He, Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic constraints on the origin of the Marquesas and other linear volcanic chains

The classic hotspot hypothesis [Morgan, W. J., 1971. Convection plumes in the lower mantle. Nature 230, 42–43], which posits that linear volcanic chains are traces of fixed plumes in the mantle on moving lithospheric plates, was instrumental in elevating the plate tectonics paradigm in the 1960s into a modern Earth Science theory. The hypothesis itself, however, remains conjectural because many of its predictions, particularly the simple age-progressive type of volcanism, are not observed in many linear volcanic chains. As an alternative explanation, it is proposed that linear volcanic chains are formed through magmatism along pre-existing lines of weakness such as transform zones and old sutures, or along cracks created by stresses on lithospheric plates. The Marquesas linear volcanic chain in south-central Pacific has geologic features that are consistent with some of the predictions of both hypotheses. To better constrain the origin of this volcanic chain, we collected major and trace element and Sr, Nd, Pb, and He isotopic data from several Marquesan lavas. Our new analyses combined with literature data classify the samples into the well established tholeiitic to mildly alkalic, low ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, high ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, shield-building volcanic phase lava group and highly alkalic, high ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, low ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, post-shield phase group. Lead isotopes show generally higher ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios and suggest evidence of crustal assimilation for the shield-building phase lavas, consistent with the argument that the shield-building phase volcanism has a lithospheric source component. On the other hand, post-shield phase lavas that are predicted to represent the true composition of the mantle source by the hotspot hypothesis have higher ³He/⁴He ratios and these are coupled to other geochemical tracers. Thus our results show that the Marquesas volcanic chain, similar to many other linear volcanic chains, has a high ³He/⁴He component in its mantle source. The presence of such a distinct source component cannot be easily explained by dispersed upper mantle heterogeneities, but provides a powerful constraint for the hotspot origin of many linear volcanic chains.     

印度尼西亚北苏拉威西岛弧岩浆作用及其对板块俯冲起始的制约

板块俯冲起始是板块构造理论的核心内容, 但却研究最为薄弱。印度尼西亚北苏拉威西岛弧是始新世期间开始发育的一个印度洋洋内弧, 其记录了多期次(包括印度洋、马鲁古海和西里伯斯海)的且处于不同演化阶段的俯冲作用及相应的俯冲起始过程, 因此该岛弧是研究板块俯冲起始的天然实验室。本文通过回顾板块俯冲起始研究进展, 结合北苏拉威西岛弧内已有的野外调查、锆石U-Pb定年、岩石地球化学特征等, 以厘清区域内岛弧岩浆的岩石类型、形成时代、空间分布和岩浆活动节律, 制约岛弧岩浆的构造背景和岩浆源区性质等, 并着重关注该岛弧内可能与板块俯冲起始相关的地质和岩石记录, 如弧前玄武岩、玻安岩、俯冲带(SSZ)型蛇绿岩、变质底板等。在此基础上, 综合限定北苏拉威西岛弧记录的印度洋洋壳俯冲历史, 探讨其俯冲起始的时间与地球动力学机制。本文仅抛砖引玉, 期待更多学者参与到北苏拉威西岛弧板块俯冲起始的研究中来。

     

Petrology,geochemistry and tectonic significance of serpentinized ultramafic rocks from the South Arm of Sulawesi,Indonesia

Serpentinized ultramafic rocks occur in two separate basement complexes in the South Arm of Sulawesi, the Bantimala and Barru Blocks. We present petrographic, mineral chemical and geochemical data for these rocks, and interpret them in terms of petrogenesis and tectonic setting. The rocks of both blocks show strong serpentinization of original anhydrous silicates. The Bantimala ultramafics consist mainly of peridotite (harzburgite and dunite) and clinopyroxenite, with lenses of podiform chromitite. Metamorphism is evidenced by the occurrence of amphibolite-facies tremolite schist. In contrast, the Barru ultramafics consist of harzburgite peridotite and podiform chromitite, which also show an amphibolite-facies overprint that in this case may be related to intrusion by a large dacite/granodiorite body. Whole-rock trace element analyses and spinel compositions show that the Barru harzburgite is depleted relative to primitive mantle, and has had some melt extracted. In contrast, the Bantimala dunite, harzburgite and clinopyroxenite are cumulates. Both are derived from a supra-subduction zone environment, and were obducted during the closure of small back-arc basins. If there has been no rotation of the blocks, then the Bantimala ultramafics were emplaced from an ENE direction, while the Barru ultramafics were emplaced from the WNW. The ultramafic suites from these two blocks are juxtaposed with metamorphic assemblages, which were later intruded by younger volcanics, particularly in the Barru Block.     

Geodynamic significance of the Raspas Metamorphic Complex (SW Ecuador): geochemical and isotopic constraints

The Raspas Metamorphic Complex of southwestern Ecuador is regarded as the southernmost remnant of oceanic and continental terranes accreted in the latest Jurassic–Early Cretaceous. It consists of variably metamorphosed rock types. (1) Mafic and ultramafic rocks metamorphosed under high-pressure (HP) conditions (eclogite facies) show oceanic plateau affinities with flat REE chondrite-normalized patterns, Nd_{150 Ma} ranging from +4.6 to 9.8 and initial Pb isotopic ratios intermediate between MORB and OIB. (2) Sedimentary rocks metamorphosed under eclogitic conditions exhibit LREE enriched patterns, strong negative Eu anomalies, Rb, Nb, U, Th, Pb enrichments, low Nd_{150 Ma} values (from −6.4 to −9.5), and high initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and ^206,207,208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb isotopic ratios suggesting they were originally sediments derived from the erosion of an old continental crust. (3) Epidote-bearing amphibolites show N-MORB affinities with LREE depleted patterns, LILE, Zr, Hf and Th depletion, high Nd_{150 Ma} (>+10) and low initial Pb isotopic ratios.The present-day well defined internal structure of the Raspas Metamorphic Complex seems to be inconsistent with the formerly proposed interpretation of a “tectonic mélange”. The association of oceanic plateau rocks and continent-derived sediments both metamorphosed in HP conditions suggests that the thin edge of the oceanic plateau first entered the subduction zone and dragged sediments downward of the accretionary wedge along the Wadatti–Benioff zone. Subsequently, when its thickest part arrived into the subduction zone, the oceanic plateau jammed the subduction processes, due to its high buoyancy.In Ecuador and Colombia, the latest Jurassic–Early Cretaceous suture involves HP oceanic plateau rocks and N-MORB rocks metamorphosed under lower grades, suggesting a composite or polyphase nature for the latest Jurassic–Early Cretaceous accretionary event.     

The age of undeformed dacite intrusions within the Kolaka Fault zone,SE Sulawesi,Indonesia

We present petrologic, geochemical and U–Pb sensitive high resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) data from previously undocumented dacite intrusions from the SE Arm of Sulawesi. The dacites occur in a strand of a major fault (the Kolaka Fault) that crosses the SE Arm of Sulawesi and northern Bone Bay. U–Pb SHRIMP dating shows the “Kolaka Dacite” yields zircon grains and overgrowths that range between ca. 4 and 7 Ma, indicating active magmatism in SE Sulawesi at this time. The youngest age population (4.4 ± 0.2 Ma) from this range is interpreted to be the maximum crystallization age for the dacite. The Kolaka Dacite is undeformed, and so potentially intruded during or after movement within a strand of the Kolaka Fault. The dacites may have otherwise been emplaced passively along existing foliation planes in the country rock schist. Additional U–Pb data were collected from inherited zircons, yielding ages between 8 Ma and 1854 Ma. We consider that these inherited zircons are xenocrysts, derived from either (1) a partially melted protolith and/or (2) xenocrysts assimilated during ascent of the magma. In either case, the inherited zircons record the age of the basement rocks beneath this part of SE Sulawesi. These inherited zircon cores show that the SE arm of Sulawesi is underlain by Proterozoic or younger material, validating earlier ideas that the crust here was derived from Gondwana.     

Qiarbahete Sanukitoids and adakitic rocks in NW Tianshan: age and geochemical constraints on their petrogenesis and tectonic settings

The Qiarbahete complex in NW China consists of gabbroic diorite, granodiorite, and late-stage quartz diorite porphyry veins. Zircon sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U–Pb analyses show that the gabbroic diorite and granodiorite formed at 368 ± 5.2 Ma and 354 ± 4.1 Ma, respectively, indicating that the complex was emplaced in the Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous. The gabbroic diorites, characteristic of Sanukitoids, exhibit high Mg^# (62 average), MgO (6.84% average), Cr (195 ppm average), and Ni (61.4 ppm average) contents. The rocks show moderately fractionated rare earth element (REEs) patterns and weak negative Eu anomalies (δEu: 0.83–0.89), enrichment of large ion lithophile elements (LILEs), and depletion of high field strength elements (HFSEs), with low ?_Nd(t) values (1.46–1.73). The gabbroic diorites originated from partial melting of a hydrous mantle wedge followed by assimilation of crust during ascent. The granodiorites show a geochemical affinity with adakitic rocks, e.g. SiO₂ (64.95–67.87%) > 56%, Al₂O₃ (15.88–16.56%) > 15%, MgO (1.79–2.31%) < 3%, Sr (315–375 ppm) > 300 ppm, and Yb (1.84–2.06 ppm). They are enriched in light rare earth elements (LREEs) and LILEs and depleted in HFSEs, with weak negative Eu anomalies (δEu: 0.78–0.87). The granodiorites were mainly derived by the partial melting of a subducted oceanic slab, followed by subsequent melt–mantle interaction and crustal rocks contamination. All these indicate that the Qiarbahete complex was emplaced in a continental arc setting attending the southward subduction of the Junggar Ocean during the Late Devonian–early Carboniferous, generating the lateral accretion of continental crust in NW Tianshan.     

甘肃敦煌观音沟地区变质作用初步研究

敦煌东南三危山观音沟地区,出露有石榴斜长角闪片麻岩,岩石中保存了三个阶段的变质矿物组合。进变质阶段的矿物组合(M1)以石榴子石变斑晶中的包裹体矿物组合(Hbl1+Pl1+Qtz1)为代表,形成条件约为550~575℃/5.2~5.7kbar(绿帘角闪岩相)。变质高峰期矿物组合(M2)主要由石榴子石变斑晶和基质矿物(Hbl2+Pl2+Qtz2±Cpx2)组成,形成温度670℃,压力11.9kbar(角闪岩相)。退变质阶段矿物组合(M3)为后成合晶矿物组合(Hbl3+Pl3+Qtz3),形成条件约为590~640℃/4.3~5.9kbar(角闪岩相)。观音沟石榴斜长角闪片麻岩记录了包含进变质、变质高峰、退变质过程的造山过程"西阿尔卑斯"型P-T轨迹,其中退变质阶段具有明显的近等温降压特征。变质作用P-T轨迹指示本地区可能经历了俯冲-碰撞-快速抬升的造山过程。结合年代学资料,该期造山事件可能发生于泥盆纪。     

Petrology, geochemistry and paleogeographic reconstruction of the East Sulawesi Ophiolite, Indonesia

The East Sulawesi Ophiolite (ESO) is tectonically dismembered and widely distributed in Central and East Sulawesi. It comprises, from base to top, residual mantle peridotite and mafic–ultramafic cumulate through layered to isotropic gabbro, to sheeted dolerites and basaltic volcanic rocks. Residual peridotite is dominantly spinel lherzolite intercalated with harzburgite and dunite. Ultramafic rocks from different locations display significant differences in rock composition and mineral. However, the clinopyroxene of peridotite displays REE pattern similarities with those of mid-ocean ridge (MOR) origin, rather than those of suprasubduction zone (SSZ) origin. The gabbroic unit consists of massive gabbro, layered gabbro, mafic and ultramafic cumulate and anorthosite. The observed crystallization sequence of gabbroic unit, which is olivine→(spinel)→plagioclase→clinopyroxene→(orthopyroxene)→(hornblende), and the mineral chemistry data indicate that the ESO gabbro has similarities with MOR setting.Major and trace element geochemistry of basalt and dolerite suggests MOR, oceanic plateau and minor SSZ origins. A possible oceanic plateau origin is supported by the following: (i) the 15-km thickness is comparable with the thickness of oceanic plateau rather than normal oceanic lithosphere; (ii) there are no or only minor olivine phenocrysts in the basalt; and (iii) predominance of aphyric texture in the basalts. The REE pattern of ESO basalt exhibits N-MORB-like signatures. However, a negative Nb anomaly in the trace element spider diagram may be attributed to mantle heterogeneity of an OPB source.The geochemical variations and disparities for both peridotite and basalt and the noncogenetic relationship between crust and mantle sections in several locations suggest that the ESO may have been formed at one tectonic setting and was later overprinted by magmatism in different environments through its birth to emplacement. A possible Cretaceous origin of an oceanic plateau component of the ESO is indicated on the basis of calculated paleopositions using plate trajectory analyses together with previously published paleolatitude data. The ESO can be traced back to the proximity of the presently active region of the SW Pacific Superplume.     

中国东部A型花岗岩形成时代及物质来源的Nd—Sr—O同位素地球化学制约

对中国东部A型花岗岩有代表性的碾子山、山海关、崂山、苏州以及魁岐岩体的Nd-Sr-O同位素地球化学组成进行了系统研究。经过筛选的全岩Rb-Sr等时线拟合结果表明,基本未遭受岩浆期后大气降水交换的苏州和魁岐Rb-Sr等时线年龄分别是108±10Ma和109±5Ma,它们代表岩浆冷却结晶时代。其它遭受热液蚀变较为显著的碾子山、山海关以及崂山岩体Rb-Sr等时线年龄的地质意义不明确。全岩εNd(t)、(87Sr/86Sr)0以及锆石δ18O综合示踪研究表明,中国东部A型花岗岩可能起源于曾经历过高温海水热液交换的再循环下部俯冲洋壳的部分熔融。模型计算结果表明,碾子山、山海关以及崂山等岩体所表现出的εNd(t)-δ18O脱耦变化与大洋沉积物析出流体与下覆辉长岩洋壳之间不同程度的交代有关。在此基础上,提出了中国东部A型花岗岩统一的成因模式,并对其地球动力学意义进行了讨论。     

豫西秦岭杂岩变质带的分布及主期变质时代的限定

豫西秦岭杂岩中变质分级可呈与造山带大致平行的带状分布,从两侧向中心变质级别升高,尤其南侧分带明显:由南向北,依次为黑云母带-石榴子石带-蓝晶石带-夕线石带,直至斜方辉石带,而不是整体上经历了麻粒岩相变质作用。局部发生的麻粒岩相变质未见明显向角闪岩相变质转化的退变结构。通过几种岩石的锆石LA-MC-ICPMS测年研究,多数样品中的锆石经受了后期强烈的改造,同位素体系或多或少被重置。尽管如此,侵位花岗岩和伟晶岩年龄限定了主期变质作用的时代应老于484±3Ma,并可能与早期的榴辉岩相变质作用在演化上有联系。主期变质(不包括榴辉岩相变质)性质与经典的巴罗式变质带可以对比;此外,研究区未经历明显的地壳增厚,与高喜马拉雅结晶岩系类似,秦岭杂岩可能经历了中、下地壳物质沿隧道流上升过程。     

Geological and Geochemical Characteristics of Gold Mineralization in the Salu Bulo Prospect,Sulawesi, Indonesia

The Salu Bulo prospect is one of the gold prospects in the Awak Mas project in the central part of the western province, Sulawesi, Indonesia. The gold mineralization is hosted by the meta‐sedimentary rocks intercalated with the meta‐volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks of the Latimojong Metamorphic Complex. The ores are approximately three meters thick, consisting of veins, stockwork, and breccias. The veins can be classified into three stages, namely, early, main, and late stages, and gold mineralization is related to the main stage. The mineral assemblage of the matrix of breccia and the veins are both composed of quartz, carbonate (mainly ankerite), and albite. High‐grade gold ores in the Salu Bulo prospect are accompanied by intense alteration, such as carbonatization, albitization, silicification, and sulfidation along the main stage veins and breccia. Alteration mineral assemblage includes ankerite ± calcite, quartz, albite, and pyrite along with minor sericite. Pyrite is the most abundant sulfide mineral that is spatially related to native gold and electrum (<2–42 μm in size). It is more abundant as dissemination in the altered host rocks than those in veins. This suggests that water–rock interaction played a role to precipitate pyrite and Au in the Salu Bulo prospect. The Au contents of intensely altered host rocks and ores have positive correlations with Ag, Ni, Mo, and Na. Fluid inclusions in the veins of the main stage and the matrix of breccia are mainly two‐phase liquid‐rich inclusions with minor two‐phase, vapor‐rich, and single‐phase liquid or vapor inclusions. CO₂ and N₂ gases are detected in the fluid inclusions by Laser Raman microspectrometry. Fluid boiling probably occurred when the fluid was trapped at approximately 120–190 m below the paleo water table. δ¹⁸O_SMOW values of fluid, +5.8 and +7.6‰, calculated from δ¹⁸O_SMOW of quartz from the main stage vein indicate oxygen isotopic exchange with wall rocks during deep circulation. δ³⁴S_CDT of pyrite narrowly ranges from ?2.0 to +3.4‰, suggesting a single source of sulfur. Gold mineralization in the Salu Bulo prospect occurred in an epithermal condition, after the metamorphism of the host rocks. It formed at a relatively shallow depth from fluids with low to moderate salinity (3.0–8.5 wt% NaCl equiv.). The temperature and pressure of ore formation range from 190 to 210°C and 1.2 to 1.9 MPa, respectively.     

内蒙古狼山地区叠布斯格岩群锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素特征及其对阿拉善地块构造演化的制约

阿拉善地块位于华北克拉通西端,其早前寒武纪地质演化一直存在争议。选取阿拉善地块东北缘的叠布斯格岩群为研究对象,通过锆石U-Pb定年和Lu-Hf同位素分析,探讨阿拉善地块的性质和归属及华北克拉通早期地质演化。叠布斯格岩群主要由变质沉积岩和变质火山岩组成,包括高级变质的片麻岩、大理岩、石英岩、角闪岩,并被古元古代钾质花岗岩侵入。来自叠布斯格岩群3个副片麻岩样品的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,叠布斯格岩群副片麻岩中碎屑锆石的207Pb/206Pb年龄范围为2.60~2.10 Ga,变质锆石的年龄显示叠布斯格岩群经历了1.98~1.90 Ga和1.90~1.79 Ga的两组峰期变质作用,指示叠布斯格岩群原岩形成于2.10~1.98 Ga。研究区未发现有太古宙岩石出露,但不排除其下部地壳中存在太古宙基底岩石的可能。碎屑锆石的Lu-Hf同位素数据结果显示,叠布斯格岩群副片麻岩中碎屑锆石的εHf(t)均为负值,指示其成岩物质源于古—中太古代(3.42~2.79 Ga)古老地壳在新太古代晚期—古元古代早期的重熔或再造。通过对比叠布斯格岩群和阴山地块、孔兹岩带的岩浆-变质事件及Hf同位素特征,推测阿拉善地块前寒武纪基底在古元古代可能是孔兹岩带的一部分。     

新疆菁布拉克含铜镍矿杂岩体形成时代与地球化学特征

西天山菁布拉克含铜镍矿杂岩体处于伊犁微板块南部边缘隆起活动带内.通过LA-ICP-MS获得辉石闪长岩锆石U-Pb加权平均年龄为(414.8±0.9)Ma.地球化学特征上,岩体的稀土总量总体变化较小,岩体中各样品的La/Sm值介于1.07～2.61,球粒陨石标准化配分曲线表现为平缓型到轻稀土元素低度富集型.总体上富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、Sr等),相对亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Ti等),尤其明显亏损Nb、Ti和Ta.岩体εNd(t)为+3.8～+6.3,表明岩浆源区为亏损地幔.研究认为菁布拉克含矿杂岩体的形成与早古生代南天山洋向中天山板块下的俯冲作用有关,沉积物脱水产生流体交代地幔楔导致地幔部分熔融,分离结晶及微弱的同化混染作用导致成岩成矿.     

北大别饶拔寨石榴辉石岩P-T-t轨迹及其构造意义

P-T-t轨迹作为变质岩的重要研究方法之一，对揭示岩石的构造演化过程具有重要意义。北大别饶拔寨镁铁-超镁铁岩形成的构造环境和就位过程长期以来尚存争议。本文通过岩相学观察、矿物化学研究和温压计计算，揭示出饶拔寨石榴辉石岩经历了四个变质演化阶段：1）超高压变质阶段（M1）：主要根据石榴子石中金红石的出溶，单斜辉石中石英的出溶和磷灰石中不透明矿物的出溶，结合前人研究，认为饶拔寨石榴辉石岩经历过超高压变质阶段（≥2.5GPa）；2）高压麻粒岩相阶段（M2）：矿物组合为石榴子石（变斑晶）和单斜辉石（基质）+斜长石（基质），记录的温压条件为T=648~700℃，P=1.47~1.94GPa；3）中压麻粒岩相阶段（M3）：以石榴子石外围发育的主要由斜方辉石+斜长石组成的内圈"白眼圈"为特征，形成的温压条件为T=781~796℃，P=0.92~0.98GPa；4）角闪岩相阶段（M4）：以石榴子石变斑晶周围发育的外圈"白眼圈"为特征，其矿物组合为角闪石+斜长石的后成合晶，形成的温压条件为T=663~685℃，P=0.50~0.58GPa。石榴辉石岩的锆石SIMS U-Pb定年得到了3组不同的交点年龄，分别为208.1~202.1Ma、227.6Ma和817.7Ma。根据锆石包裹体中角闪石+斜长石的组合，推断208.1~202.1Ma代表了角闪岩相变质年龄的下限，227.6Ma则是高压麻粒岩相的下限年龄，而新元古代年龄（817.7Ma）与区域上的变质岩原岩年龄一致，可能代表了其原岩年龄。结合前人研究，饶拔寨石榴辉石岩记录了顺时针的P-T-t轨迹，揭示了板片俯冲（超高压变质）-碰撞-折返（降压升温过程，~227Ma）-抬升（降压降温过程，208~202Ma）的完整过程。     

北山辉铜山泥盆纪钾长花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄、 成因及构造意义

LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,北山柳园地区辉铜山钾长花岗岩的形成年龄为397±3Ma (MSWD=1.1).地球化学特征显示为高钾钙碱性的高分异Ⅰ型花岗岩到A型花岗岩过渡的特征.其全岩εNd(t)值为-1.3～ +1.2,Nd模式年龄(tDM)为960 ～ 1530Ma;锆石εHf(t)值为-1.0～ +5.8,两阶段Hf模式年龄(tDM2)为1024～1455Ma.地质背景、地球化学和同位素综合分析显示,辉铜山岩体为造山后伸展拉张背景下,幔源岩浆底侵导致上覆年轻地壳(可能为洋壳、岛弧建造或增生楔物质)部分熔融形成的钙碱性花岗闪长质岩浆经进一步演化及结晶分异形成.北山南带地区早-中泥盆世花岗岩显示出高分异钙碱性Ⅰ型花岗岩、I-A型花岗岩和A型花岗岩的组合特征.因此,在397Ma左右,北山地区古生代岩浆已经从Ⅰ型或S型转化为I-A型特征,构造环境转化为后造山或同造山晚期的伸展环境.     

Metamorphic history and tectonic evolution of the Qinling Complex, eastern Qinling Mountains, China

Abstract The metamorphic history and tectonic evolution of the Qinling Complex is divided into formation and modification stages. During the Proterozoic formation stage, three deformational sequences are recognized. Andalusite–muscovite, sillimanite–muscovite and sillimanite–K-feldspar zones of amphibolite facies regional metamorphism are earlier than, or synchronous with the first or second phase of folding. Ductile shear zones were formed and Caledonian granites were emplaced during the modification stage. The granites superimposed contact aureoles (garnet–K-feldspar zone) on the regional metamorphic fabric.
Metamorphic reactions, P–T conditions of metamorphism and P–T–t paths were estimated by analysis of mineral textures and standard thermobarometric techniques. The P–T–t path of the Proterozoic tectonometamorphic cycle shows prominent clockwise decompression. The P–T–t path of the Caledonian tectonometamorphic cycle is characterized by an early rise of pressure and temperature, followed by isothermal decompression (rapid uplift) and finally with isobaric cooling.
The P–T–t paths of the two tectonometamorphic cycles reflect two major stages of collision and uplift in the evolution of the Qinling orogenic belt during the Proterozoic and Caledonian–Hercynian periods, respectively.     

黑龙江省木兰县双合屯地区晚古生代火山岩时代厘定及其对构造环境的约束

黑龙江省木兰县双合屯地区出露一套酸性火山岩, 前人根据岩性组合将其划分为下二叠统五道岭组, 通过对其中的流纹岩进行锆石U-Pb测年, 获得年龄为303±4 Ma, 结合岩石地层特征, 将其重新厘定为唐家屯组, 形成时代为晚石炭世。该套火山岩属于准铝质-过铝质高钾钙碱性火山岩, 具有A型花岗岩的地球化学特征。轻、重稀土元素分异明显, 具有强烈的负Eu异常, 富集大离子亲石元素Rb、K、U等, 亏损高场强元素Nb、P、Ti等, 表明岩浆来源于下地壳的部分熔融, 可能为碰撞造山后伸展机制下的产物。结合区域地质构造背景, 火山岩可能形成于额尔古纳-兴安地块与松嫩-张广才岭地块发生碰撞造山后的伸展环境, 表明研究区在晚石炭世已由碰撞造山转向造山后伸展阶段。     

中国东北~500Ma泛非期孔兹岩带的确定及其意义

东北地区的变质基底,如佳木斯地块的麻山群、兴安地块的兴华渡口群等岩石组合是以(含石墨)大理岩、夕线石榴片麻岩、斜长角闪岩等为主要标志的孔兹岩系。在额尔古纳、兴安和佳木斯-兴凯地块的夕线石榴片麻岩分别得到锆石U-Pb年龄,证明这些高级变质岩的原岩年龄以新元古代(600~850Ma)为主,变质年龄为~500Ma,因此东北地区的变质基底记录了从Rodinia 到 Gondwana大陆的聚合与离散的过程。泛非期高级变质岩及其同期岩浆岩在额尔古纳、兴安、松辽、佳木斯 和兴凯地块等断续分布,总体出露范围>1300km,并沿虎头、鸡西、萝北、兴华渡口和漠河一线总体北西向沿黑龙江断续分布,因此我们命名为"中国东北泛非期孔兹岩带"。 "中国东北泛非期孔兹岩带"的提出和进一步研究, 对深入探讨东北地区各地块基底组成的异同性以及陆块聚合的过程,以及东北地区的构造演化历史及其在Gondwana大陆重建中的位置都具有重要的科学意义。     

Pb, Sr, and Nd isotopic and chemical evidence for a primitive island arc emplacement of the El Arco porphyry copper deposit (Baja California, Mexico)

The El Arco porphyry copper deposit is located in central Baja California and is a resource containing >600 Mt of ore with ∼0.6% copper. It was emplaced within a relatively primitive Jurassic island arc and it was subsequently metamorphosed and intruded by the Cretaceous Peninsular Ranges batholith. The porphyritic stock intrusion and ore formation at El Arco has recently been dated at ∼165 Ma [Valencia et al. GEOS 24:189 (2004)]. This age is much older than Aptian-Albian K–Ar ages previously reported from El Arco [Barthelmy, Geology of El Arco-Calmallí area, Baja California, México. MSc Thesis, San Diego State University, CA (1975); Baja California Geology. San Diego State University, CA, pp 127–138 (1979)]. The copper mineralization at El Arco is concentrated in a core of potassic alteration in a dioritic porphyritic stock surrounded by propylitic alteration in andesitic lavas. Mafic dikes that intruded the deposit are not mineralized, but they are affected by post-ore low-grade metamorphism. The dikes are compositionally the most primitive rocks, while host rock andesites and the porphyry stock display typical volcanic arc characteristics. The Pb isotope data from sulfides, feldspars, quartz, and whole-rock samples indicate that: (1) the copper-bearing porphyry stock and the surrounding andesites evolved from a similar source with an average μ-value of 9.43; (2) no external Pb was added during mineralization; (3) some Pb isotope compositions were slightly disturbed by a later metamorphic event. Strontium and Nd isotopes show that the magmas evolved from a depleted mantle reservoir with no involvement of older continental crust. Our data favor a model for the formation of the El Arco deposit linked to a Triassic to Jurassic intra-oceanic arc system, cropping out at the western margin of central Baja California in the Cedros-Vizcaíno region. The intra-oceanic arc together with the El Arco deposit was accreted to the active continental margin of North America and metamorphosed during the Early Cretaceous. This model is in disagreement to earlier models that favor the El Arco deposit formation being linked to the Cretaceous continental margin.     

Geochemical and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic compositions of the Eocene Dölek and Sariçiçek Plutons, Eastern Turkey: Implications for magma interaction in the genesis of high-K calc-alkaline granitoids in a post-collision extensional setting

The major and trace elements and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopes of the host rocks and the mafic microgranular enclaves (MME) gathered from the Dölek and Sariçiçek plutons, Eastern Turkey, were studied to understand the underlying petrogenesis and geodynamic setting. The plutons were emplaced at  43 Ma at shallow depths ( 5 to 9 km) as estimated from Al-in hornblende geobarometry. The host rocks consist of a variety of rock types ranging from diorite to granite (SiO₂ = 56.98–72.67 wt.%; Mg# = 36.8–50.0) populated by MMEs of gabbroic diorite to monzodiorite in composition (SiO₂ = 53.21–60.94 wt.%; Mg# = 44.4–53.5). All the rocks show a high-K calc-alkaline differentiation trend. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns are moderately fractionated and relatively flat [(La/Yb)_N = 5.11 to 8.51]. They display small negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu = 0.62 to 0.88), with enrichment of LILE and depletion of HFSE. Initial Nd–Sr isotopic compositions for the host rocks are ε_Nd(43 Ma) = − 0.6 to 0.8 and mostly I_Sr = 0.70482–0.70548. The Nd model ages (T_DM) vary from 0.84 to 0.99 Ga. The Pb isotopic ratios are (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb) = 18.60–18.65, (²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb) = 15.61–15.66 and (²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb) = 38.69–38.85. Compared with the host rocks, the MMEs are relatively homogeneous in isotopic composition, with I_Sr ranging from 0.70485 to 0.70517, ε_Nd(43 Ma) − 0.1 to 0.8 and with Pb isotopic ratios of (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb) = 18.58–18.64, (²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb) = 15.60–15.66 and (²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb) = 38.64–38.77. The MMEs have T_DM ranging from 0.86 to 1.36 Ga. The geochemical and isotopic similarities between the MMEs and their host rocks indicate that the enclaves are of mixed origin and are most probably formed by the interaction between the lower crust- and mantle-derived magmas. All the geochemical data, in conjunction with the geodynamic evidence, suggest that a basic magma derived from an enriched subcontinental lithospheric mantle, probably triggered by the upwelling of the asthenophere, and interacted with a crustal melt that originated from the dehydration melting of the mafic lower crust at deep crustal levels. Modeling based on the Sr–Nd isotope data indicates that  77–83% of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle involved in the genesis. Consequently, the interaction process played an important role in the genesis of the hybrid granitoid bodies, which subsequently underwent a fractional crystallization process along with minor amounts of crustal assimilation, en route to the upper crustal levels generating a wide variety of rock types ranging from diorite to granite in an extensional regime.