祁连山中部亚高山草地作物系数估算

利用Lysimeter蒸散仪于2011-2014年对祁连山中部黑河上游天涝池流域亚高山草地实际蒸散量进行观测。用FAO Penman-Monteith模型对草地参考蒸散量进行估算,根据草地植被高度结合气象数据,以估算日尺度作物系数,以估算的作物系数与模拟的参考蒸散量计算草地实际蒸散量,并用观测值进行验证。结果表明：FAO改进后的作物系数计算方法适合该区域草地作物系数的计算;以FAO Penman-Monteith模型估算的日蒸散量为0.50~7.26 mm,生长季日均蒸散量有年际变化,2011年 > 2014年 > 2012年 > 2013年。总体来看,土壤蒸发总量年际变化不大,影响蒸散量年际变化的主要部分是植被的蒸腾。     

基于SAIL模型的多角度多光谱遥感叶面积指数反演

随着多角度传感器的陆续出现及植被遥感传输机理研究的深入,多角度遥感逐渐成为地表信息反演的热点问题.以SAIL冠层反射率模型为基础,通过联合多角度和多光谱数据,可以从物理机理角度进行植被叶面积指数(LAI)反演的应用研究.首先通过计算得到多角度多光谱遥感影像的角度信息,并经6S模型纠正后得到多光谱多角度植被冠层反射率数据.然后将PROSPECT模型模拟出的植被叶片反射率和透过率,以及多角度观测数据、LAI和其它实测数据输入SAIL模型,模拟得到了多角度多光谱冠层反射率,进而建立多角度多光谱冠层反射率与LAI的查找表.最后,将影像的多角度多光谱冠层反射率与查找表进行匹配,实现植被LAI的反演.最后对反演结果进行了验证和分析,结果表明反演精度较高,误差均在合理范围之内.     

黄土高原陆地表层作物生长季最大可能蒸散量的变化特征

基于黄土高原1961~2008年气候资料,应用修订的Penman-Monteith(P-M)模型计算作物生长季最大可能蒸散量,分析其时空分布、异常分布特征和次区域时间演变特征。结果表明:一致性异常分布是黄土高原作物生长季最大可能蒸散量的最主要空间模态。高原西北部区域作物生长季最大可能蒸散量呈显著增加趋势,且发生突变现象;高原东北部区域和高原东南部区域作物生长季最大可能蒸散量呈显著下降的趋势,也发生突变;黄土高原作物生长季最大可能蒸散量的3个空间分区中,3~4a的周期振荡表现得比较显著。     

天山北坡低山丘陵干草原生长季蒸散特征

基于HL20波文比系统获得了天山北坡低山丘陵干草原2013-2015年的能量、气象观测数据,采用波文比-能量平衡法对其生长季（4～10月）蒸散特征进行了分析。结果表明：（1）生长季蒸散日内变化总体呈现中午最高、早晚变小和夜间蒸散微弱的特征,阴雨天蒸散日内变化相对复杂,蒸散强度通常弱于晴天;2013-2015年生长季蒸散量平均值为353.2 mm,生长季蒸散量在不同年份、不同季节和不同月份差异较大;2013-2015年生长季凝结水占降水量的比例分别为9.7%,18.8%和16.8%,日均凝结水量分别为0.177 mm,0.179 mm和0.316 mm。（2）生长季潜热和感热占据了净辐射能的主体且总体上潜热小于感热,白天潜热最大值出现之前,潜热会出现短暂小幅降低的情况。生长季感热和潜热逐日对比变化与植被长势密切相关。（3）波文比在夜间波动较大,变化复杂,白天上午波文比从负值增大到<1的正值,再到>1的正值,中午波文比为>1的正值,20：00左右波文比值开始回落。     

基于地理环境要素的叶面积指数遥感定量反演

叶面积指数(LAI)是分析冠层结构最常用的参数之一,它控制着植被的生物、物理过程,如光合、呼吸、蒸腾、碳循环和降水截获。但是通过地面直接测量来获取大面积的LAI十分困难,而传统的基于单植被指数的LAI反演方法也具有一定的缺陷。以福州市辖区与闽侯县的阔叶林和处于生殖生长阶段的水稻为研究对象,在传统单植被指数的LAI反演方法的基础上引进植被含水量、植被覆盖度和地形3个核心环境因子来建立LAI估算模型。结果表明:基于最佳植被指数与环境因子的LAI估算模型与未考虑环境因子的单植被指数LAI估算模型相比,其验证精度有所提高。其中,就阔叶林的LAI定量反演模型而言,R~2由0. 706～0. 717提升至0. 755,RMSD由0. 292～0. 297降低至0. 271;就生殖生长阶段的水稻LAI定量反演模型而言,R~2由0. 724～0. 879提升至0. 952,RMSD由0. 696～1. 054降低至0. 441,实现了较高精度的LAI定量反演模型,为福州市辖区及其周边闽侯县区域的LAI快速定量监测奠定基础。     

华北平原蒸散和GPP格局及其对气候波动的响应

华北平原水资源不足影响农业和经济的可持续发展,威胁国家的粮食安全。有效地预测区域的蒸散量和用水效率是合理配置农业和生态用水的前提。本文发展了一个基于遥感植被指数的蒸散和植被生产力模型,利用MODIS遥感信息模拟了华北平原2000-2009 年的蒸散和第一性生产力(GPP)。结果表明,年和生长季累积蒸散和GPP的分布具有纬度地带性,冬小麦季则更为明显。水分盈亏分析表明,降水显著低于蒸散的地区主要分布在黄河流域以北,南部地区降水有盈余。年尺度上,黄河以北地区水分亏缺0~300 mm;在小麦生长发育期,几乎全区水分亏缺0~400 mm;在玉米生长发育期,黄河以北地区水分亏缺0~100 mm。此外,蒸散和GPP的年际变化明显,既受气候波动的影响,也受植被的动态响应调节。     

基于Landsat 8 OLI影像的塔里木河下游河岸林叶面积指数反演

叶面积指数(Leaf Area Index,LAI)是描述植物冠层结构特征的重要参数,也是研究植物冠层表面物质和能量交换必不可少的参数。根据在塔里木河下游河岸林地利用LAI-2250实测的LAI数据,比较Landsat 8 OLI遥感数据提取的几种常规植被指数估算LAI的能力,建立LAI估算模型,并利用实测数据对模拟结果进行精度验证,生成塔里木河下游LAI分布图。结果表明:(1)各植被指数(Vegetation Indexes,VIs)与LAI均具有一定的相关性,对于不同的植被指数,二次多项式回归模型相关性均最高;(2)在不区分植被类型的样本分析中,大气阻抗植被指数(Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index,ARVI)与实测LAI具有最高的相关性;(3)分别针对柽柳林和胡杨林样本分析,判定系数R2和反演精度均具有不同程度的提高,对应的最适植被指数分别为归一化植被指数(Normalized Differential Vegetation Index,NDVI)和ARVI;(4)塔里木河下游河岸植被LAI有3个高值区:大西海子水库附近、下游中部和尾闾湖台特玛湖附近。全区LAI值主要分布在0~1.5之间,均值为0.361。该研究结果为遥感提取塔里木河下游河岸林带高空间分辨率的叶面积指数数据提供了数据支持和方法支撑。     

华北山区短时段参考作物蒸散量的计算

短时段参考作物蒸散量的估算是研究华北山区小尺度范围内的水分循环和转化的重要环节.因受观测条件的限制,北方半湿润半干旱山区短时段参考作物蒸散量的研究相对较少.本文利用FAO Penman-Monteith公式、FAO Penman修正式和Priestley-Taylor公式对华北山区东台沟小流域观测到的4个月的气象数据进行了逐日的参考作物蒸散量计算,结果显示,FAO Penman修正式的计算值比FAO Penman-Monteith公式的计算值平均偏大16%左右,而且经过统计分析,它们具有很好的相关性,即在代表流域内使用FAO Penman修正式计算出参考作物蒸散量之后,再乘以一个折算系数(如0.84),即可得到与FAO Penman-Monteith公式的计算值较为相近的结果;而Priestley-Taylor公式的计算值与FAO Penman-Monteith公式的计算值相比,差异比较显著.分析其原因,我们认为是由于Priestley-Taylor公式没有考虑空气动力项对参考作物蒸散量的影响.因此,如果在华北山区使用Priestley-Taylor公式计算参考作物蒸散量,必须根据季节对公式中的常数项α重新进行修正.本文通过对2003年8月～2004年8月期间逐日计算得到的ET0(P-T)和ET0(P-M)值进行对比分析后,给出了修正后的不同季节的α值,为华北山区计算作物蒸散量提供了依据.     

SEBS模型在黑河流域中游的应用及参数敏感性分析

干旱区的蒸散发（ET）研究对干旱区的水资源管理和生态系统恢复具有重要意义。本文基于SEBS模型和参考作物蒸散量估算2009年3—9月黑河流域中游地区蒸散发。使用涡度相关蒸散数据验证表明,SEBS模型能够有效估算黑河流域中游的蒸散发。从各月的ET分布状况来看,区域平均ET有着明显的月变化;植被生长季内ET总量空间分布差异大,在23.4~752.6 mm之间,区域平均值为428.7mm。通过对SEBS模型参数敏感性分析发现,SEBS模型对地面温度最为敏感,其次是空气温度,再者是风速和反照率,对NDVI和空气湿度的敏感性最小。     

美国南达科他州Black Hills国家森林公园2000年森林火灾后植被恢复过程研究(英文)

森林火灾在景观上往往造成不同程度的森林冠层损失,而冠层影响光合作用和蒸散,因此刻画灾后森林冠层恢复的轨迹对于了解生态系统过程具有重要意义。森林冠层的损失和恢复通常采用叶面积指数(LAI)或其它能够反映冠层光合能力的植被指数进行表征。本研究中,我们采用Terra卫星搭载的中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)的长时间序列影像(2000-2009年)来重建火灾后森林冠层恢复的过程。以美国南达科他州布莱克山国家森林公园(The Black Hills National Forest, South Dakota)为例,该地区在2000年8月24日经历了一次大的自然火灾,烧毁了近33 785 ha森林,其中大部分是美国黄松林。基于LAI的研究表明,植被冠层光合能力在3年内(2001-2003年)基本恢复,这主要来自于林下未烧毁草地在灾后的快速生长;火烧迹地的NDVI和EVI在这3年内也呈现恢复的态势。可见,LAI、NDVI和EVI在火灾几年之后便难以有效地识别火烧迹地。然而,陆地表面水分指数(基于近红外和短波红外波段的遥感标准化指数,简称LSWI),能够有效地识别和追踪火烧迹地至今的整个过程(2000-2009年)。这一研究结果也使得采用其它具有近红外和短波红外波段的传感器研究森林火灾迹地恢复和干扰过程成为可能,其中包括Landsat 5 TM影像(可追溯至1984年)。更长时间序列的数据对于研究森林火灾灾后生态系统干扰和恢复过程、森林演替模拟以及碳循环具有重要的支撑作用,LSWI指标证明能够有效地刻画这一过程。     

Study on daily surface evapotranspiration with SEBS in Tibet Autonomous Region简

The estimation of surface evapotranspiration （ET） with satellite dataset is one of the main subjects in the understanding of climate change, disaster monitoring and the circulation of water vapor and energy in Tibet Autonomous Region （TAR）. This research selects satellite images on January 11, April 6, July 31 and October 19 in 2010 as the representative of winter, spring, summer and autumn respectively, estimates the distribution of daily surface ET based on the surface energy balance system （SEBS） along with potential evapotranspiration （PET） and ET derived from Penman-Monteith （P-M） method. The results are obtained as follows. （1） The seasonal distribution of ET and PET basically decreases from the southeast part to the northwest part of TAR. Although ET and PET have similar spatial distributions, there are still some differences to estimate the extreme values especially the maximum value in the middle and southeastern parts of TAR. No matter what kind of methods we adopted, the maximum value of ET and PET always appears in summer, followed by autumn or spring while that in winter is the smallest. （2） In order to better understand the accuracy of SEBS model in the estimation of ET, we compared the ET from SEBS and the ET obtained from P-M method. Results show that the ET from SEBS could estimates the variation trend of actual ET, but it slightly underestimates or overestimates the value of ET as a whole, especially for those areas with thick forest. （3） The spatial distribution of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index （NDVI） exhibits a decreasing trend from the southeast part to the northwest part of TAR which displays remarkable consistency of distributions between ET and vegetation index. ET is well positively related to NDVI, minimum, mean, maximum air temperature and sunshine duration in different seasons while negatively related to precipitation, relative humidity and wind speed in summer.     

基于SEBS模型的西藏地区地表日蒸散量研究（英文）

The estimation of surface evapotranspiration(ET) with satellite dataset is one of the main subjects in the understanding of climate change,disaster monitoring and the circulation of water vapor and energy in Tibet Autonomous Region(TAR).This research selects satellite images on January 11,April 6,July 31 and October 19 in 2010 as the representative of winter,spring,summer and autumn respectively,estimates the distribution of daily surface ET based on the surface energy balance system(SEBS) along with potential evapotranspiration(PET) and ET derived from Penman-Monteith(P-M) method.The results are obtained as follows.(1) The seasonal distribution of ET and PET basically decreases from the southeast part to the northwest part of TAR.Although ET and PET have similar spatial distributions,there are still some differences to estimate the extreme values especially the maximum value in the middle and southeastern parts of TAR.No matter what kind of methods we adopted,the maximum value of ET and PET always appears in summer,followed by autumn or spring while that in winter is the smallest.(2) In order to better understand the accuracy of SEBS model in the estimation of ET,we compared the ET from SEBS and the ET obtained from P-M method.Results show that the ET from SEBS could estimates the variation trend of actual ET,but it slightly underestimates or overestimates the value of ET as a whole,especially for those areas with thick forest.(3) The spatial distribution of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) exhibits a decreasing trend from the southeast part to the northwest part of TAR which displays remarkable consistency of distributions between ET and vegetation index.ET is well positively related to NDVI,minimum,mean,maximum air temperature and sunshine duration in different seasons while negatively related to precipitation,relative humidity and wind speed in summer.     

Effect of grazing intensity on evapotranspiration in the semiarid grasslands of Inner Mongolia,China

The eddy covariance technique was used to measure evapotranspiration (ET) at four different grazing intensity sites to investigate the grazing effects on ET in the semiarid steppe ecosystems of Inner Mongolia. By reducing available energy, and decreasing soil water content (SWC), grazing decreased ET on a seasonal scale compared with the site ungrazed since 1979 (UG79). The most important climatic factor controlling ET on daily scale shifted from SWC to Net radiation (R_n) when grazing intensity increased. SWC, R_n and air temperature (or vapor pressure deficit) can explain 59%–71% of the variation in daily ET. On the other hand, leaf area index (LAI) affected ET slightly at UG79 under the commonly limited soil water conditions. Even no effect of LAI at the heavily grazed site was detected. This suggests that the direct effect of grazing reducing LAI on ET is not significant in this semiarid steppe ecosystem. Soil evaporation compensates for most of the loss in transpiration due to reduced LAI.     

Effects of vegetation restoration on local microclimate on the Loess Plateau

With the implementation of the Grain for Green Project,vegetation cover has expe-rienced great changes throughout the Loess Plateau (LP).These changes substantially in-fluence the intensity of evapotranspiration (ET),thereby regulating the local microclimate.In this study,we estimated ET based on the Penman-Monteith (PM) method and Priestley-Taylor Jet Propulsion Laboratory (PT-JPL) model and quantitatively estimated the mass of water vapor and heat absorption on the LP.We analyzed the regulatory effect of vegetation resto-ration on local microclimate from 2000 to 2015 and found the following:(1) Both the leaf area index (LAI) value and actual ET increased significantly across the region during the study period,and there was a significant positive correlation between them in spatial patterns and temporal trends.(2) Vegetation regulated the local microclimate through ET,which increased the absolute humidity by 2.76-3.29 g m-3,increased the relative humidity by 15.43％-19.31％and reduced the temperature by 5.38-6.43℃ per day from June to September.(3) The cooling and humidifying effects of vegetation were also affected by the temperature on the LP.(4) Correlation analysis showed that LAI was significantly correlated with temperature at the monthly scale,and the response of vegetation growth to temperature had no time-lag effect.This paper presents new insights into quantitatively assessing the regulatory effect of vege-tation on the local microclimate through ET and helps to objectively evaluate the ecological effects of the Grain for Green Project on the LP.     

极端干旱区柽柳林地蒸散量及能量平衡分析

运用波文比-能量平衡法对极端干旱区柽柳林地的蒸散量及能量通量进行了连续的测定和估算,并对柽柳林地蒸散特点和能量平衡进行了分析和探讨。结果表明:柽柳林地的日平均蒸散量为1.6 mm/d,整个生长季的蒸散量为248.2 mm,蒸散量的季节变化系数为47%±3%。柽柳林地蒸散量的季节变化与土壤水分条件密切相关。柽柳林地蒸散量受气象因子和下垫面条件的影响和制约。在极端干旱区,感热通量消耗了绝大多数的能量,潜热通量在整个生长季只占很小的一部分,夜间,土壤储存的能量是大气能量的主要来源,而白天土壤是能量的主要汇源。     

Dynamic analysis of evapotranspiration based on remote sensing in Yellow River Delta

Evapotranspiration (ET) is an important parameter for water resource management. Compared to the traditional ET computation and measurement methods, the ET computation method based on remote sensing has the advantages of quickness, precision, raster mapping and regional scale. SEBAL, an ET computation model using remote sensing method is based on the surface energy balance equation which is a function of net radiance flux, soil heat flux, sensible heat flux and latent heat flux. The former three fluxes can be computed through the parameters retrieved from remote sensing image, then the latent heat flux can be obtained to provide energy for ET. Finally we can obtain the daily ET. In this study SEBAL was applied to compute ET in the Yellow River Delta of China where water resource faces a rigorous situation. Three Landsat TM images and meteorology data of 1999 were used for ET computation, and spatial and temporal change patterns of ET in the Yellow River Delta were analysed.     

基于遥感的黄河三角洲蒸散的动态分析

Evapotranspiration (ET) is an important parameter for water resource management. Compared to the traditional ET computation and measurement methods, the ET computation method based on remote sensing has the advantages of quickness, precision, raster mapping and regional scale. SEBAL, an ET computation model using remote sensing method is based on the surface energy balance equation which is a function of net radiance flux, soil heat flux, sensible heat flux and latent heat flux. The former three fluxes can be computed through the parameters retrieved from remote sensing image, then the latent heat flux can be obtained to provide energy for ET. Finally we can obtain the daily ET. In this study SEBAL was applied to compute ET in the Yellow River Delta of China where water resource faces a rigorous situation. Three Landsat TM images and meteorology data of 1999 were used for ET computation, and spatial and temporal change patterns of ET in the Yellow River Delta were analysed.     

Budyko方程和单作物系数法在区域蒸散发估算中的耦合及应用

实际蒸散发(ET)是水文循环的关键环节,分布式量化ET是区域水量平衡计算的重要内容。本文基于Budyko水热耦合方程推算单作物系数,在单作物系数和基于遥感方法的叶面积指数(LAI)之间进行统计回归,建立计算LAI的模式,实现Budyko方程进行区域ET估算的空间分辨率提升。洮河流域的范例研究证实了两种方法耦合在复杂地理-生态区间应用的合理性。本文为区域ET的分布式量化研究提供了一种新的思路。     

中国中东部秋季PM10时空变化及其与日气温的关系

利用2000-2010年秋季中国中东部83个重点城市的PM10浓度数据以及其中63个城市的逐日气象资料,分析了PM10浓度的时空变化以及晴空条件下PM10浓度与日气温之间的关系,讨论了不同云量条件下二者关系的稳定性以及辐射的相应变化.结果表明:(1)近11年来,秋季PM10浓度呈现下降趋势,全部天气条件下和晴空条件下的线性趋势值分别为-2.87 μg·m-3/年、-4.92 μg·m-3/年;空间分布上,中国中东部重点城市的秋季PM10浓度普遍下降,其中华北地区的下降最快最显著.(2)秋季PM10浓度与日气温的波动之间存在显著相关,定量统计表明:当PM10浓度偏高10 μg·m-3时,日最高气温、日最低气温和日平均气温分别偏低0.15℃、0.14℃和0.16℃,同时气温日较差减小0.01 ℃.(3)秋季日气温的上述变化可能主要与气溶胶的直接效应有关.PM10增多会造成地面总辐射和地表净辐射的显著减少,进而造成日最高气温、日平均气温的显著下降;同时,PM10增多对近地面的影响总体上是致冷效果.