中国西南地区晚二叠世泥炭地净初级生产力及其控制因素

米兰科维奇旋回理论是古环境研究中重要的时间“度量”工具.文中以贵州普安糯东17号煤层和云南富源天佑10号煤层为例,对晚二叠世煤层的地球物理测井信号进行频谱分析,以获得其中的米兰科维奇轨道周期参数.研究发现,测井信号所反映出的煤层灰分含量变化受泥炭地发育时期的米兰科维奇轨道周期(123 ka(偏心率):35.6 ka(斜...     

中侏罗世泥炭地净初级生产力及其对全球碳循环的响应——以吐哈盆地沙尔湖煤田为例

泥炭地具有明显的碳汇能力, 对减缓全球气候变化有着至关重要的作用, 煤作为泥炭地的最终产物, 保存有丰富的泥炭地发育时期的古环境信息, 成煤泥炭地碳聚集速率和净初级生产力(NPP)可以作为恢复古气候的替代指标。吐哈盆地南缘沙尔湖煤田ZK9E02钻孔中侏罗统西山窑组发育视厚度为121.97 m的煤层(C8), 本研究使用频谱分析对其进行米兰科维奇轨道周期的识别及成煤泥炭地发育时限的估算, 然后利用该时限, 结合煤的碳含量以及煤化作用阶段的碳损, 计算出成煤泥炭地的NPP, 进而探究成煤泥炭地的碳汇能力与碳循环关系。研究发现, 所研究煤层的自然伽马测井曲线中蕴含着约405 ka长偏心率、约95 ka短偏心率、约37.6 ka斜率、约18.2 ka岁差的米兰科维奇旋回天文周期, 计算出该成煤泥炭地发育的煤层沉积约2218.54~2347.03 ka。该煤层碳含量74.54%, 考虑到煤化过程中的碳损失约为26.75%, 恢复出成煤期泥炭地碳聚集速率为66.11~69.86 g C/m2·a, NPP为265.2~280.2 g C/m2·a。控制泥炭地NPP的主要因素有CO2含量、古纬度、古大气温度等, 研究区较低的泥炭地NPP水平与当时CO2含量过低或古纬度较低有一定关系。泥炭地NPP在一定程度上反映着大气中CO2的变化, 进一步用来揭示全球碳循环对气候变化的动态响应过程, 这对"深时"高分辨率的古环境研究有重要意义。因此, 预测泥炭地NPP的水平, 研究生态系统中碳元素的最终去向, 亦有利于更好地认识到全球碳循环过程中泥炭地的"碳汇"角色, 助力实现"碳达峰、碳中和"目标。     

Identification of Milankovitch Cycles and Calculation of Net Primary Productivity of Paleo-peatlands using Geophysical Logs of Coal Seams

Individual coal seams formed in paleo-peatlands represent sustained periods of terrestrial carbon accumulation and a key environmental indicator attributed to this record is the rate of carbon accumulation. Determining the rate of carbon accumulation requires a measure of time contained within the coal. This study aimed to determine this rate via the identification of Milankovitch orbital cycles in the coals. The geophysical log is an ideal paleoclimate proxy and has been widely used in the study of sedimentary records using spectral analysis. Spectral analyses of geophysical log from thick coal seams can be used to identify the Milankovitch cycles and to calculate the period of the coal deposition. By considering the carbon loss during coalification, the long-term average carbon accumulation rate and net primary productivity (NPP) of paleo-peatlands in coal seams can be obtained. This review paper presents the procedures of analysis, assessment of results and interpretation of geophysical logs in determining the NPP of paleo-peatlands.     

二连盆地乌尼特坳陷早白垩世构造特征——深部构造与浅部构造的关联

乌尼特坳陷属于二连盆地五大坳陷之一, 内部发育一系列地堑、半地堑, 主要充填地层为下白垩统。坳陷基底由晚古生代复式向斜及二连—贺根山混杂岩带(Pz2)组成。乌尼特坳陷早白垩世断陷结构和分布组合与基底构造紧密相关。复式向斜断陷带基底为北东向、北北东向晚古生代复式向斜, 受基底控制早白垩世发育一系列北东向、北北东向断陷。断陷带北部主干断层向深部延伸时受复式向斜构造层韧性伸展变形影响而在浅层滑脱, 形成浅而宽阔的断陷, 主要为并联式组合。断陷带南部终止于混杂岩带并与之斜交, 主干断层向深部延伸时受混杂岩带伸展走滑构造变形影响而在浅层滑脱, 形成浅而狭长的断陷, 主要为斜列式组合。二连—贺根山混杂岩断陷带基底为混杂岩带, 受基底控制早白垩世发育一系列北东向、北北东向断陷。断陷主干断层向深部延伸时受以伸展为主的构造变形影响而在混杂岩深层滑脱, 形成深而狭长的断陷, 以串联或并联式组合。     

Syn-sedimentary hydrothermal dolomites in a lacustrine rift basin: Petrographic and geochemical evidence from the lower Cretaceous Erlian Basin,Northern China

Dolomites occur extensively in the lower Cretaceous along syn-sedimentary fault zones of the Baiyinchagan Sag, westernmost Erlian Basin, within a predominantly fluvial–lacustrine sedimentary sequence. Four types of dolomite are identified, associated with hydrothermal minerals such as natrolite, analcime and Fe-bearing magnesite. The finely-crystalline dolomites consist of anhedral to subhedral crystals (2 to 10 μm), evenly commixed with terrigenous sediments that occur either as matrix-supporting grains (Fd1) or as massive argillaceous dolostone (Fd2). Medium-crystalline (Md) dolomites are composed of subhedral to euhedral crystals aggregates (50 to 250 μm) and occur in syn-sedimentary deformation laminae/bands. Coarse-crystalline (Cd) dolomites consist of non-planar crystals (mean size >1 mm), and occur as fracture infills cross-cutting the other dolomite types. The Fd1, Md and Cd dolomites have similar values of δ¹⁸O (−20·5 to −11·0‰ Vienna PeeDee Belemnite) and δ¹³C (+1·4 to +4·5‰ Vienna PeeDee Belemnite), but Fd2 dolomites are isotopically distinct (δ¹⁸O −8·5 to −2·3‰ Vienna PeeDee Belemnite; δ¹³C +1·4 to +8·6‰ Vienna PeeDee Belemnite). Samples define three groups which differ in light rare-earth elements versus high rare-earth elements enrichment/depletion and significance of Tb, Yb and Dy anomalies. Medium-crystalline dolomites have signatures that indicate formation from brines at very high temperature, with salinities of 11·8 to 23·2 eq. wt. % NaCl and T_h values of 167 to 283°C. The calculated temperatures of Fd1 and Cd dolomites extend to slightly lower values (141 to 282°C), while Fd2 dolomites are distinctly cooler (81 to 124°C). These results suggest that the dolomites formed from hydrothermal fluid during and/or penecontemporaneous with sediment deposition. Faults and fractures bounding the basin were important conduits through which high-temperature Mg-rich fluids discharged, driven by an abnormally high heat flux associated with local volcanism. It is thought that differing amounts of cooling and degassing of these hydrothermal fluids, and of mixing with lake waters, facilitated the precipitation of dolomite and associated minerals, and resulted in the petrographic and geochemical differences between the dolomites.     

高黎贡西北缘早白垩世火山活动与怒江洋俯冲:来自流纹岩岩石地球化学、锆石U-Pb定年和Hf同位素的证据

高黎贡构造带西北缘早白垩世火山岩的厘定将为揭示腾冲与保山地块之间的关系补充强有力的证据。本文通过对构造带内高家寨和濮家寨一带的流纹岩进行岩石学、地球化学、锆石U-Pb定年和Hf同位素地质学等方面的研究,并结合前人对同时代侵入岩的研究成果,分析其形成的构造背景。锆石U-Pb定年结果表明高家寨和濮家寨流纹岩的形成时代相同,分别为122±2.2Ma和121±1.9Ma。岩石学和地球化学分析结果说明高家寨和濮家寨流纹岩都属于科迪勒拉型、镁质、弱过铝质-过铝质高钾钙碱性岩类,具有轻稀土富集、分馏程度高、重稀土相对亏损、Eu中度亏损及大离子亲石元素相对原始地幔强烈富集,高场强元素（HSFE）Nb、Ta、P、Ti及Sr强烈负异常的特点;流纹岩的Mg^#值较高,在SiO₂-Mg^#图解上分布于壳源物质部分熔融区上方;锆石ε_Hf（t）值变化范围大（-9.6~-2.6）和t_DM^C值高（1189~1572Ma）;在构造环境判别图解上所有样品落在大陆边缘弧区;流纹岩斑晶中普遍存在黑云母。这些特征与高黎贡构造带早白垩世岩浆岩带内壳幔混源的中酸性侵入岩一致,说明其岩浆主要来源于壳源物质的部分熔融,同时有少量幔源岩浆的混入,是怒江洋壳向腾冲地块下俯冲的结果。

     

准噶尔盆地准中4区块侏罗系断裂特征及对油气成藏的控制作用

准中4区块位于准噶尔盆地腹部,油气资源丰富,勘探潜力巨大,但勘探程度低。结合断层几何学、运动学及动力学特征,开展了侏罗系断层对油气藏控制作用的研究。结果表明：研究区侏罗系以走滑断层为主,构造样式有4种。D1井—D1井西区域以孤立或雁列式的中等角度逆断层为主,部分正花状构造,表现为早侏罗世拉张,中晚侏罗世压扭;D2井北区域以负花状构造为主,构造环境为张扭;D6井区域以直立缺少分支的走滑断层和负花状构造为主,表现为早侏罗世拉张,中晚侏罗世张扭。从时间上来说,中侏罗世断裂平均活动速率最强,早侏罗世次之,晚侏罗世最弱。从区域上来说,D2井北区域在早中侏罗世断裂平均活动速率最大,在晚侏罗世弱于D1井—D1井西区域,D6井区域在整个侏罗纪时期断裂平均活动速率最弱。同时,探讨了油源断裂、断层相关圈闭、断层侧向封闭性对油气成藏的疏导、富集场所、聚集可能存在影响。     

复式断陷边界控陷断层生长特征及油气地质意义——以松辽盆地长岭早白垩世复式断陷群东部为例

在陆内裂陷盆地中,复式断陷的边界控陷断层具有分段生长的特征,通过古断距回剥技术利用最大断距相减法,对松辽盆地长岭早白垩世复式断陷群东部的5个断陷边界控陷断层形成演化历史进行恢复。得到各边界控陷断层形成均经历"孤立分段"—"软连接"—"硬连接"3个演化阶段,最终形成一条统一的边界控陷断层,即沿边界控陷断层走向多个次级断陷复合最终形成统一的断陷特点。但各个边界控陷断层分段生长演化历史具有差异性。这对复式断陷内油气聚集成藏具有十分重要的地质意义:边界控陷断层的分段生长控制复式断陷的复合时期,进而控制着不同时期有效烃源岩的分布范围;边界控陷断层分段生长的连接部位对火山岩与碎屑岩储层发育均有控制作用;各个次级断陷在复合过程中形成的古隆起往往是油气聚集的有利部位。     

An Important Spreading Event of the Neo-Tethys Ocean during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous: Evidence from Zircon U-Pb SHRIMP Dating on Diabase in Nagarze, Southern Tibet

Widely distributed in Gyangze-Chigu area, southern Tibet, NW- and nearly E-W-trending diabase(gabbro)-gabbro diorite dykes are regarded as the product of the large-scale spreading of the late Neo-Tethys Ocean. In order to constrain the emplacement age of these dykes, zircons of two samples from diabases in Nagarze were dated by using the U-Pb SHRIMP method. Two nearly the same weighted mean 206Pb/238U ages were obtained in this paper, which are 134.9±1.8 Ma (MSWD= 0.65) and 135.5±2.1 Ma (MSWD=1.40), respectively. They not only represent the crystallization age of the diabase, but also documented an important spreading event of the Neo-Tethys Ocean during the late Jurassic and early Cretaceous. This dating result is of great significance to reconstruct the temporal framework of the late Neo-Tethys Ocean in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.