对印度洋偶极子中海洋环流异常的模拟研究

用高分辨率印度洋-太平洋区域海洋环流模式(IPOM)模拟研究印度洋偶极子(IOD)过程.用观测的1990年～1999年热带海表风应力强迫IPOM,模拟出20世纪90年代出现的两次(1994年和1997年)IOD过程中热带印度洋海温异常的一些基本特征.通过模拟的海洋环流过程,揭示出IOD过程中海洋环流异常的物理图像.发现在IOD事件时,东赤道印度洋上层出现强的向西(负)的距平流窄带,此距平流在赤道两侧向外辐散,且具有向西传的海洋Rossby波特征.IOD位相时在沿赤道的垂直剖面上,存在一个明显的距平环流圈:表层为强的向西距平流;下面为向东的补偿流;80°E以东存在着明显的涌升流,构成垂直环流圈的上升支;其下沉支主要在55°E以西的西印度洋.同时在热带东印度洋赤道两侧各有一个垂直的经向距平环流圈,其共同的上升支在赤道附近.在反IOD位相时,洋流距平分布与IOD位相截然相反,但洋流距平的绝对值较小.由上述距平洋流分布的特征发现,IOD过程中热带印度洋海温异常(东冷西暖)现象,可从水平和垂直海流的异常变化,特别是大范围异常涌升流和沉降流的出现得到解释.     

两类厄尔尼诺事件发展年秋季印度洋海温异常特征对比

基于1951—2010年逐月海气多要素观测资料,对比分析了两类厄尔尼诺事件发展年秋季印度洋的海温异常及大气响应特征,探讨了印度洋偶极子的发生与两类厄尔尼诺事件特征的可能联系。结果表明,两类厄尔尼诺事件的发展年均会出现印度洋偶极子,但出现的概率不同:大多数东部型厄尔尼诺事件都会伴有正位相印度洋偶极子发生;而仅一半的中部型厄尔尼诺事件期间会出现正位相印度洋偶极子的异常海温型,且强度较弱。从印度洋偶极子与两类厄尔尼诺事件的物理联系上看,东部型厄尔尼诺事件期间,印度洋偶极子的发生与其强度联系密切:印度洋偶极子发生在东部型厄尔尼诺事件较强期间,两者通过海洋大陆的异常强下沉运动及大范围负异常降水相联系;东部型厄尔尼诺事件偏弱时并无印度洋偶极子出现,海洋大陆异常下沉运动及负异常降水很弱。然而,中部型厄尔尼诺事件期间印度洋偶极子的发生与其强度并无显著的关系,而与太平洋高海温区的位置存在一定的可能联系:在有印度洋偶极子发生的中部型厄尔尼诺事件发展年秋季,热带太平洋异常高海温区的位置相对偏东,海洋大陆出现显著下沉运动和大范围负异常降水,热带东印度洋为大范围强异常东风控制;但无印度洋偶极子发生的中部型厄尔尼诺事件时,热带太平洋高海温区位置相对偏西,极弱的海洋大陆下沉支对热带印度洋异常海温作用非常有限。     

热带印度洋海温异常与ENSO关系的进一步研究

用1955年1月-2001年12月美国Scripps海洋研究所的海温再分析资料、美国NCEP再分析资料和美国气候预测中心(CPC)资料,讨论了热带太平洋ENSO与热带印度洋海温距平以及与印度洋偶极子(Dipole)的关系,研究结果发现:在垂直最大温度距平曲面(MTAL)上,热带印度洋海温距平分布存在着与热带太平洋ENSO密切相关的Dipole现象,其中最大的相关在太平洋ENSO 超前印度洋Dipole一个月.但是,热带印度洋Dipole的分布与Saij定义的位置略有不同,为东北西南向,它们分别在6°-10°S、65°-75°E(西印度洋)和2°-6°N、85°-95°E(东印度洋),它是赤道印度洋的一个主要海温距平系统.另外,在热带印度洋东北部与ENSO相关的海温距平是一个上下不一致的系统,该海温距平并没有伸展到海面,从海面到20-50 m的浅薄水层,则为与赤道西南印度洋相同符号的海温距平分布.因此在海面,海温距平不存在与ENSO有关的Dipole现象,赤道印度洋Dipole只存在于次表层以下,这是赤道印度洋Dipole与ENSO不同之处.这种赤道东北印度洋表层与赤道西南印度洋表层同符号的海温距平现象,有可能是海气热力过程如感热过程造成的.热带印度洋Dipole的周期要小于El Nio,一般为1-6 a.     

热带印度洋海温异常单、偶极模态及其相互作用

利用最近50多年的GISST和NCEP的OISST海表温度资料研究了印度洋海温变化的空间分布型和多重时间尺度及其相互作用.结果表明,热带印度洋海温主要存在两种空间分布型,即全海盆符号一致的单极和东、西部符号相反的偶极.单极既存在长期增暖趋势,也存在年际振荡;偶极则以年际变化为主.在去掉由EOF重建的单极后,热带印度洋东、西部海温表现为显著的反相关关系;对17次典型偶极子个例的分析表明,对偶极子本身而言,偶极子的演变更像是一种翘翘板似的局地振荡.单极在长期趋势和年际时间尺度上对偶极的影响是不同的.长期趋势缩短了偶极子的生命期,在冷期,印度洋海温经历了由负单极到正偶极再到负单极的演变,偶极子的异常信号最早出现在热带西印度洋;在暖期,印度洋海温经历了由正单极到正偶极再到正单极的演变,偶极子的异常信号最早出现在热带东印度洋.对年际时间尺度的变化而言,印度洋海温异常由负单极向正偶极再到正单极转换,偶极子位于一种单极向另一种单极的转换过程之中,在此过程中,印度洋海温表现为明显自西向东的传播特征.     

热带印度洋的大尺度海气相互作用事件

分析了热带温跃层上海温距平资料后指出 ,在印度洋东西方向的海温距平分布呈现出距平符号相反的偶极子现象 ,在大气中的纬圈环流即Walker环流上也呈现出与海温距平相协调的或匹配的上升和下沉分支 (距平意义下 )分布。这一分析表明 ,印度洋也存在和太平洋类似ENSO的大尺度海气相互作用事件     

印度洋偶极子与两类El Niño的关联及其可能机理

通过合成三种具有代表性的两类ENSO指数,将El Ni?o事件划分为东部(EP)和中部(CP)型。利用EOF、相关分析、合成分析等方法探究了印度洋偶极子(IOD)与两类El Ni?o事件的关联及其产生的可能机理。研究表明,源于热带太平洋-印度洋尺度海气相互作用的IOD事件由两种型态构成,其分别与EP和CP型El Ni?o事件相联系。与EP型El Ni?o相联系的IOD事件(第一类IOD)在赤道印度洋50~150 m的温跃层附近信号最强,并关于赤道呈南强北弱的准对称海温异常分布;与CP型El Ni?o相联系的IOD事件(第二类IOD)则在热带南印度洋海表层信号最强。在产生机理方面,EP型El Ni?o发展时,异常Walker环流在赤道印度洋海表面产生较强的东风应力,使赤道印度洋东部冷水上翻,西部暖水堆积;同时,赤道外南强北弱的异常反气旋环流造成旋度中心区域暖水堆积,形成第一类IOD事件。CP型El Ni?o发展时,异常Walker环流较弱,中心西移,赤道印度洋东风应力距平较弱,偶极子信号在赤道印度洋不显著;苏门答腊岛南部出现异常反气旋,其东侧偏南风和西侧偏北风分别将高纬冷水和低纬暖水向15~25°S的热带南印度洋输送;同时热带南印度洋东、西部风场分别有较强的辐散、辐合,使东部海温降低、西部升高,形成第二类IOD事件。     

印度洋偶极子对热带大气季节内振荡传播的可能影响

利用多种大气和海温资料,通过相关、合成分析以及个例对比分析,重点研究了热带印度洋偶极型海温模态对热带大气季节内振荡传播的可能影响。结果表明:东南印度洋30～60天OLR距平及赤道印度洋中部30～60天850 hPa纬向风距平都与偶极子指数显著相关;印度洋正（负）偶极型海温模态对应的东印度洋异常冷（暖）水以及赤道印度洋中部850 hPa东（西）风距平阻碍（促进）了季节内对流活动的持续性东传,使得MJO的传播在赤道东印度洋-西太平洋发生明显的中断（持续）。      

热带印度洋偶极子模态的不对称性及其成因的数值研究

热带印度洋偶极子 (Indian Ocean Dipole) 是印度洋海域内海洋和大气环流年际变化的主要特征模态之一, 在热带海气耦合系统中起到非常重要的作用。同热带太平洋的ENSO现象类似, 热带印度洋偶极子也呈现出显著的不对称性。本文利用中国科学院大气物理研究所发展的全球海洋环流模式, 在观测风应力距平的强迫下, 评估了模式对热带印度洋季节变化、 热带印度洋偶极子 (IOD) 模态及其不对称性的模拟能力, 并且通过数值试验分析了IOD模态不对称性特征及其对气候平均态的影响。对照观测资料, 模式较好地再现了热带印度洋SST在季风驱动下的季节变化特征。在年际时间尺度上, 模式不仅能够再现IOD指数的变化趋势, 而且可以成功模拟出IOD模态的空间分布特征, 即表层和次表层海温在西印度洋表现为正异常, 在东印度洋表现为负异常。可见, 对于热带印度洋而言, IOD模态主要是对风应力异常的响应。热带印度洋海温与Niño3.4指数的相关性分析表明, 模式能够模拟出超前热带太平洋ENSO现象2～4个月时海温的偶极子型分布, 但是不能模拟出滞后ENSO现象2个月左右的全海盆增暖模态, 可能是因为模式试验中没有考虑热通量年际异常的强迫。同时, 模式模拟的IOD模态具有同观测结果相类似的不对称性, 进一步的敏感性试验表明风应力的不对称性对偶极子指数的不对称性贡献较小, 次表层及以下海温的不对称性可能主要受到海洋内部非线性动力过程的影响。通过数值试验, 本文还发现热带印度洋海温的不对称性对气候平均态会有影响, 而这种不对称性长期积累后, 会导致上层热带印度洋温度层结趋于稳定状态。     

两类El Ni?o对应的印度洋偶极子事件的比较研究

利用多种大气和海洋再分析资料,采用合成分析及2.5层简化海洋模型数值模拟等方法,研究了1951—2012年期间,与东部和中部型El Ni?o事件相伴随的热带印度洋海温偶极子(Indian Ocean Dipole,IOD)出现时,热带印度洋海温异常增暖及其上空海气耦合特征的物理机制。结果表明:夏秋季节,伴随东部型El Ni?o而发生的IOD事件(EP-IOD)和伴随中部型El Ni?o而发生的IOD事件(CP-IOD)中,热带印度洋海温正异常的强度与空间分布具有很大差异。对于EP-IOD事件,夏季,海温正异常中心最先出现在热带西北印度洋;随后秋季,海温正异常向东南发展并扩大至热带中南印度洋,强度较强。对于CP-IOD事件,夏季和秋季,海温正异常中心都位于热带中南印度洋,呈东西向带状分布,但海温正异常强度较EP-IOD事件中弱。进一步分析表明,在EP-IOD事件中,夏季,热带西北印度洋海区西南季风偏弱,通过影响夹卷混合过程导致热带西北印度洋海温上升;秋季,热带西北印度洋上空的异常偏东风导致垂向夹卷混合的正异常,对热带西北印度洋增暖的维持起到重要作用;热带中南印度洋的增暖主要受赤道东南印度洋西传的暖性Rossby波影响。而在CP-IOD事件中,夏秋两季,热带中南印度洋海区出现显著的西北风异常,其上空风速的负异常是增温的主要原因;同时赤道东南印度洋西传的暖性Rossby波对热带中南印度洋的增暖也起到重要作用。      

热带太平洋ENSO事件和印度洋的DIPOLE事件

在热带太平洋和印度洋的次表层构造了一个气候上的海温距平极值曲面(接近由20℃定义的温跃层曲面),分析了1960~2000年海温距平在这一曲面上演变的统计行为,指出,在这个曲面上分析海温距平的演变要比分析海表温度距平的演变规律更清楚,例如热带太平洋的ENSO事件,海温距平信号在赤道和南北10°左右的纬带附近呈逆时针方向传播,在传播过程中其强度产生变化甚至变号;在热带印度洋的Dipole若在最大海温距平曲面上来分析,则西、东印度洋的海温距平在统计上呈负相关(真正物理意义下的Dipole),而不像用海表温度距平分析那样只在西、东温度距平梯度上呈现年际的正、负号变化。进一步的分析表明,ENSO和Dipole的发展,在统计上呈现出时滞的相互关系,一般赤道东太平洋的海温距平变化在前(一个季度左右),联系这两者变化之间的纽带是赤道太平洋和印度洋的一对反相转动的Walker环流的耦合演变。     

The ENSO Events in the Tropical Pacific and Dipole Events in the Indian Ocean

A depth map (close to that of the thermocline as defined by 20℃) of climatically maximum seatemperature anomaly was created at the subsurface of the tropical Pacific and Indian Ocean, based on which the evolving sea-temperature anomaly at this depth map from 1960 to 2000 was statistically analyzed. It is noted that the evolving sea temperature anomaly at this depth map can be better analyzed than the evolving sea surface one. For example, during the ENSO event in the tropical Pacific, the seatemperature anomaly signals travel counter-clockwise within the range of 10°S-10°N, and while moving, the signals change in intensity or even type. If Dipole is used in the tropical Indian Ocean for analyzing the depth map of maximum sea-temperature anomaly, the sea-temperature anomalies of the eastern and western Indian Oceans would be negatively correlated in statistical sense (Dipole in real physical sense), which is unlike the sea surface temperature anomaly based analysis which demonstrates that the inter-annual positive and negative changes only occur on the gradients of the western and eastern temperature anomalies. Further analysis shows that the development of ENSO and Dipole has a time lag features statistically, with the sea-temperature anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific changing earlier (by three months or so). And the linkage between these two changes is a pair of coupled evolving Walker circulations that move reversely in the equatorial Pacific and Indian Oceans.     

A model study on oceanic processes during the Indian Ocean Dipole termination

In this study, the processes affecting the temperature variability over the Southeastern Tropical Indian Ocean (STIO) during 1958–2000, accomplishing the positive and negative Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events are analyzed. The upper ocean heat budget analysis of the STIO has been carried out to understand the oceanic process during the termination of the recent strongest IOD events. The three recent strongest positive IOD events (1961, 1994 and 1997) and a strong negative IOD event (1996) are considered for detailed analysis. The heat budget analysis revealed that the positive net-surface heat flux and vertical advection played dominant roles in the termination of 1997 IOD event, whereas horizontal and vertical advections are responsible for the termination of IOD events during 1961 and 1994. The anomalous negative surface heat flux and horizontal advection caused the dipole termination during the negative dipole year 1996. The findings are well supported by the analysis of anomaly correlation between model upper ocean heat content tendency and heat budget components. Significant intra-seasonal oscillations (ISOs) in sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly are seen during the initial phase of termination in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean during 1961 and 1994 IOD events. The influence of ISOs in SST is not so evident during the IOD termination in 1997. It is found that the termination processes have started more than a month prior to the actual IOD termination.     

The influence of El Niño on the Indian summer monsoon rainfall anomaly: a diagnostic study of the 1982/83 and 1997/98 events

The Indian summer monsoon of 1982 and 1997 depicts disparities, however, maximum sea surface temperature anomaly over Niño 3 region is observed in the following winter of both the years. The inter-annual variation of sea surface temperature anomaly shows maximum peak during 1982/83 and 1997/98 El Niño events. The inter-annual variation of multivariate ENSO index also supports the above observation. The analyses of the entire tropical Pacific basin including the equatorial region reveal an anomalous behavior of the mean sea level pressure (MSLP) and the convective activities. The observations further reveal that the negative anomaly in monsoon rainfall over India prevails throughout the monsoon season except for the month of August in 1982, while in the year 1997 the monsoon rainfall anomaly shows random variations. The comparison between the summer monsoon rainfall of 1982 and 1997 depicts that the magnitude of the positive anomaly is same in the month of August. The condition over tropical Pacific during 1982/83 and 1997/98 has been investigated through the variation of outgoing long wave radiation (OLR), MSLP and pressure vertical velocity. The time–longitude plots of OLR and MSLP reveal the changes in pressure distribution and convective pattern over the tropical equatorial Pacific. The zonal and meridional cross section of pressure vertical velocity over the tropical Pacific and tropical Indian Ocean facilitates to understand the strength of the vertical motion during the monsoons of 1982 and 1997.     

Warming in the northwestern Indian Ocean associated with the El Niño event

This paper investigates possible warming effects of an E1 Nifio event on the sea surface temperature anomaly （SSTA） in the northwestern Indian Ocean. Most pure positive Indian Ocean dipole （IOD） events （without an E1 Nifio event co-occurring） have a maximum positive SSTA mainly in the central Indian Ocean south of the equator, while most co-occurrences with an E1 Nifio event exhibit a northwest-southeast typical dipole mode. It is therefore inferred that warming in the northwestern Indian Ocean is closely related to the E1 Nifio event. Based on the atmospheric bridge theory, warming in the northwestern Indian Ocean during co-occurring cases may be primarily caused by relatively less latent heat loss from the ocean due to reduced wind speed. The deepened thermocline also contributes to the warming along the east coast of Africa through the suppressed upwelling of the cold water. Therefore, the E1 Nifio event is suggested to have a modulating effect on the structure of the dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean.     

Warming in the Northwestern Indian Ocean Associated with the El Nio Event

This paper investigates possible warming effects of an El Nino event on the sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) in the northwestern Indian Ocean. Most pure positive Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) events (without an El Nino event co-occurring) have a maximum positive SSTA mainly in the central Indian Ocean south of the equator, while most co-occurrences with an El Nino event exhibit a northwest-southeast typical dipole mode. It is therefore inferred that warming in the northwestern Indian Ocean is closely related to the El Nino event. Based on the atmospheric bridge theory, warming in the northwestern Indian Ocean during co-occurring cases may be primarily caused by relatively less latent heat loss from the ocean due to reduced wind speed. The deepened thermocline also contributes to the warming along the east coast of Africa through the suppressed upwelling of the cold water. Therefore, the El Nino event is suggested to have a modulating effect on the structure of the dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean.     

A westward extension of the warm pool leads to a westward extension of the Walker circulation, drying eastern Africa

Observations and simulations link anthropogenic greenhouse and aerosol emissions with rapidly increasing Indian Ocean sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Over the past 60?years, the Indian Ocean warmed two to three times faster than the central tropical Pacific, extending the tropical warm pool to the west by ~40° longitude (>4,000?km). This propensity toward rapid warming in the Indian Ocean has been the dominant mode of interannual variability among SSTs throughout the tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans (55°E?C140°W) since at least 1948, explaining more variance than anomalies associated with the El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In the atmosphere, the primary mode of variability has been a corresponding trend toward greatly increased convection and precipitation over the tropical Indian Ocean. The temperature and rainfall increases in this region have produced a westward extension of the western, ascending branch of the atmospheric Walker circulation. Diabatic heating due to increased mid-tropospheric water vapor condensation elicits a westward atmospheric response that sends an easterly flow of dry air aloft toward eastern Africa. In recent decades (1980?C2009), this response has suppressed convection over tropical eastern Africa, decreasing precipitation during the ??long-rains?? season of March?CJune. This trend toward drought contrasts with projections of increased rainfall in eastern Africa and more ??El Ni?o-like?? conditions globally by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Increased Indian Ocean SSTs appear likely to continue to strongly modulate the Warm Pool circulation, reducing precipitation in eastern Africa, regardless of whether the projected trend in ENSO is realized. These results have important food security implications, informing agricultural development, environmental conservation, and water resource planning.     

1997-1998年热带印度洋偶极子季节性位相锁定可能成因

利用改进的中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室的第三代海洋环流模式,以及1949年1月-1999年12月NCEP／NCAR月平均海表面大气距平资料,采用数值试验的方法,研究了1997--1998年热带印度洋偶极子从发展到成熟的特征,以及在相同大气异常强迫下1—12月大气气候基本态对印度洋偶极子的作用。结果表明,海洋表面的大气强迫对激发1997--1998年印度洋偶极子有重要作用;大气气候态对1997--1998年印度洋偶极子的强度有很大影响,其中9月的大气气候态最有利于印度洋偶极子达到最强;赤道印度洋上空风应力异常是1997--1998年印度洋偶极子形成的主要原因。     

印度洋海温年际异常与热带夏季季节内振荡的关系及其数值模拟研究

利用观测分析资料和SINTEX-F海气耦合长时间(70年)数值模拟结果,分析了印度洋海温年际异常与热带夏季季节内振荡(BSISO)各种传播模态之间关系及其物理过程。结果表明,印度洋海温年际异常与热带BSISO关系密切,当印度洋为正(负)偶极子情况,中东印度洋北传BSISO减弱(加强);当印度洋为正(负)海盆异常(BWA)情况,印度洋西太平洋赤道地区(40°E -180°)东传BSISO加强(减弱)。印度洋海温年际变化通过大气环流背景场和BSISO结构影响热带BSISO不同传播模态强度的年际变化。在负(正)偶极子年夏季,由于对流层大气垂直东风切变加强(减弱),对流扰动北侧的正压涡度、边界层水汽辐合加强更明显(不明显),导致形成BSISO较强(弱)的经向不对称结构,因此北传BSISO偏强(减弱)。印度洋BWA模态通过影响赤道西风背景以及海气界面热力交换,导致赤道东传BSISO强度产生变化。在正BWA年夏季,赤道地区西风较明显,当季节内振荡叠加在这种西风背景下,扰动中心的东侧(西侧)风速减弱(加强)更明显,海面蒸发及蒸发潜热减弱(加强)更明显,导致扰动中心的东侧(西侧)海温升高(降低)幅度更大,从而使边界层产生辐合(辐散)更强、水汽更多(少),因此赤道东传BSISO偏强;而在负BWA年,赤道地区西风背景减弱,以上物理过程受削弱使赤道东传BSISO偏弱。