitative agreement with Urick’s oceanic ambient noise curves for light to heavy shipping. Whale noise is found to be a feature of the hydroacoustic high noise curves at around 15 and 25 Hz.     

利用远震接收函数反演黔江地震台下方的速度结构

本文选取黔江地震台2007年至2011年记录到的60个远震宽频带数字地震记录,采用频率域反褶积法获得台站的接收函数,并用H-Kappa叠加法来反演台站下方的地壳厚度和泊松比,最终得到了黔江地震台下方的地壳速度结构。同时,通过H-Kappa法反演得到的台站下方的地壳厚度作为波速反演的约束条件,以减少反演的非唯一性。计算结果显示,黔江地震台下方的地壳厚度为44km,这与广泛认同的中国大陆中西部地区莫霍深度在38—45km基本一致。本文对增强该地区深部地质构造特征研究和孕震机制分析具有积极的意义。     

地震台站新型太阳能供电系统设计

在虎门地震综合观测站的建设中,设计了一套以太阳能为主、发电机为辅的新型供电系统,解决了工作人员日常照明及地震仪器设备的交、直流用电问题。本文主要介绍该太阳能供电系统的设计过程。     

数字遥测地震台的雷电防护

数字遥测地震台网的系统硬件安全是一个很重要的问题，它直接关系到系统能否正常运行。而雷电是造成电子设备损坏的主要原因之一，雷电灾害被“国际十年减灾”组织列为十种最严重的自然灾害之一。本文就数字遥测地震台的雷电防护问题提出一些技术措施和解决方案。