Atmospheric radiative transfer simulation for atmospheric correction of remote sensing data

The radiance leaving the earth-atmosphere system which can be sensed by a satellite borne radiometer is the sum of radiation emission from the earth surface and each atmospheric level that are transmitted to the top of the atmosphere. The radiation emission from the earth surface and the radiance of each atmospheric level can be separated from the radiance at the top the atmospheric level measured by a satellite borne radiometer. However, it is very difficult to measure the atmospheric radiance, especially the synchronous measurement with the satellite. Thus some atmospheric radiative transfer models have been developed to provide many options for modeling atmospheric radiation transport, such as LOWTRAN, MODTRAN, 6S, FASCODE, LBLRTM, SHARC, and SAMM. Meanwhile, these models can support the detailed detector system design, the optimization and evaluation of satellite mission parameters, and the data processing procedures. As an example, the newly atmospheric radiative transfer models, MODTRAN will be compared with other models after the atmospheric radiative transfer is described. And the atmospheric radiative transfer simulation procedures and their applications to atmospheric transmittance, retrieval of atmospheric elements, and surface parameters, will also be presented.     

Soil-vegetation-atmosphere radiative transfer model in microwave region

The radiative transfer is one of the significant theories that describe the processes of scattering, emission, and absorption of electromagnetic radiant intensity through scattering medium. It is the basis of the study on the quantitative remote sensing. In this paper, the radiative characteristics of soil, vegetation, and atmosphere were described respectively. The numerical solution of radiative transfer was accomplished by Successive Orders of Scattering （SOS）. A radiative transfer model for simulating microwave brightness temperature over land surfaces was constructed, designed, and implemented. Analyzing the database generated from soil-vegetation-atmosphere radiative transfer model under Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System （AMSR-E） configuration showed that the atmospheric effects on microwave brightness temperature should not be neglected, particularly for higher frequency, and can be parameterized. At the same time, the relationship between the emissivities of the different channels was developed. The study results will promote the development of algorithm to retrieve geophysical parameters from microwave remotely sensed data.     

光学遥感大气订正模型及其相关问题分析

首先说明了大气的影响作用和大气订正的必要性。接着总结了大气订正的基本问题:侧重分析了大气订正的模型和反演方法;还包括大气、气溶胶参数的反演;辐射传输软件用于大气订正函数的计算;邻近效应的处理;查找表的创建;大气订正的精度分析等。     

遥感影像直方图修正及彩色变换

遥感技术是当前人类研究地球资源环境的一种主要技术手段。针对遥感影像的特点 ,对其进行直方图修正及彩色变换的数字图像处理 ,用VC ++6 .0程序设计语言 ,实现几种变换     

Study on the correlation between chlorophyll maximum and remote sensing data

Based on the in situ optical measurements in the Bohai Sea of China, which belongs to a typical case-2 water area, we studied the characteristics of DCM （deep chlorophyll maximum） such as its spatial distribution, vertical profile, etc. We found that when the depth of the chlorophyll maximum is comparatively small, even in turbid coastal water regions, there is always a good correlation between the concentrations of chlorophyll maximum and the satellite-received signals in blue-green spectral bands; the correlation is even better than that between the surface chlorophyll concentrations and the satellite-received signals. The strong correlation existing even in turbid coastal water regions indicates that an ocean color model to retrieve the concentration of DCM can be constructed for coastal waters if a comprehensive knowledge of the vertical distribution of chlorophyll concentration in the Bohai Sea of China is available.     

APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGY TO POPULATION ESTIMATION

This paper attempts to explore a new avenue of urban small-regional population estimation by remote sensing technology, creatively and comprehensively for the first time using a residence count method, area (density)method and model method, incorporating the application experienqe of American scholars in the light of the state of our country. Firstly, the author proposes theoretical basis for population estimation by remote sensing, on the basis of analysing and evaluating the history and state quo of application of methods of population estimation by remote sens-ing. Secondly, two original types of mathematical models of population estimation are developed on the basis of remote sensing data, taking Tianjin City as an example. By both of the mathematical models the regional population may be estimated from remote sensing variable values with high accuracy. The number of the independent variables in the lat-ter model is somewhat smaller and the collection of remote sensing data is somewhat easier, but the deviation is a little larger. Finally, some viewpoints on the principled problems about the practical application of remote sensing to popu-lation estimation are out forward.     

Alternative Fuzzy Cluster segmentation of remote sensing images based on Adaptive Genetic Algorithm

Remote sensing image segmentation is the basis of image understanding and analysis. However, the precision and the speed of segmentation can not meet the need of image analysis, due to strong uncertainty and rich texture details of remote sensing images. We proposed a new segmentation method based on Adaptive Genetic Algorithm (AGA) and Alternative Fuzzy C-Means (AFCM). Segmentation thresholds were identified by AGA. Then the image was segmented by AFCM. The results indicate that the precision and the speed of segmentation have been greatly increased, and the accuracy of threshold selection is much higher compared with traditional Otsu and Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) segmentation methods. The segmentation results also show that multi-thresholds segmentation has been achieved by combining AGA with AFCM.     

Establishment and application of urbanization strategic environmental assessment integration technology system

Urbanization strategic environmental assessment （SEA） is an effective instrument to enhance the harmonious development of urban complex system, integrating of environment and development in decision-making. Urbanization strategic environmental assessment integration technology system （SEA-ITS） is composed of ＂3S＂ （RS, GIS and GPS）, environmental expert system and environmental model system, coupling with appropriate SEA working process closely. In this paper, the structure and components of SEA-ITS are analyzed based on Chinese characteristics, meanwhile methods to fulfill the following system functions are discussed： urbanization SEA inquiring, analysis, discrimination, assessment, prediction, decision-making and output. Moreover, methods and technologies employed in different urbanization SEA hierarchies are summarized. As a case study, urbanization SEA-ITS is applied in Changchun City to solving complex real problems. Methods such as system dynamics and grey cluster are adopted to achieve the environmental impact assessment on the eco-industrial system planning. It is revealed that the system designed is capable of reflecting the dynamic behavior of eco-industrial system under different scenarios, meanwhile accomplishing strategy optimization and supplying scientific reference. The 4th strategy, namely concerning on economy increase and its interaction with science, technology and environment progress, would have the best efficiency. Further, more attention should be paid to the secondary development of integration techniques and function modification system of urbanization SEA-ITS.     

光学遥感大气订正方法与软件应用分析

本文首先介绍了常见的若干大气订正方法,对于海色遥感,高光谱遥感,机载图像、多角度图像,考虑其特殊性,并介绍了其大气订正的新进展;接着分析了几个当前发行的大气订正软件或者模块;最后,我们提出了大气订正中存在的问题和发展方向。     

多源遥感影像数据融合方法在地学中的应用

应用遥感影像数据融合理论，研究了光学遥感、热红外遥感、微波遥感卫星在地质学中的应用，论述了不同类型的遥感数据及其他地学数据在不同层次上的同一传感器多波段数据融合、不同SAR图像数据融合、HIS变换、遥感影像与地球物理、地质和航磁等数据的融合。结果表明，数据融合技术在突出地质特征信息方面具有能突出线性构造、断裂构造、地形地貌的优势。     

Study on model for remote sensing estimation of maize yield

Through analysis of perpendicular vegetation index (PVI) from combination of visible and near-infrared spectrums reflecting the feature of crop reflectance, we come to the conclusion that the index can better indicate crop instantaneous photosynthesis whereas people generally regard it as the representation of crop leaf area index (LAI). Exploration of crop photosynthesis within a day and its period of duration leads to production of photosynthetic vegetation index (PST) that can reflect the whole crop accumulated photosynthesis, which means the total biomass produced by crop, moreover the method simulating PST is put forward by employment of multi-temporal spectrum parameters. On the basis of the achievements mentioned above, a new comprehensive model for remote sensing estimation of maize yield is established, which can comprehensively show major physiological actions of maize and the course of its yield formation, organically integrate various effective ways of crop yield estimation. It lays a solid foundation for carrying out remote sensing estimation of maize yield on a large scale.     

SHALLOW SEAWATER DEPTH RETRIEVAL BASED ON BOTTOM CLASSIFICATION FROM REMOTE SENSING IMAGERY

Remote sensing technique, replacing conventional sonar bathymetry technique, has become an effective complementary method of mapping submarine terrain where special conditions make the sonar technique difficult to be carried out. At the same time, as one kind of data set, multispectral remote sensing data has the disadvantage of being influenced by the variable bottom types in shallow seawater, when it is applied in bathymetry. This paper puts forward a new method to extract water depth information fi‘om multispectral data, considering the bottom classification and the true water depth accuracy. That is the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) technique based on the bottom classification. By the least square regression with significance, the experiment near Qingdao City has obtained more satisfactory bathymetry accuracy than that of the traditional single-band method, with the mean absolute error about 2.57m.     

从增强型水体指数分析遥感水体指数的创建

本文对新近提出的增强型水体指数(EWI)进行了分析和讨论,分别用经过大气校正和未经大气校正的两种影像来对该指数作了验证,并与改进的归一化差值水体指数(MNDWI)进行比较。结果表明该指数在经过大气校正的影像中对水体的增强和提取效果不理想,许多水体影像特征不但未能得到增强,反而受到抑制而被漏提。显然,该指数在创建时忽略了大气因素的影响。另外,该指数在构建上重复选择近红外和中红外波段也是造成提取效果不理想的原因之一。因此,为了创建正确的水体指数,避免水体增强和提取结果的偶然性和不确定性,水体指数的创建必须用经过大气校正的影像进行验证,而构建指数的波段也要避免不合理的重复选择,这样才能使所创建的指数具有更广的适应性。     

Integrated vegetation classification and mapping using remote sensing and GIS techniques

1INTRODUCTIONResearchonglobalenvironmentalchange,especiallyglobalvegetationchange,hasbeenmoreandmoreemphasizedbyscientistsandgovernments.HoWever,theinvestigationofvegetationcoveredinlargeareaneedagreatdealoffundandlaal.Asthesatelliteremotesensingdatahavebeenavailablesinceearly1980s,thesedataarebeingemployedtowardstOtheimprovementofvegetationclassification.NOAA--AVHRRdatahavebeenmoreandmoreusedbyscientistsbecauseOfitsshorttemPOralrefution,largescope,inexpensivecostandbreadwavebands.On…     

基于遥感资料的陕北黄土高原植被覆盖率时空特征分析

选取黄土高原的典型区域--陕北作为监测区域,以MODIS和TM资料作为主要数据源,从可业务化的角度采用植被指数法进行了植被覆盖率的遥感反演,对4种生态气候区植被覆盖率季相变化特征进行了分析,并对陕北生态环境治理前后植被覆盖率的变化进行了对比,结果表明:生态治理后陕北黄土高原的植被覆盖率绝大多数地区都是正增长,各生态气候区植被覆盖状况都有了不同程度的改善,生态治理效果最明显的区域在陕北南部.     

FRAME DESIGN OF REMOTE SENSING MONITORING FOR VOLCANIC ACTIVITIES IN CHANGBAI MOUNTAINS

Volcanic eruption is one of the most serious geological disasters, however, a host of facts have proven that the Changbai Mountains volcano is a modem dormant one and has ever erupted disastrously. With the rapid development of remote sensing technology, space monitoring of volcanic activities has already become possible, particularly in the application of thermal infrared remote sensing. The paper, through the detailed analysis of geothermal anomaly factors such as heat radiation, heat conduction and convection, depicts the monitoring principles by which volcano activities would be monitored efficiently and effectively. Reasons for abrupt geothermal anomaly are mainly analyzed, and transmission mechanism of geothermal anomaly in the volcanic regions is explained. Also, a variety of noises disturbing the transmission of normal geothermal anomaly are presented. Finally, some clues are given based on discussing thermal infrared remote sensing monitoring mechanism toward the volcanic areas.     

THE DYNAMIC MONITORING OF HORQIN SAND LAND USING REMOTE SENSING

Hurqin Sand Land is regarded as the typical region for studying the problem of desertification.The integra-tion of 3S(GIS,GPS and RS)techniques offer a most helpful method to study and monitor the dynamics of desertification.Based on the data derived from 3 periodsˊmultitemporal Landsat TM imagery of the 1990s,the regional land use and dynamo-ics of desertification in Horqin Sand Land were studied.The main results revealed that :1)as long as the general change tendency was concerned,the desertification of Horqin Sand Land would continue to spread;2)there was a gradual de-crease in the area of both moving sand dunes and semi-stabilized ones,which meant that fruitful progress had been made to control the desertification during the 1990s;3)as a result of unreasonable cultivation,the total area of stabilized sand dunes and grassland in the middle and western region decreased obviously.It suggested that the increasing damage caused by human was leading to the hazard of further desertification.So in the future,it is necessary to take more effect-tive measures to control the spread of desertification and restore the degraded ecosystems for the purpose of optimizing the global eco-environment in Horqin Sand Land.     

A study on wetland classification model of remote sensing in the Sangjiang plain

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LAND RESOURCES SURVEY BY REMOTE SENSING AND ANALYSIS OF LAND CARRYING CAPACITY FOR POPULATION IN TUMEN RIVER REGION

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MONITORING THE DIFFUSION OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENTS AND STABILITY OF TIDAL RADIAL SAND RIDGES AREA USING MULTI-SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING DATA

Nine Landsat TM tapes and images and MSS images, 10 NOAA tapes and images and 1 SAR image from 1973 to 1997 were used to analyse the diffusion of suspended sediments and the change of tidal radial sand ridges in the northern part of the Changjiang River delta, the South Yellow Sea. The results showed that the diffusion of suspended sediments was controlled by the tide, net current, and submarine topography in this area. The distribution of suspended sediments had close relationship with thesubmarine topography. The old Huanghe River delta and the Changjiang River comprise the main sediment supply for the formation of radial sand ridges, whose evolution can be divided into three stages since the Huangbe River changed its course and flowed northward into the Bohai Sea.