Effect of polyvinyl acetate grout injection on geotechnical properties of fine sand

This laboratory project aims to investigate the influence of polyvinyl acetate (PVA) grout injection on sandy soil improvement. In order to make the polymeric material injectable through the soil particles, adhesive polymer is mixed with water in certain weight percentages. Fine grained sand with different dry densities in its loose, medium and dense state, is prepared in a cylindrical mould and subjected to this polymeric grout injection. Unconfined compression tests are conducted on grouted samples after passing their curing period. Results illustrate that increasing the polymer percent in grout leads to significant compressive strength and elastic modulus enhancement. On the other hand, by increasing grout concentration, loose sand demonstrated higher compressive strength and elastic modulus improvement in comparison with medium and dense sand.     

水泥砾质土三轴试验研究

对某水泥砾质土进行了三轴固结排水剪切试验,研究在不同水泥掺入比下水泥砾质土应力-应变关系和强度特性。结果表明：随水泥掺入比的增加,水泥砾质土试样在不同围压下应力-应变关系曲线均表现出不同程度的软化和剪胀现象,尤其在低围压（200 kPa）和高水泥掺入比（8%）下,剪胀性比较明显;在相同水泥掺入比下,峰值强度 随围压的增加近似呈线性增长;与不掺水泥砾质土相比,水泥砾质土的内摩擦角 因掺入不同量的水泥而得到不同程度的提高,黏聚力 随水泥掺入比的增加呈增长趋势,且增幅显著;割线模量 和 均随围压和水泥掺入比的增加而增加。不同高度的心墙堆石坝三维有限元算例的计算结果表明：水泥砾质土作为心墙材料可以显著降低土石坝心墙沉降。     

Interface creep behavior of grouted anchors in clayey soils: effect of soil moisture condition

This study aims at investigating the influence of moisture conditions on interface shear behavior of element-grouted anchor specimens embedded in clayey soils. The tests involved comparatively short embedment lengths and a device that was specially designed to facilitate moisture conditioning. Rapidly loaded pullout tests as well as pullout tests under sustained (creep) loading were conducted to characterize both the short-term and long-term ultimate shear strength of anchor–soil interfaces. Both values of the interface shear strength were found to decrease exponentially with increasing moisture content values, although their ratio was found to show a linearly decreasing trend with increasing moisture content. The interface shear creep response under pullout conditions was characterized by a rheological hybrid model that could be calibrated using experimental measurements obtained under increasing stress levels. The accuracy of the hybrid model was examined by evaluating the stress-dependent prediction model as well as its governing parameters. This investigation uncovers the coupled impact of soil moisture condition and external stress state on the time-dependent performance of grouted anchors embedded in clayey soils by correlating the interface shear strength with soil moisture content and associating the creep model with stress levels applied to the grout–soil interface.

     

钙质砂注浆加固材料制备及固结体性能试验研究

注浆加固是解决岛礁钙质砂地基不均匀沉降问题的有效措施之一。根据钙质砂特性,选用超细硅酸盐水泥作为主体胶凝成分,纳米硅溶胶、粉煤灰和硫酸钙晶须作为辅料,依据单因素试验和正交试验的要求,制备了不同配比的注浆材料,测试了其凝结时间和相应固结体的力学性能。采用响应曲面法对试验结果进行模拟,探究各组分对各性能指标的影响,确定注浆材料最优配比。结果表明：将3种辅料按适当比例单独加入浆材中,均可提高不同龄期钙质砂固结体的抗压强度;当水泥掺量固定时,水灰比是影响浆液凝结时间和固结体强度的最主要因素;与水泥浆液相比,以最佳配比掺入辅料配制的注浆浆液能够更好地填充在钙质砂颗粒间,从而改变固结体的密实性,使其抗压强度明显增长。研究成果可为增强钙质砂地基注浆加固效果提供参考。     

Pull-out behaviour of wood bolt fully grouted by PS-F slurry in rammed earth heritages

This article presents a laboratory and field investigation of pull-out resistance of wood bolts in rammed earth heritages. The laboratory testing involved axial tensile tests of four grout specimens prepared in specially designed moulds using PS-F (Potassium Silicate solution-Fly ash) slurry to investigate the performance of anchors. The field testing involved pull-out tests of three wood anchors installed in rammed earth heritages by gravity grouting. Experiments reveal that the failure mode is the pull-out of bolt from grout and average skin friction resistance of bolt–grout interface is approximately 0.34MPa. Load–displacement curves and elastic–residual displacement derived from cyclic loading indicate such anchor system has strong ductility with small elastic deformation and large residual deformation. Bond collapse firstly occurs at the loaded end and then propagates towards the full bonded length. Bond stress distribution is not uniform along the bonded length. Maximum bond stress distributes at the range from 0.3 m to 0.4 m. Emergence of compressive strain in the interface reveals such anchor system enjoys the advantages of both tensile and compressive anchor types, which significantly differs from results from other regular bolts. The research conclusion makes scientific senses to traditional material and craft in rammed earth heritages.     

Probabilistic Analysis and Design of a Strip Footing on Layered Soil Media

In the present paper, the analysis of a strip footing resting on a layered soil system has been carried out considering the elastic moduli of soil layers as random variables. Three layers of soil have been considered and the analysis employs Monte Carlo simulation. The modulus of elasticity has been considered as random variable having lognormal distribution. Factors of safety with respect to settlement of footing and the interfacial stresses have been determined and have been related to the associated risk factor and coefficient of variation of the random variable. A detailed parametric study revealed that for a given risk level, the factors of safety is strongly dependent on the coefficient of variation of elastic modulus and only mildly upon other parameters of the soil?Cfoundation system. This facilitated the development of closed form equations for the upper bounds on factors of safety only in terms of allowable risk of failure and the coefficient of variation of elastic modulus.     

输电线路掏挖基础极限上拔承载力变分解法

针对输电线路掏挖基础极限上拔承载力问题,根据塑性极限平衡原理,假设基础周围土体发生整体剪切破坏并服从Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则,建立静力学平衡方程式,并结合变分法原理求解不同加载条件下基础的极限抗拔力。通过变参数计算,分析土体强度及基础埋深比对中心上拔、偏心上拔及倾斜上拔时基础极限上拔力的影响。经归一化处理,分别给出水平力和弯矩存在对基础抗拔力折减的影响系数。当归一化弯矩与上拔力比值Nm 0.4时,? m减小速度放缓。相对于内摩擦角,黏聚力变化对? m的影响更明显。水平力影响系数? h同时受到土体内摩擦角、黏聚力以及基础埋深比的共同影响,规范建议值较变分解法的计算结果偏大。通过与规范公式法计算结果及试验结果进行对比,验证了所提方法的合理性和准确性。研究结果为偏心上拔及高露头基础顶部作用水平荷载时基础抗拔承载力的计算提供参考。     

Study on soil–cement grout interface shear strength of soil nailing by direct shear box testing method

An important design parameter in cement-grouted soil nailed structures is the shear strength at the interface between the grouted nail and the surrounding soil. Both field and laboratory pull-out tests are normally used to investigate this interface shear strength. However, these tests have some limitations. In this study, direct shear box tests are adopted to investigate the interface shear strength behaviour between a completely decomposed granite (CDG) soil and a cement grout plate. Tests were carried out in a large direct shear test apparatus over a range of constant normal stress, soil moisture content, and soil–cement grout interface surface waviness. The laboratory test procedures are briefly described and the main test results are presented, followed by a discussion of the shear behaviour of the soil–cement grout interface. The interface shear behaviour is compared with the shear strength behaviour of the same soil tested under comparable conditions. It is shown that the shear stress–displacement behaviour of the soil–cement grout interface is similar to that of the soil alone. The test results indicate that the interface shear strength of the CDG and cement grout material depends on the normal stress level, the soil moisture content, and the interface surface waviness.     

Interference effect of two nearby strip footings on layered soil: theory of elasticity approach

In recent times, rapid urbanisation coupled with scarcity of land forces several structures to come up ever closer to each other, which may sometime cause severe damage to the structures from both strength and serviceability point of view, and therefore, a need is felt to devise simplified methods to capture the effect of footing interference. In the present study, an attempt has been made to model the settlement behaviour of two strip footings placed in close spacing on layered soil deposit consisting of a strong top layer underlying a weak bottom layer. Theory of elasticity is employed to derive the governing differential equations and subsequently solved by the finite difference method. The perfectly rough strip footings are considered to be resting on the surface of two-layer soil system, and the soil is assumed to behave as linear elastic material under a range of static foundation load. The effect of various parameters such as the elastic moduli and thickness of two layers, clear spacing between the footings and footing load on the settlement behaviour of closely spaced footings has been determined. The variation of vertical normal stress at the interface of two different soil layers as well as at the base of the failure domain also forms an important part of this study. The results are presented in terms of settlement ratio (ξ_δ), and their variation is obtained with the change in clear spacing between two footings. The present theoretical investigation indicates that the settlement of closely spaced footings is found to be higher than that of single isolated footing, which further reduces with increase in the spacing between the footings.     

陕北采煤沉陷区黄土基注浆材料性能试验及配比优选

注浆法是采煤沉陷区的主要治理方法，浆材对注浆效果和成本影响很大。以陕北地区黄土-水泥-添加剂混合浆液为研究对象，采用单因素及正交试验对黄土浆液的黏度、凝胶时间、结石率及28 d单轴无侧限抗压强度进行试验研究，对各指标的影响因素及变化规律进行分析，同时，建立黄土基浆液的GA-BPNN预测模型，通过GA多目标全局寻优，优选出一定强度下成本最低的浆液配比。试验结果表明:黄土水泥浆液与陕北地区普遍采用的水泥粉煤灰浆液性能相近，成本大幅降低，黄土基注浆材料密度及结石率受水固比影响最为明显，黏度主要受水固比及黄土（水泥）掺量影响，28 d强度主要受黄土（水泥）掺量影响；采用GA-BPNN构建模型预测的黄土基注浆材料性能预测值与期望值相对误差为0.74%~1.83%，预测结果精度高，可满足实际应用需求。移动阅读      

砾石土层中注浆扩散参数的研究

采用注浆模拟试验与数值分析等研究方法,探讨了砾石土层中注浆的注浆量、浆液扩散半径及注浆形成的结石体抗压强度等参数预测计算模型,并设计试验对其进行了验证。试验结果表明,砾石土层中注浆的注浆量、浆液扩散半径及结石体的抗压强度等参数预测计算模型计算的注浆量、浆液扩散半径与注浆结石体抗压强度的理论值与试验实测值间虽分别有10%、5%、10%左右的差异,但均相差不大,因此,可用来预测砾石土层实际注浆工程中的注浆量、浆液扩散半径及注浆形成的结石体的抗压强度等参数。研究成果不仅可为砾石土层实际注浆工程实践提供理论支撑,还可为砾石土诱发的滑坡、泥石流等灾害的防灾减灾提供技术参考。     

Foundation settlement statistics via finite element analysis

The dispersion observed in soil data comes both from the spatial variability which greatly influences the behavior of large structures and from errors in testing. Thus, the geotechnical engineering deals with uncertainties for which deterministic approaches are not suitable. The resort to probabilistic techniques, enables modeling uncertainties by analyzing their dispersion effect on the global behavior of the structure. The scope of this paper is analyzing settlement and differential settlement variability of a pair of foundations on random heterogeneous medium. The random soil properties of interest are the elastic modulus, and the Poisson ratio. The elastic modulus is modeled as a spatially random field by adopting the lognormal distribution, which enables analyzing its large variability. Because soil Poisson ratio is bounded in practice between two extreme values, its random field is obtained by using the Beta distribution. In this study, one proposes for the Beta field determination, a mapping technique on the probability distribution function diagram, by solving a non-linear equation. However, the mean and variance are unchanged through the mapping operation. Because the soil Poisson ratio is a positive parameter, one prefers to perform the mapping operation with the probability function of the lognormal distribution. Also, the proposed technique can be used for other bounded soil properties such as the porosity. In this paper, settlement and differential settlement statistics prediction are carried out using Monte Carlo simulations combined with deterministic finite element method (DFEM). A performed parametric study shows the following: (i) as the variability of the elastic modulus increases as settlement and differential settlement statistics are important, also, settlement statistics decreases as the Poisson ratio variability increases, and differential settlement statistics do not seem be affected by its variability. (ii) settlement and differential settlement statistics are important for positive inter-property correlation. (iii) a great influence of the correlation lengths on settlement and differential settlement statistics.     

An analytical continuum model for axially loaded end-bearing piles in inhomogeneous soil

An approximate static solution is derived for the elastic settlement and load-transfer mechanism in axially loaded end-bearing piles in inhomogeneous soil obeying a power law variation in shear modulus with depth. The proposed generalised formulation can handle different types of soil inhomogeneity by employing pertinent eigenexpansions of the dependent variables over the vertical coordinate, in the form of static soil “modes”, analogous to those used in structural dynamics. Contrary to available models for homogeneous soil, the associated Fourier coefficients are coupled, obtained as solutions to a set of simultaneous algebraic equations of equal rank to the number of modes considered. Closed-form solutions are derived for the (1) pile head stiffness; (2) pile settlement, axial stress, and side friction profiles leading to actual, depth-dependent Winkler moduli, (3) displacement and stress fields in the soil; and (4) average, depth-independent Winkler moduli to match pile head settlement. The predictive power of the model is verified via comparisons against finite element analyses. The applicability to inhomogeneous soil of an existing regression formula for the average Winkler modulus is explored.     

LOAD DISTRIBUTION ALONG FULLY GROUTED BOLTS,WITH EMPHASIS ON CABLE BOLT REINFORCEMENT

Explanation for the widely reported observation that fully grouted reinforcement is more effective in hard rock that behaves as a discontinuum than in soft rock is presented. Analytical solutions are presented for the distribution of displacement and load along an untensioned fully grouted elastic bolt, of specified bond stiffness, which is activated during excavation by either a continuous or discontinuous distribution of rock displacement. The results indicate that significantly higher axial loads are developed for the discontinuous case. Since the mechanics of bond failure depend on the type of bolt and grout used, in the second part of the paper a finite difference formulation is introduced and combined with a non-linear model for the bond behaviour of a cement grouted seven-wire strand cable bolt. The results of a parametric study indicate that, because the bond is frictional and depends on confinement at the borehole wall, for the same profile of rock mass displacement lower loads are developed in soft rock. Furthermore, in soft rock, excavation induced stress changes can cause a dramatic reduction in bond strength, so that, even after significant rock mass displacement, the axial load developed is significantly less than the tensile strength of the cable. A combination of these effects can explain why failures of cable bolted ground involve debonding at the cable–grout interface in soft rock, and why instances of cable rupture are confined to hard, blocky rock masses.     

黏土水泥浆材特性的试验研究

黏土水泥浆材是采空区处治的优选注浆材料,但目前关于优化浆材配比的研究较少。针对毕威高速公路水塘隧道出口段采空区处治工程,提出采用黏土水泥浆液进行注浆处理,并进行室内试验研究,得到了不同配比浆液的凝结时间、结石率、结石密度、结石体抗压强度、渗透系数及冲蚀率等性能指标。试验结果表明,固相比较低的浆液凝结时间较短,抗压强度较高,渗透系数较大;随原浆比重增加,浆液的凝结时间缩短,强度提高且渗透系数降低;偏铝酸钠可有效缩短浆液的凝结时间;最终确定了黏土水泥浆材的配比和原浆比重。本次研究可为高速公路下伏采空区的注浆治理提供设计依据。     

考虑泊松效应影响的弹塑性荷载传递模型

提出了一种能考虑泊松效应影响的弹塑性荷载传递模型（t-z模型）。该模型既能反映不同材料的桩基在同一土体中抗压承载力的不同,也能反映同一材料桩基在同一土体中桩身抗压摩阻力与抗拔摩阻力的不同,同时还具备模拟循环荷载下t-z曲线滞回特性的能力。根据位移协调算法编制了可用于竖向压、拔荷载作用下单桩响应分析的Matlab程序,利用程序对模型试验进行了模拟,结果对比证明了该模型的适用性。最后分析了桩体弹性模量对压、拔极限摩阻力比值的影响,结果表明,该比值随弹性模量的减小而减小,对于混凝土桩,该值介于0.6～0.8之间,与规范建议的抗拔系数接近。     

昔格达组粉砂岩与结构接触面力学特性试验研究

以攀枝花钢铁集团西昌钒钛资源综合利用项目建设中典型的昔格达组中风化粉砂岩为对象,进行了重塑土与混凝土压密,原状土与混凝土浇筑两种不同方式形成接触关系的环剪试验。对两种工况接触面下,剪切应力-剪切位移、竖向应变-剪切位移和抗剪强度特性分析表明:接触面剪切变形引起法向变形,随着法向应力的增加剪切引起的法向变形增大,在法向应力在400kPa时,最大法向应变高达6.8%; 接触面采用浇筑形式形成时,接触面上的土体由于水泥浆的渗入形成强度较高的一个薄层土带,此时接触面破坏发生在土体内部; 当接触面采用压密形成时,摩擦角与土体的内摩擦角接近,而接触面的黏聚力近似可以忽略。     

Numerical Study of Failure Mechanism of Serial and Parallel Rock Pillars

Using a numerical modelling code, rock failure process analysis, 2D, the progressive failure process and associated acoustic emission behaviour of serial and parallel rock samples were simulated. Both serial- and parallel sample models are presented for investigating the mechanism of rock pillar failure. As expected, the numerical results show that not only the stiffness, but also the uniaxial compressive strength of the rock plays an important role in pillar instability. For serial pillars, the elastic rebound of a rock pillar with higher uniaxial compressive strength can lead to the sudden failure of an adjacent rock pillar with lower uniaxial compressive strength. The failure zone forms and develops in the pillar with lower uniaxial compressive strength; however, the failure zone does not pass across the interface of the two pillars. In comparison, when two pillars have the same uniaxial compressive strengths but different elastic moduli, both serial pillars fail, and the failure zone in the two pillars can interact, passing across the interface and entering the other pillar. For parallel pillars, damage always develops in the pillar having the lower uniaxial compressive strength or lower elastic modulus. Furthermore, in accordance with the Kaiser effect, the stress-induced damage in a rock pillar is irreversible, and only when the previous stress state in the failed rock pillar is exceeded or the subsequent applied energy is larger than the energy released by the external loading will further damage continue to occur. In addition, the homogeneity index of rock also can affect the failure modes of parallel pillars, even though the uniaxial compressive strength and stiffness of each pillar are the same.     

Influences of soil consolidation and pile load on the development of negative skin friction of a pile

Negative skin friction (NSF) along a pile caused by soil consolidation is of great concern to engineers. The development of NSF is time-dependent because soil consolidation is also time-dependent. In this paper, a numerical solution is provided for the development of negative skin friction of a pile in nonlinear consolidated soil under different loads on a pile top. A hyperbolic interface model is also developed. This model considers the development of shear strength during soil consolidation and loading–unloading scenarios at the pile–soil interface. One-dimensional nonlinear consolidation theory is invoked to estimate the soil settlement and shear strength. The distributions of NSF and the axial force along the pile are obtained using the differential quadrature method (DQM). The influences of soil consolidation and different pile loads on the negative skin friction of a pile are discussed.     

非完全粗糙平板锚旋转安装过程中的丢失埋深研究

吸力贯入平板锚被用于系泊深海浮式结构,实际应用中必须预估平板锚旋转安装过程中的丢失埋深。采用大变形有限元方法探索非完全粗糙平板锚在正常固结黏土中的旋转过程。大变形有限元法通过网格重剖避免平板锚大幅值平动和转动引起的土体单元扭曲。根据平板锚旋转到达的埋深,实时更新“锚-土”界面上的摩擦剪切强度。将数值模拟结果与离心机模型试验进行对比验证,表明高岭土中平板锚表面的粗糙系数约为0.3。平板锚丢失埋深随粗糙系数的减小而增大,但粗糙系数对丢失埋深的影响受平板锚厚度比和拉力偏心比的耦合作用。厚度比和偏心比越小,粗糙系数对丢失埋深的影响越显著。